




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2022 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v4n2p60 

60                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Sexual Propagation of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Varieties 
in Bataan, Philippines is Affected by Different Combination of 

Growing Media 
Christian M. Balba1, Editha A. Ganado1 & Cherrilyn E. Ventura1 

1 College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bataan Peninsula State University, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines 
Correspondence: Cherrilyn E. Ventura, College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bataan Peninsula State University, 
Abucay, Bataan, Philippines. E-mail: ceventura@bpsu.edu.ph 
 
Received: November 16, 2022   Accepted: November 16, 2022   Online Published: December 9, 2022 
 
The research is financed by Bataan Peninsula State University Research Development Office. 
 
Abstract 
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different combinations of growing media on the different 
varieties of cashew grown in Bataan, Philippines. It aimed to evaluate the number of days to germination, 
percentage germination, seedling height, number of leaves, leaf area index, and diameter of the stem for the 
duration of sixty days. It is a two-factor experiment arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting 
of three Bataan cashew varieties as the Factor A and five combinations of growing media as Factor B with three 
replications. The experimental treatments were as follow: Factor A (Varieties of Cashew): V1-Bataan Variety 1, 
V2-Bataan Variety 2, V3-Bataan Variety 3; and Factor B (Soil Media): SM1-1 part garden soil, 1 part compost, 1 
part sand, SM2-1 part garden soil, 1 part compost, ½ part sand, ½ part carbonized rice hull, SM3-1 part garden soil, 
1 part compost, ½ part sand, ½ part coco coir dust, SM4-1 part garden soil, 1 part compost, 1 part carbonized rice 
hull, and SM5-1 part garden soil, 1 part compost, 1 part coco coir dust. Results revealed that Bataan Variety 1 and 
Bataan Variety 3 were significantly the earliest to germinate while Bataan Variety 1 significantly had the highest 
success percentage of 92%, highest number of leaves produced (9.81), and the highest recorded leaf area (50.26 
mm2). For growing media, 1 part garden soil, 1 part compost, 1 part coco coir dust significantly had the tallest 
plants (30.92 cm) and the most number of leaves. Furthermore, the interaction between varieties and growing 
media showed no significant difference in all parameters stated. These findings will be useful for the cashew 
growers, producers, nursery propagators in selecting the best growing media to enhanced their sexual propagation. 
Keywords: Bataan, growing media, cashew seedlings, cashew varieties 
1. Introduction 
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), with a local name of 'kasoy’, is one of the many fruit species that are gaining 
importance in agriculture and commerce in the Philippines, with several economic uses in the food sector as food 
and feed. It is high in nutrients, and its commercial production can provide a significant source of income for many 
Filipino farmers in rural areas. It is basically grown all throughout the country and has a great potential for export. 
Many developing countries regard cashew nut farming and processing to be a vital sector, not only for boosting 
local economies but also for long-term environmental improvement. In 2019, the Philippines ranked as 5th largest 
cashew nut producing country in the world which accounts for 6.11% of total world cashew nut production (FAO, 
2019).  
In the Philippines, total cashew production reached 242,329.32 mt in 2019, with a total planted/harvested area of 
28,688.26 hectares (PSA, 2020). Palawan and Mindoro Occidental are the most important cashew-growing areas 
in the country, accounting for 92% of total production. It is also grown to a lesser extent in Central Luzon (Bataan, 
Nueva Ecija, and Zambales) and Northern Luzon (Pangasinan and Ilocos Norte), accounting for around 6% and 
1% of total production, respectively. 
Cashews reproduce both sexually and asexually through seed and vegetative propagation. It is usually propagated 
through seeds, which results in a great degree of variability. The vast majority of existing cashew farms were 
established using seed from high-performing mother plants. Due to the substantial income from the variety of 
products it can produce from nut alone, the production sector's problems must be addressed. These include a limited 



