




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2022 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v4n2p24 

24                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 

Agronomic Performance of Madre De Agua (Trichantera Gigantean 
Nees) Under Upland Area in Abucay, Bataan 

Abigail G. Abuan1, Christian M. Balba1, Larry G. Nonan Jr.1, Cherlyn U. Gripo1, Hermogenes M. Paguia1, 
Gregorio J. Rodis1 & Jovert M. Balba1 

1 Bataan Peninsula State University, Abucay Campus, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines 
Correspondence: Abigail G. Abuan, College of Agriculture, Abucay Campus, Abucay, Bataan 2114, Philippines. 
Tel: 63-0909-207-3975. E-mail: abigailabuan@gmail.com 
 
Received: May 12, 2022   Accepted: May 23, 2022   Online Published: September 9, 2022 
 
The research is funded by the Bataan Peninsula State University Research and Development Office Central as 
internal funding source. 
 
Abstract 
Madre de Agua (Trichantera gigantean Nees) is forage and considered a Multiple Purpose Tree Species used for 
ruminants and poultry animals with a good potential source of protein and contain good amino acid. Few studies 
were conducted in terms of the agronomic characteristics of the Madre de Agua prior to utilization as feeds and 
most studies conducted were mainly conducted to feed monogastric animals. The study intends to produce data 
for the agronomic characteristics of Madre de Agua as planted and produces a shaded portion of the upland area 
in BPSU Abucay Campus, Abucay, Bataan. The following parameters were gathered; Plant Height, Leaf to Stem 
Ratio, Herbage Yield, and Dry Matter Yield and Soil Analysis. Moreover, the following baseline data were used: 
the area with an elevation of 141.1 feet above sea level with an average rainfall of 296.45mm and temperature 
ranges from 26oC to 30oC during the duration of the study. Fertilizer requirements are based on the result of BSWM 
soil analysis (30g/tree ammonium phosphate, 169g/tree Urea, and 4kg/tree organic fertilizer) applied during and 
after transplanting with adequate irrigation.  The study was carried out using systematic random sampling for 
plants. The result of agronomic characteristics in upland conditions showed that the average plant height of Madre 
De Agua was 110.50 cm, Leaf to Stem Ratio was 65.82%/34.18% per plant, herbage yield was 556.50 grams per 
plant, dry matter yield (oven dry) was 87.57% per plant. The established area for the production of the Madre de 
Agua will be utilized to provide a continuous source of feed to small ruminants and other monogastric species for 
future research in animal production. 
Keywords: nutrition, feeding, forages, herbage yield, dry matter 
1. Introduction 
1.1 Introduce the Problem 
Feeding management is one of the most important aspect need to prioritize by growers in order to increase and 
sustain the productivity of small ruminants. Inadequate supply of roughage and source of planting materials are 
not locally available especially during dry season from which there is subsequent increase of forage scarce in 
feeding animals. One of the project directed of Bureau of Animal Industry was to introduce Madre de Agua in 
feeding animals specifically in pigs. However, there is a need to conduct a research to further support the 
development and utilization of this roughage as feed stuff for small ruminants. 
Madre de Agua (Trichantera gigantean Nees) is a fodder tree also known as Nacedero which was introduced in 
the Philippines some years ago from Latin America (Columbia and Venezuela) and adapts well in local tropical 
conditions. It is used as fodder for pigs, rabbits and ruminants (Heuze et. al, 2016). The leaves of Madre de Agua 
are good sources of protein with varying level from 13 to 22% in dry matter form and apparently most of the 
protein content is considered as true protein and contain good amino acid balance (Rosales, et al.,1999 and Rosales, 
1997). Generally, the study aimed to evaluate agronomic performance of Madre De Agua under upland area in 
Abucay, Bataan. Specifically, it aimed to determine these parameters: Plant Height, Leaf to Stem Ratio, Herbage 
Yield and Dry Matter Yield, and Soil Analysis for Fertilizer Application. 
 



