




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2022 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v4n2p16 

16                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 

Effect of Adding Different Levels of Duckweed (Lemna minor Linn.) 
in the Diet on Live Body Weight, Hematological Traits and Production 

Cost of Free-range Chickens, Gallus domesticus Linn. (Black 
Austrolorp x Barred Playmouth Rock) 

Hermogenes M. Paguia1, Rina Q. Paguia1,2, Jesus Rex A. Pinsel1, Steve Zaballa1, Abigail G. Abuan2 & Mark 
Nell C. Corpuz3 

1 Organic Agriculture Reserch and Development Innovation Center, Bataan Peninsula State University, Abucay, 
Bataan, Philippines 
2 College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bataan Peninsula State University, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines   
3 Center for Research on Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources in Brackishwater Systems, Bataan Peninsula State 
University, Orani, Bataan, Philippines 
Correspondence: Hermogenes M. Paguia, Organic Agriculture Research and Development Innovation Center, 
Bataan Peninsula State University, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines. E-mail: hmpaguia@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 26, 2022   Accepted: July 3, 2022   Online Published: August 22, 2022 
 
The research is financed by Bataan Peninsula State University Research Development Office. 
. 
Abstract 
The present study was conducted at Bataan Peninsula State University Abucay Campus to evaluate the growth 
performance and hematological profile of Gallus domesticus Linn. (Black Austrolorp x Barred Playmouth Rock) 
chicken fed formulated diets of varying inclusions of lesser duckweed (Lemna minor Linn.). Three formulated 
treatments diets of homogenous crude protein level were prepared: 0% duckweed (control), 10% duckweed, and 
15% duckweed inclusion. Five chickens (average weight 202.5 g) per replicate were reared in a single factorial 
experiment and the feeding trial was carried-out for three months. Chicken fed diet containing 15% duckweed 
meal treatment had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight (1,425.88 ± 55.24 g) compared to chicken fed 
normal diet (1,223.48 ± 174.47 g). Mean cost to produce a kilogram of meat was significantly cheaper in the 
treated diets (F = 4.82; P < 0.05). Mean values of hematological variables were not significantly different among 
treatments.  
Keywords: Bataan, duckweed meal, feed conversion ratio, feed formulation 
1. Introduction 
Demand for chicken meat has been increasing tremendously over the years globally at an average 2.4% per annum 
and in the Philippines at an average of 3.4% per annum. Using local sourced alternative for feed ingredient 
relatively a timely and practical option in increasing the production yield and economic gains of the small animal 
poultry holders (Espino and Bellotindos, 2020). In 2021, the total number of chickens inventories in the Philippines 
was about 179.78 million birds. This was about 0.9% higher than the 178.26 million birds reported in the same 
period of 2020. Native / improved chicken and layer chicken inventory increased by 3.1 % and 4. 2%, respectively 
(PSA, 2021). 
Backyard free-range chickens require sustainable sources of nourishment for optimum production efficiency and 
performance. Commercial feeds are usually complemented to the forage and free-range activities of the birds to 
have a consistent and stable marketable weight. The use of commercial feeds with increases the cost of production, 
thereby, supplemental feeding is more economical (Mananghaya, 2017). The highest cost of production is from 
feeds, which accounts for about 50 % to 70%; the feed cost can go as high as 75% of the total cost of production, 
being the major portion of the variable costs. (Dozier et al., 2008). As the price of commercial feeds is constantly 
rising, it is necessary to explore the potentials of different alternative protein feedstuffs as practical replacements 
to imported feedstuffs such as soybean meal and fishmeal.  