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 61       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

supply of plants due to soil problems, and integrated or alternative growing media are being widely considered in 
many parts of the world as a way to improve total production. The use of suitable growing media is essential for 
the production of high-quality seedlings. This has an impact on the development of the extensive functioning roots 
system and its subsequent maintenance. A proper growing medium anchor the plant, serves as a reservoir for 
nutrients and water, and allows oxygen diffusion to the roots as well as gaseous exchange between the roots and 
atmosphere outside the root substrate.  
In cashew production, the seedling establishment is one of the most important aspects of seedling growth (Hammed 
& Adeyemi, 2005) wherein in most cases, the crop's field establishment starts in the nursery. The chemical and 
physical qualities of the growing media play a big role in nursery production of container-grown plants. Seedling 
performance in the nursery translates to good and encouraging crop establishment in the field. Whereas a lack of 
understanding of the crop seedlings' growth pattern in the nursery (Hammed et al., 2008) and the nursery's poor 
growth conditions may have translated into poor field establishment of the crop after transplanting into the field.  
There are many different combinations of soil media available for nursery nowadays, but more study is needed to 
determine which is ideal for nursery management or for growing healthy seedlings for fruit crops like cashew. The 
foundation of a healthy root system is a good growing medium, which is essential to good nursery management. 
The different growing media are observed with its influence to seed germination or plant growth for the successful 
production of the cashew crop and to find the best combinations of growing media for nursery management of 
fruit crops. With this, the study is conducted to evaluate the growth response of cashew varieties in different 
combination of growing media in terms of days of germination, success germination, plant height, number of 
leaves, leaf area and diameter of the stem. 
2. Method 
2.1 Experimental Area 
The study was conducted in the nursery of the Bataan Peninsula State University-Abucay Campus which is located 
in Bangkal, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines with a latitude of 14.74°N, longitude of 120.45°E and an elevation of 
342.559 meters above sea level.  
2.2 Experimental Design and Treatments 
The study is a two factor experiment arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with cashew variety as 
Factor A and growing media as the Factor B. The study was replicated three times with 30 nuts per replication. 
The experimental treatments were as follows - Cashew Varieties (Factor A): Bataan Variety 1 (V1), Bataan Variety 
2 (V2), and Bataan Variety 3 (V3) while for the Soil Media (Factor B): 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part 
sand (SM1), 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, ½ part sand, ½ part carbonized rice hull (SM2), 1-part garden soil, 
1-part compost, ½ part sand, ½ part coco coir dust (SM3), 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part carbonized 
rice hull (SM4), and 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part coco coir dust (SM5).  
2.3 Cultural Management and Practices 
These includes the following: 
2.3.1. Collection of seeds. Cashew seeds with different varieties were collected and purchased from the Department 
of Agriculture (DA) identified cashew farms in Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines. Seeds were collected through 
picking directly from the mother tree and immediately separated from its matured pseudo-fruit. At the same time, 
some seeds were gathered from fallen fruits. They were fully matured and of high density (heavy) grade to ensure 
good germination and vigorous seedlings.  
2.3.2. Drying and storage of seeds. As per recommended, cashew nuts were sun-dried for 2 days to attain moisture 
level of 8-9%. Well dried nuts were stored in sacks tightly to avoid spillage and prevent pest damage. It was then 
placed in a clean dried storage.  
2.3.3. Testing of viable seeds. Cashew seeds were water tested; those that sink were chosen since they had higher 
viability and germinate quickly. 
2.3.4. Sowing seeds. Seeds were sown in individual polyethylene bags containing different combination of 
growing media. Seeds were sown 5-10 cm deep with stalk end facing upward in a slanting position. These 
prevented the emerging of cotyledons at the soil surface from being destroyed by pests. 
2.4 Data Gathered 
2.4.1. Average days of germination. It is counting the days it takes a seed to sprout after sowing. This was given 
in a range to know when to expect to see seedlings. 