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2. Method 
2.1 Propagation of Cuttings  
Planting materials of Madre de Agua were purchased from farmer in Arayat, Pampanga. The cuttings measured at 
6-8 inches with 3 nodes ideal as planting materials. Cuttings were grown in a plastic bag (10 inches’ x 6 inches) 
and grew for one (1) month prior transplanting in the field to acclimatized from stress incurred during 
transportation and the heavy rains during its adaptation period. 
2.2 Land Preparation and Transplantation 
An approximately 2000 square meter of underdeveloped area was cleaned and prepared as an experimental area 
for production of Madre de Agua. The area was cleaned, plowed and harrowed using a hand tractor for ease 
management. Three months old seedlings are plated in auger-dug holes with furrow distance of 1.0 meter by 1.0 
meter between plants. A total of 2000 planting materials were grown in between furrows to ensure that plants 
received enough supply of water in the absence of rainfall to keep the soil moisture. 
2.3 Experimental Site 
The area of production for Madre de Agua were located at the vicinity of Bataan Peninsula State University Abucay 
Campus, Abucay, Bataan. The area was located at 14°44’N, 120°32’E, in the north-eastern section of the Bataan 
Peninsula with an agro climatic condition classified as tropical. During most months of the year, there is significant 
rainfall and a short dry season. The climate is classified as Ante Meridiem (AM) by the Koppen-Geiger system. 
The temperature average from 27.5 °C and about 2852 mm of precipitation falls annually. Bataan has distinct dry 
and wet seasons categorized as Type I in the Coronas system. The dry season begins in November and end in April 
while the rainy season starts in May and ends in October. 
2.4 Fertilizer Application 
Fertilizer applied was based from the results obtained from Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM), 
Philippines after subjecting samples of soils are as follows:4 kg/tree basal application, 30g/tree Ammonium 
phosphate and 169g/tree Urea mixed and applied one month after transplanting. 
2.5 Harvesting 
Harvesting was done 6 months after transplanting. The height of the sample plants, weight of the stems and leaves 
were measured and recorded and pruned 100 cm from the soil surface. The herbage consisting of leaves (including 
petioles) and edible twigs were harvested from individual plants. The leaves and stems were separated, weighed 
and recorded. After cutting, the separated leaves and stems were wrapped in old newspapers and air-dried in an 
oven at 85°C for 48hours. The dried samples were weighed individually and data were recorded. The plants were 
allowed to re-grow up to the time of next cutting. 
2.6 Sampling Procedures 
The study was carried out using systematic random sampling for plants. A total of 167 sample plants was identified 
using Slovin’s formula and provided with individual tags for identification. 
2.7 Research Design 
Descriptive method was used as research design for the study. All the data for agronomic performance were 
described and presented. 
3. Results 
3.1 Statistics and Data Analysis 
All the data for agronomic performance of Madre de Agua was subjected to descriptive analysis presented in 
tabular and graphical. 
 
Table 1. Average Leaf to Stem Ration, Average Herbage Yield and Average Dry Matter Yield. The average leaf 
to stem ratio, average herbage yield and average dry matter yield. 

Parameters              Values
Average Plant height (cm) 0.50 cm (6 months from transplanting to harvesting 
Average Leaf to Stem Ratio 65.82%/34.18%
Average Herbage Yield 
Average Dry Matter Yield   

556.50 grams
87.57% 



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The average plant height which was 110.50 cm (6 months from transplanting to harvesting) and 164.09 cm (3 
months after harvesting), average Leaf to Stem Ratio was 65.82%/ 34.18% per plant and the average herbage yield 
was 556.50 grams per plant. Chemical Analysis of Madre de Agua leaf meal from study of A.F.Jaya et al., 2008 
contained 88.44% dry matter, 18.21% Crude Protein, 12.5% crude fiber, 2.66% crude fat, 21.80% ash, 11.56% 
moisture, 5% calcium,0.41% total phosphorus and 2, 983 kcal/kg gross energy. 
The average dry matter yield (oven dry) was 87.57%, the result of the study conformed to A.F.Jaya et al., 2008 
that Madre de Agua leaf meal contained 88.44% dry matter. A total biomass production for both fresh leaves and 
stems is 1,112 kg harvested for 2,000 square meter of established Madre de Agua production area.  
4. Discussion 
Average Plant Height 
Presented in Figure 1, the average plant height of Madre De Agua plants for six months during wet season. After 
a month, shoots were approximately 37.6 cm in height, which continuously followed by 44.5 cm, 49.5 cm, 604 
cm, 72.2 cm and 110.5 cm was observed during the six months’ study period. A slow growth was observed during 
second to five months with an average increment of 6.9 cm, 5 cm, 10.9 cm and 11.8 cm, respectively and increased 
at six months with 38.3 cm average height per plant.  
 

 
Figure 1. Average Plant Height (cm) of Madre De Agua 

 
According to CIPAV (1996), the ideal height at cutting of Madre de Agua is 1.0 m at the age of 8 to 10 months. 
The result of the average plant height in the study of 110.50 cm or 1.105 m conforms with the standard cutting 
height considering the Madre de Agua was harvested in 6 months of age after transplanting. Plant Height (PH) 
derived during the wet season supported the importance of moisture on agronomic characteristics and the location 
of the production was shaded which greatly influence as this forage species perform well at the shaded area. 
Leaf to Stem Ratio 
Based from the above table, the leaf and stem ratio of Madre de Agua is 65.82%/ 34.18% which a good indication 
of good quality source of feed for animals.  Leaf to stem ratio is considered as an important parameter in 
determining agronomic characteristics. Leaf to stem ratio describes the quality, diet selection and forage intake. 
Leaf to stem ratio in legumes is valuable because the leaves are metabolic organs while the quality of stems are 
largely affected by their structural function (Tarigan and Ginting, 2012). Relative increase in leaf area over time 
is importantly described as the leaves are the part where the protein content of leguminous trees is concentrated 
and the leaf to stem ratio reflects a maximized nutrient content (Waters et al., 2010).  
Herbage Yield 
As shown in Table 1, herbage yield of Madre de Agua composed of fresh and stem was 556.50 grams and 
equivalent to 1,112 kg biomass harvested from 2,000 square meter of land under upland condition. The locale was 