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Various studies have explored the different alternative protein feedstuffs that are locally available and abundant 
(Haustein et al., 1994; Anderson et al., 2011; Ahammad et a., 2003). One of the promising alternative forages is 
duckweed, a small nitrogen-fixing aquatic plant found worldwide and often seen growing in thick, blanket-like 
mats on still or slow moving, nutrient-rich fresh or brackish water (Van der Spiegel et al., 2013). Duckweeds have 
been fed to animals and fish to complement diets, largely to provide a protein of high biological value (Leng et al., 
1995) and essential nutritional components (Culley Jr et al., 1981).   
Community-based organic farming schemes has been adopted to promote and demonstrate eco-friendly and cost-
effective agri-fisheries production in Central Luzon, Philippines (Flores et al., 2016; Paguia et al., 2019, 2020; 
Vinzon et al., 2021). The extent of the project is now directed towards the use duckweed as a diet for livestock, 
which requires confirmatory trials on various breeds of chicken and other livestocks. Therefore, the present study 
established to evaluate the impact of adding different levels of duckweed meal, L. minor on performance, 
hematological traits, and production cost of free-range chickens, Gallus domesticus Linn. (Black Austrolorp x 
Barred Playmouth Rock).  
2. Method 
2.1 Experimental Chicken and Feeds 
Out of 150 pre-acclimatized chickens, a total of 75 chicken individuals (G. domesticus), 35-day old (Black 
Austrolorp and Barred Playmouth Rock crossed) were used in the feeding experiment. Experimental chickens 
were initially reared in Bataan Peninsula State University (BPSU) Abucay.  
The locally available feedstuffs such as rice bran, molasses, vegetable oil, oyster shells, salt, fish meal, soybean 
meal and yellow corn were used in the production of experimental feeds. The experimental diets were prepared 
following the formulation in Table 1. The experimental plant (L. minor) that is predominantly available in the 
locality was cultured in the 2 m x 10 m (60 cm deep) concrete pond. Duckweed meal was prepared through the 
conventional process such as partial washing of the fresh duckweeds using clean water, draining, and five days 
sun drying.  
Duckweed samples were also oven dried for 15 min to attain the 14.0% moisture content. The formulated feeds 
containing 14.0% crude protein and 2,600 ME/kcal/kg were achieved and standardized among treatment groups. 
Proximate composition and nutrient attributes of formulated feeds are shown in Table 1.  
2.2 Research Design and Feeding Experiment 
A single factor experiment of three (3) dietary treatments with five (5) replications (five birds per replication) were 
employed for this study following a completely randomized design (CRD). Initial mean weight (ca. 200 g each) 
of birds were homogenous. The treatments groups were as follows — T1 (control): corn-based diet without 
duckweed meal, T2: corn-based diet with 10% duckweed meal, and T3: corn-based diet with 15% duckweed meal. 
The experimental feeds were formulated on the basis of duckweed meal proximate composition — 5.80% moisture, 
21.30% crude protein, 16.30% ash, 1.20% crude fat, 21.30% crude fiber, 0.30% Phosphorous, 34.10% Nitrogen 
Free Extract, and 2,041 kcal kg-1 Metabolizable Energy. The acclimation phase and the actual experiment was 
conducted from July 2021 until December 2021 at the Poultry Experimental Facility in BPSU Abucay following 
the floor space of 2.0 ft² per bird in a full litter system. Birds were fed with pre-weighed experimental ration 
throughout the feeding trial.  
2.3 Production Parameters 
The weight (g) of each chicken individual was determined monthly using a digital balance (0.01 g), whilst daily 
gain in weight (%), gained in weight (g), final mean weight (g), Feed Conversion Ratio [FCR = (feed consumed / 
gain in weight), and mortality were determined after three months of experimental trial. Similarly, the cost per kg 
of bird produced was determined and calculated as:  𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 (𝑃ℎ𝑃)𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)  

2.4 Hematological Parameters 
At the end of the experiment, one chicken per replicate were used for blood sample analysis. Blood samples (1.0 
ml per bird) was collected from a wing vein into anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treated tubes for 
determination of hematological parameters including erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocyte, MID 
(other types of leukocytes not classified as lymphocytes or granulocytes), hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, 
mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. The hematological 
parameters were analyzed using Automatic Fully Digital Hematological Analyzer, BC 3000 Plus, 



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ShenzhenbMinday, Bio-Medical Electronics Co. LTD.  
 