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2.4.2. Success percentage (%). It is an estimate of the viability of a population of seeds. The equation to calculate 
germination percentage formula is GP = seeds germinated/total seeds x 100. 
2.4.3. Average plant height. The height (cm) of the plants were determined by measuring the plant from the base 
up to the tip of the longest leaf at 60 days after sowing. 
2.4.4. Average number of leaves. These were the number of functional leaves produced on plant that were counted 
at 60 days after sowing. 
2.4.5. Average leaf area index. The length and width of each leaf produced at the longest point were measured. 
Leaf area was calculated by adopting a formula as suggested for cashew nut by Murthy et al., (1985): A = 0.21 + 
0.69 P (Where, A = Area of the leaf, P = Length x Width of leaf at longest point). The data were collected and 
calculated at 60 days after sowing. 
2.4.6. Average diameter of the stem. This was measured at the midpoint of the plants at 60 days after sowing 
through the use of Vernier calipers. 
2.5 Statistical Analysis 
All the data gathered from the study were analyzed and tabulated following the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 
for a two-factor experiment in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Comparison among means was done using 
Least Significant Difference (LSD). Statistical analyses were performed using a statistical package software, 
Statistical Tool for Agriculture Research (STAR).  
3. Results and Discussion 
The growth response of three varieties of cashew applied with different combination of growing media is presented 
in Table 1. The growth parameters gathered in the study includes the days of germination, success percentage, 
plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index, and diameter of stem. Results revealed a highly significant 
difference among varieties in terms of days of germination, success percentage, leaf area index while significant 
difference was recorded in number of leaves. On the other hand, there was no significant difference among varieties 
in terms of the recorded plant height and diameter of the stem. 
 
Table 1. Growth response of the three varieties of cashew seedlings applied with different growing media 

Variety 
Days of 

germination 
Success 

percentage (%)

Plant 
height 
(cm) 

Number of 
leaves 

Leaf area 
index (mm2) 

Diameter of 
the stem  

(cm) 
Bataan Variety 
1 (V1) 

10.62a 92.00a 29.60a 9.81a 50.26a 6.01a 

Bataan Variety 
2 (V2) 

16.17b 69.67b 29.27a 8.98b 42.05b 6.42a 

Bataan Variety 
3 (V3) 

11.09a 53.67c 29.31a 9.26b 39.78b 6.34a 

F-Test ** ** ns * ** ns 
CV (%) 15.06 23.45 11.61 7.39 15.04 12.91 

Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by LSD 
 

In terms of days of germination, Bataan Variety 1 (V1) and Bataan Variety 3 (V3) were significantly the earliest to 
germinate while Bataan Variety 2 (V2) significantly the longest to propagate. For the success percentage, Bataan 
Variety 1 significantly had the highest success percentage of 92% as compared to the two varieties (Bataan Variety 
2 and Variety 3) with 69.67% and 53.67% success percentage, respectively. In number of leaves, it was also the 
Bataan Variety 1 which produced the most number of leaves (9.81) as well as the highest leaf area index of 50.26 
mm2 which is significantly higher as compared to Bataan Variety 2 and Variety 3 in the two parameters mentioned. 
No significant difference in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index, and diameter of Bataan Variety 2 and 
Variety 3 in this result is possibly due to the morphological characteristics of the two cashew varieties, wherein it 
can be observed that the physical appearances of Bataan Variety 2 and Bataan Variety 3 are similar with each other 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 4, No. 2; 2022 

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making them comparable with each other in most of the growth parameters. 
On the other hand, although statistically not significant, it can be observed that Bataan Variety 1 had the tallest 
plant height of 29.60 cm while in terms of diameter of the stem, Bataan Variety 2 had the widest diameter of stem 
of 6.42 cm.  

Meanwhile, another factor used in this study is the combination of different growing media which is presented in 
Table 2. The growth parameters gathered in the study includes the days of germination, success percentage, plant 
height, number of leaves, leaf area index, and diameter of stem. Results revealed a significant difference among 
growing media in terms of plant height, and number of leaves wherein 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part 
coco coir dust (SM5) significantly had the tallest plants of 30.92 cm which was comparable to other growing media 
except for 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part sand (SM1). In terms of number of leaves, it was also the 
plants applied with 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part coco coir dust which had the most number of leaves 
(9.85) which is significantly higher to 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part sand, and 1-part garden soil,1-part 
compost, ½ part sand, ½ part carbonized rice hull (SM2) but comparable only with 1-part garden soil, 1-part 
compost, ½ part sand, ½ coco coir dust (SM3), and 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part carbonized rice hull 
(SM4). The result of this study corresponds with the study of Usman et al. in 2014, that addition of coco coir to the 
growing media increased the growth of plant by three times as evident in the result of plant height of plants grown 
in 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part coco coir dust and plants applied with 1-part garden soil, 1-part 
compost, ½ part sand, ½ coco coir dust which both have coco coir dust as growing media. In the results of the 
study conducted by Shetty & Melanta (1990), all media containing coir dust resulted in higher survival rate as 
compared with other media.  
 