37.6
44.5 49.5

60.4
72.2

110.50

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

1 2 3 4 5 6

PL
AN

T 
HE

IG
HT

MONTH

AVERAGE PLANT HEIGHT (CM)



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the Madre de Agua was planted was surrounded by old trees that serves and provides a source of shade to multiple 
tree species were they are considered as shade loving tree and most productive under shade than in full-light does 
better for instance under leucaena or banana shade (Cook et al., 2005; Rosales, 1997). 
Herbage yield depends primarily on leaf and stem formation which were both affected by cell division and 
elongation. The herbage yield was mainly dependent on the factors that promote cell division and elongation zones 
as sites of high metabolic activity to sustain high herbage production and biomass accumulation (Abdullah and 
Suharlina, 2010).  
Dry Matter Yield 
As presented in Table 1 was the dry matter yield of the Madre de Agua which value is 87.57% that may provide a 
measure of the amount required to supply the amount of nutrients needed by the animals for the maintenance, 
growth, development and reproduction.  
Dry matter is an important indicator to measure the amount of nutrients that are available to the animal in a 
particular feed. Dry matter yield is a parameter required for agronomic characterization in a particular crop, forage 
or roughage. Environmental and weather conditions greatly affect the amount of moisture content in feeds which 
directly upset the dry matter content of forage or roughage.  
Based on findings, the study limits to gather data in comparison of performance of Madre de Agua for wet and dry 
season. The production of Madre de Agua under upland condition produced agronomic characteristics as start-up 
for production as fodder in feeding goats, other ruminants and poultry species.  
It is recommended to conduct further study for agronomic performance to evaluate the production in wet and dry 
season, fertilizer application, cutting intervals to measure the growth during harvest period sufficient and available 
to feed the animals. 
Acknowledgments 
The authors are pleasingly thankful to BPSU Research and Development Office for funding the study and the staff 
whom devote their time and effort to grow the animals and manage the Madre de Agua production; and to the 
anonymous reviewers who provided constructive comments for the improvement of the manuscript. 
References: 
Abdullah, L., & Suharlina, (2010). Herbage yield and quality of two vegetative parts of Indigofera at different 

 times of first regrowth defoliation. Med. Pet., 33(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2010.33.3.169 
Association of Official Chemists Official Methods of Analysis (18th ed) (2011). Crude Protein in Animal Feed, 

 Forage, Grain, and Oilseeds. Block Digestion Method Using Copper Catalyst and Steam Distillation into 
 Boric Acid. Pdf. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from 
 http://img.21food.cn/img/biaozhun/20100108/177/11285182.pdf. 

Bureau of Animal Industry. Trichantera gigantean. Publication. Department of Agriculture, Diliman, Quezon City. 
Cook, B. G., Pengelly, B. C., Brown, S. D., Donnelly, J. L., Eagles, D. A., Franco, M. A., … Schultze-Kraft, R., 

(2005). Tropical forages. CSIRO, DPI&F(Qld), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia. 
Heuzé V.,Tran G., Boudon A., & Bastianelli D. (2016). Nacedero (Trichanthera gigantea). Feedipedia, a program 

by  INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Retrieved February 25, 2016, from http://www.feedipedia.org/node/7270 
Jaya, A. F.,Soriano, M. I. I, Valladaro, D. M., Intong, R. I., & Carpentero, B. B. (2008). Utilization of Madre De 

Agua (Trichanthera gigantean var. guianensis) Leaf Meal as Feed for Growing-Finishing Pigs. Philippine 
Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 

Kearl, L. C. (1982). Nutrient requirements of ruminants in developing countries. International Feedstuffs Inst., 
Logan, UT (USA), 1982, 381. Accession No: 233404, ISBN 0-87421-116-6 

Rosales, M., & Rios, C. I. (1999). Research into variation in nutritive value of provenances of Trichanthera 
gigantea. In: Conf. Electr. FAO Agroforestería para la producción animal en Latinoamérica. 

Rosales, M. (1997). Trichanthera gigantea (Humboldt & Bonpland.) Nees: A review. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 9(4). 
Tarigan, A., Abdullah, L., Ginting, S. P., & Permana, I. G. (2010). Productivity, nutritional composition and in 

vitro digestibility of Indigofera sp at different interval and intensity of defoliations. Indonesian J. Anim. Vet. 
Sci. (JITV), 15(3), 188-195. 

 



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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 

 
















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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /TUR <FEFF005900fc006b00730065006b0020006b0061006c006900740065006c0069002000f6006e002000790061007a006401310072006d00610020006200610073006b013100730131006e006100200065006e0020006900790069002000750079006100620069006c006500630065006b002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000620065006c00670065006c0065007200690020006f006c0075015f007400750072006d0061006b0020006900e70069006e00200062007500200061007900610072006c0061007201310020006b0075006c006c0061006e0131006e002e00200020004f006c0075015f0074007500720075006c0061006e0020005000440046002000620065006c00670065006c0065007200690020004100630072006f006200610074002000760065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200076006500200073006f006e0072006100730131006e00640061006b00690020007300fc007200fc006d006c00650072006c00650020006100e70131006c006100620069006c00690072002e>
    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