Table 1. Ingredients used in the ration of the experiment  

Ingredients Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 
Yellow corn % 56.9 45.27 48.538 
Fish meal, 60% % 2.10 4.93 5.763 
Soybean meal (full fat) % 19.8 9.60 7.253 
Duckweed meal % - 10.00 15.00 
Rice bran (D1) % 15.0 24.00 17.561 
Molasses % 5.0 5.00 4.683 
Limestone (oyster shell) % 1.0 1.00 1.00 
Salt % 0.20 0.20 0.20 

Total  100.00 100.00 100.00 
Calculated Analysis    
Crude Protein, % 14.2 ± 2.0 14.2 ± 2.0 14.2 ± 2.0 
ME, kcal kg-1  2,639 2,629 2,697 
Moisture Content, % 12.5 12.9 13.7 
Crude fat, % 1.0 1.32 2.3 
Ash, content % 11.1 12.6 4.9 
Crude Fiber, %  4.0 6.0 8.5 
Phosphorus, % 0.28 0.53 .61 
NFE, % 61.3 66.03 59 
Calcium, % 0.826 0.78 0.826 
Lysine, % 1.3 1.16 1.31 
Methionine, % 0.410 0.382 0.411 
Methionine + Cysteine, % 0.923 0.824 0.924 

Chemical and nutritional composition of the dry duckweed samples was determined according to standard AOAC 
methods (AOAC, 1975). 
 
2.5 Statistical Analyses 
Treatment means of each parameter in growth performance, production efficiency, and hematological profile of 
experimental birds were compared using analysis of variance for single factor CRD experiment (P < 0.05). Tukey’s 
post-hoc test was employed to determine the significant variation between treatment groups (P < 0.05). Statistical 
analyses were performed using a statistical package software, Statistical Tool for Agriculture Research. 
3. Results and Discussion 
Data of growth and feeding performance of experimental chicken is presented in (Table 2). Inclusion of duckweed 
meal in the diets significantly improved the mean final weight of the experimental chicken; the highest final weight 
was observed in T3 (P < 0.05). After three months, no mortality was observed and growth performance of chicken 
reared under T3 diet was 16.54% higher than T1, whilst T2 was 6.45% higher than T1 (Figure 1). The present 
findings concur with the results of previous feeding trials estimated that performance of broiler chicken fed diets 
containing corn-duckweed based diets L. minor (Paguia, 2021), and L. gibba (Haustein et al., 1994) was better 
compared to control. On the other hand, Kusina et al. (1999) reported that inclusion of duckweed in broiler finisher 
diets at 10% level did not compromise growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. The findings 
also demonstrated the potential of duckweed, L. minor as a viable substitute to soybean for free-range chicken diet 
considering the plant higher crude protein and mineral contents (37.7%, and 3.8%, respectively). However, the 
types of species, and the rearing medium of duckweed must be taken into account as these can influence the 



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nutrient concentration of the aquatic plant (Du Thanh et al., 2009). 
The efficiency of duckweed as a poultry feed for improved poultry production is attributed to its nutritional 
composition and balance amino acid profile (Porath et al., 1979). Comparing to other plant protein sources, 
duckweed is known to possess higher levels of balanced essential amino acids (e.g., lysine and methionine) and 
bear a similitude to that of animal protein composition (Mbagwu and Adeniji, 1988). While the present finding is 
promising, Islam et al. (1997) did not suggest for full replacement of animal protein components of feeds with 
plant-based ingredients, but rather recommended for partial replacement of fish meal with duckweed and soybean 
meal.     
 
Table 2. Growth and feeding performance (mean ± SD) of experimental free-range chicken (Gallus domesticus) 
fed treatment diets with varying inclusion of duckweed meal.  

Growth and Feeding 
Performance T1 (n = 25) T2 (n = 25) T3 (n = 25) F value 

Initial weight (g) 201.20 ± 38.95a 205.5 ± 26.37a 202.67 ± 36.00a 0.11NS 
Final Weight (g) 1,223.48 ± 174.47b 1,302.40 ± 56.26b 1,425.88 ± 55.24a 4.26* 
Daily Gain (%) 12.78 ± 3.68a 14.31 ± 4.52a 14.87 ± 3.35a 1.17NS 
Gained in Weight (g) 89.46 ± 25.73a 93.98 ± 24.37a 101.52 ± 23.46a 0.92NS 
Feed Conversion Ratio 6.17 ± 3.39a 5.22 ± 1.64a 4.62 ± 0.82a 2.03NS 
Cost per kg of meat 
produced (PhP) 121.53 ± 70.36a 87.91 ± 49.14b 80.64 ± 14.40b 4.82* 

1 $ = PhP 55; In a row, means with different superscript letter are significantly different (P < 0.05). a > b. NS not 
significant at 5% level of confidence; *significant at 5% level of confidence 
 