Table 2. Effects of different combination of growing media on the growth of cashew seedlings 

 
As reflected in Table 2, there was no significant difference among growing media in terms of days of germination, 
success percentage, leaf area index, and diameter of the stem. However, it can be observed that the growing media 
with 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part carbonized rice hull had the shortest days of germination which 
germinate as early as 10.99 days. In terms of success percentage, it was the plants with 1-part garden soil, 1-part 
compost, ½ part sand, ½ coco coir dust which obtained the highest success percentage of 84.44% which coincides 
with the study of Bharathi (1997) and Mamatha (1998) wherein they reported that a medium consisting of sand, 
coir dust, soil and compost has the maximum graft union success, highest plant height and maximum number of 
leaves in cashew as mentioned in the study of Sriya et al. (2022). On the other hand, the combination of 1-part 

Growing Media 
Days of 

germination

Success 
percentage 

(%) 

Plant 
Height
(cm) 

Number 
of 

leaves 

Leaf area 
index 
(mm2) 

Diameter 
of the stem 

(cm) 
1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 
1-part sand (SM1) 

13.20a 70.55a 27.16b 8.86c 46.54a 6.07a 

1-part garden soil,1-part compost, ½ 
part sand, ½ part carbonized rice 
hull (SM2) 

13.29a 70.00a 28.86ab 8.88bc 43.50a 6.55a 

1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 
½ part sand, ½ coco coir dust (SM3) 

12.62a 84.44a 29.65a 9.57abc 43.11a 6.34a 

1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 
1-part carbonized rice hull (SM4) 

10.99a 66.67a 30.38a 9.59ab 44.31a 6.24a 

1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 
1-part coco coir dust (SM5) 

13.05a 67.22a 30.92a 9.85a 42.69a 6.08a 

F-Test ns ns * * ns ns 
CV (5%) 15.06 23.45 11.61 7.39 15.04 12.91 
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by LSD 



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growing media tested in the study. However, although statistically not significant, it can be noted that the earliest 
days to germinate was revealed in V3SM4 with 10.22 days. Treatments V2SM3 and V1SM3 had the highest success 
percentage of 100%. Also, V2SM3 had the tallest plant height of 31.36 cm, the most number of leaves with 10.38 
was shown in V1SM4, the highest leaf area index was shown in V1SM1 with 52.70 mm2. And lastly, the widest 
diameter of the stem was attained in V2SM2 with 7.37 cm.  
4. Conclusion and Recommendations 
Based on the result of the study, Bataan Variety 1 was notable as the leading variety among the acquired data in 
regards to growth parameters given except in average plant height and diameter of the stem. Moreover, the result 
showed that among different combination of growing media, 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part coco coir 
dust was the best growing media used to improve plant height and number of leaves and 1-part garden soil, 1-part 
compost, ½ part sand, ½ coco coir dust with the highest success percentage although it is not significantly different 
with other soil media. In addition, no significant difference between the interaction of varieties and growing media 
had been observed in the entire growth parameters.  
This study recommends to use Bataan Variety 1 since this variety has the highest success percentage and earliest 
days to germinate and as observed for the physical characteristics it has the biggest pseudo stem and nuts compared 
to two varieties. On the other hand, the use of 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, 1-part coco coir dust growing 
media combination for greater number of leaves and height of the plants and 1-part garden soil, 1-part compost, ½ 
part sand, ½ coco coir dust for the highest success percentage despite the fact that it is statistically not significant 
to other parameters based on the value obtained. This findings suggested the use of appropriate variety and growing 
media which is be beneficial for cashew growers, producers and nursery propagators for their successful seed 
propagation. 
Acknowledgments 
The authors are grateful for the funding support given by the Bataan Peninsula State University Research 
Development Office (BPSU-RDO); to the BSA students who assisted during the conduct of the experiment; and 
to the reviewers who provided valuable comments and suggestion for the improvement of the research paper. 
References 
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Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal.  
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
















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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