It is worthy to note that the cost per kg of meat produced was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for birds fed diet 
containing 10% and 15% duckweed meal compared to control diet (Table 3, Figure 2). This finding corresponds 
with Khang and Ogle, (2004) who reported a reduced in cost when a duckweed-based diet was used and compared 
with 100% soya bean. Moreover, Olorunfemi et al., (2006) reported that using diet containing duckweed, L. 
paucicostata at approximately 30% is cost-effective to reduce the cost of feed by about 21%, thereby improving 
profitability in broiler finisher production.  
Variation in gained in weight, and FCR were found to be not significant among treatment means (Table 3). The 
variation in mean levels of each hematological parameter was also not significant (P > 0.05), despite the inclusion 
of duckweed meal diets (Table 4). Similar results in daily gains and in feed conversion can be attributed to the 
decreasing intakes of digestible energy and of total and digestible protein. It can be speculated that the results 
might have been better if the feed mixture was supplemented with additives and natural growth promoters like 
phytobiotics (e.g., garlic, turmeric, and moringa) (Krauze, 2021). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Months

B
od

y 
W

ei
gh

t (
g)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Control
10% duckweed
15% duckweed

Cost per kg of meat produced (PhP)

0 100 200 300 400 500

M
on

th

1

2

3

control
10% Duckweed
15% Duckweed

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Changes in the mean live body weight of free-range chicken, Gallus domesticus (Black Austrolorp x 
Barred Plymouth Rock) fed diets of varying inclusion levels of duckweed, Lemna minor. Means with different 

letters in each treatment are significantly different (P < 0.05). Vertical bars = SD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 2. Mean cost (1 $ = 55 PhP) spent to produce a kilogram of live free-range chicken, Gallus domesticus 
(Black Austrolorp x Barred Plymouth Rock) 

 

 

1 2 3



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Table 4. Hematological parameters (mean ± SD) of 100-d old free-range chicken, Gallus domesticus (Black 
Austrolorp x Barred Plymouth Rock) fed diets with varying inclusion of duckweed, Lemna minor 

Hematological Variables T1 (n = 3) T2 (n = 3) T3 (n = 3) F value 

Erythrocyte (106 /mm3) 2.65 ± 0.29 2.87 ± 0.31 2.83 ± 0.36 0.08NS 

Leukocyte (103 / mm3) 28.74 ± 6.22 27.88 ± 7.54 26.80 ± 11.39 0.06NS 

Lymphocyte % 85.68 ± 2.29 84.18 ± 2.45 85.48 ± 3.83 0.38NS 

Granulocyte % 7.14 ± 1.34 8.42 ± 1.70 7.80 ± 2.43 0.58NS 

MID % 7.18 ± 0.97 7.40 ± 1.12 6.72 ± 1.63 0.37NS 

Hb, g dL-1 9.74 ± 12.54 9.44 ± 15.99 9.77 ± 14.77 0.07NS 

MCV, fL 101.66 ± 1.91 100.82 ± 2.29 100.8 ± 2.14 0.27NS 

MCH, % 44.36 ± 3.12 40.98 ± 0.99 42.76 ± 2.33 2.66NS 

MCHC, g mL-1 43.7 ± 2.71 40.81 ± 1.61 43.63 ± 2.36 2.49NS 

Hematocrit, % 29.56 ± 3.69 27.72 ± 3.64 29.30 ± 3.78 0.36NS 

MID: other types of leukocytes not classified as lymphocytes or granulocytes; Hb: hemoglobin; MCV: mean 
corpuscular volume; MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin; MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin 
Concentration; NS not significant at 5% level of confidence 
 
4. Conclusion and Recommendations 
The present study demonstrated the efficiency of duckweed meal-based diets in improving the growth performance 
of free-range chicken and reducing the cost of production. The finding provides evidence of the potential of L. 
minor as a replacement to soya bean meal or fish-meal as a main protein source for poultry feed. Further studies 
can be done using other species or varieties of duckweeds of varying inclusion to diet, with emphasis on growth 
and reproduction performance, nutritional profile, and sensorial quality of various chicken breeds commonly raised 
in the country. 
Acknowledgments 
The authors are grateful for the funding support of BPSU Research and Development Office; to the non-teaching 
members of the project for the assistance during the conduct of the feeding experiments; and to the anonymous 
reviewers who provided constructive comments for the improvement of the manuscript. 
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

