




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2023 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v5n2p22 

22                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Use Of Micronized Calcium Carbonate-Based Sunscreen on Young 
European Hazelnut (Corylus Avellana L.) in Commercial Nursery 

Under Environmental Stress Conditions During the Summer Period 
Ignacio Errazuriz-Montanares3, Sergio Fernandez2, Paulo Cañete-Salinas3, Khristopher Ogass1, Cristian 

Espinosa1, Jorge Guajardo3, Nicolas Saavedra3, Sebastián Contreras3, Francisco Zamudio4 & César Acevedo-
Opazo3 

1 ERDE Technology and Applied Engineering SPA, Talca, Chile 
2 FERPAC Fertilizers of the Pacific S.A. Orchard Street No. 575, Hijuelas, Valparaíso, Chile 
3 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Talca, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile 
4 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca. Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile 
Correspondence: César Acevedo-Opazo, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Talca, Av. Lircay s/n, 
Talca, Chile. E-mail: cacevedo@utalca.cl 
 
Received: August 20, 2023   Accepted: December 3, 2023   Online Published: December 31, 2023 
 
Abstract  
Chile has become one of the main exporters of European hazelnuts in the world, mainly due to favorable 
edaphoclimatic conditions. Currently, due to the negative effects of climate change, Chile has been suffering 
recurrent heat waves and droughts, which are damaging the productive efficiency of the European hazelnut. The 
present research proposes to evaluate the use of a sunscreen composed of micronized calcium carbonate, pinolene 
and lignosulfonate on young European hazelnut plants growing in a commercial nursery. In this study, the 
environmental conditions of heat stress observed during the summer months were evaluated. The results show 
statistically significant differences between treatments, in favor of plants treated with the sunscreen in at least one 
of the three months of evaluation. Thus, stomatal conductance (gs) showed increases of up to 29% compared to 
the control treatment, transpiration rate (Tr) increased by up to 25% and the net assimilation rate (an) increased by 
up to 18% compared to the control treatment without application. The use of sunscreen would increase the gas 
exchange of young European hazelnut plants, thus providing greater tolerance to conditions of high environmental 
temperature, promoting an increase in the production of photo-assimilates compared to untreated plants. 
Keywords: European hazelnut, sunscreen, physiological response, micronized calcium carbonate, stress 
1. Introduction 
Chile is the main producer in the southern hemisphere and ranks fifth worldwide, after countries such as Turkey 
(63.2%), Italy (13.4%), Azerbaijan (4.7) and the USA (4.2%) (FAOSTAT, 2020). The production areas in Chile 
are concentrated in the central south and south of the country, characterized by a Mediterranean and temperate 
climate, respectively (Durán et al., 2022). Currently, these areas cover an area of 30,000 hectares (ha) with an 
annual growth rate of 2,000 to 3,000 ha (ODEPA, 2020, Moya-Elizondo et al., 2022). Ninety percent of this 
production is exported to Italy (Ellena et al., 2014), which has allowed it to gain relevant in the world hazelnut 
market, due to its position as an off-season exporter (Ghisoni et al., 2019). In addition, the low commercial risks 
and socio-political effects affecting the price of hazelnuts, together with a high productive potential (2.0 - 4.0-ton 
ha-1), even higher than the great productive exponents such as Turkey and Italy (0.85 -1.5-ton ha-1), give Chile a 
privileged position in the world hazelnut market (Grau and Sandoval, 2009; Bozoglu et al., 2019). 
The production of fruit trees such as European hazelnut has been strongly affected in Mediterranean climate zones, 
due to the intensification of droughts events and heat waves generated mainly by the negative effects of climate 
change (Del Pozo et al., 2019). In southern latitudes such as Chile, the ozone layer has also decreased, increasing 
the intensity of incident solar radiation, especially ultraviolet radiation (UV) (Lizana et al., 2009). Like other fruit 
trees of Mediterranean climate, hazelnut has a saturation point of incident light that is around 50% of the intensity 
in full sun during the summer, which would decrease its physiological performance during the productive period 
(Corelli-Grappadelli and Lakso, 2007). Moreover, in the case of European hazel this threshold is even lower 
(Luciani et al., 2020) and exceeding this value would generate damage to the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII), 



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increasing photorespiration and photoinhibition of the plant. This situation is even more aggravated under a 
scenario of water restriction, due to the increase in temperature in plant tissues (Corelli-Grappadelli and Lakso, 
2007; Salazar-Canales et al., 2021). This affects plants in different processes of development and organ growth, 
which would ultimately significantly affect fruit production, so it is essential to have alternatives to overcome the 
negative effects of climate, providing conditions to minimize the damage caused by high radiation and lack of 
water in key phenological periods for European hazel. 
As an alternative, the use of sunscreens is proposed, being kaolin the most used via foliar application, increasing 
albedo through the formation of a whitish layer of this mineral on the leaves, which would increase the reflection 
of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), UV and infrared (IR) (Brito et al., 2019), favoring the reduction of 
leaf temperature from 1 to 4 °C, thus reducing heat stress. However, under water stress conditions, the decrease in 
leaf temperature could reach up to 6.9 °C, also decreasing gs, Tr and an (Luciani et al., 2020). Foliar applications 
of micronized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) would also reduce the negative effects of high solar radiation not only 
by increasing albedo, but also by generating greater efficiency in calcium translocation within plant tissue cells 
(Deepa et al., 2015), which is essential in the synthesis of salicylic acid and chitinase, increasing plan tolerance to 
biotic and abiotic stress (Pugliese et al., 2018). Among the adjuvant compounds used to enhance the effect of 
sunscreens, we have pinolene, which is a terpene polymer derived from pine resin, which helps limit plant 
transpiration (Brillante et al., 2016). On the other hand, the lignosulfonate added in the formulation would fulfill 
the function of a binder (Przywara et al., 2021). 
Based on the literature review, the present research aims to evaluate the use of a formulation based on micronized 
calcium carbonate, pinolene and lignosulfonate as a sunscreen, on the water status and gas exchange in young 
European hazel plants in a commercial nursery, under environmental stress conditions recorded during the summer 
period in central Chile. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Experimental Site  
The study was conducting during the 2020-2021 season in a commercial nursery of young European hazelnut trees 
(Corylus avellana L.) belonging to the company AgriChile S.A., located in Los Niches, Maule Region, Chile (35° 
3'13.42" S; 71° 7'48.41" W; 288 m.a.s.l). The orchard corresponds to the cv. Tonda di Giffoni, used for plant 
propagation (nursery). The Niches area has a Mediterranean climate with a long dry season. The average annual 
temperature is 14.7 °C, and the average temperature of the warmest month is 21.9 ºC and the average minimum 
temperature during the coldest month is 8 °C (January and July, respectively). The total average annual 
precipitation in the last 10 years was 860 mm. The soils of this site are moderately deep of superficial clay loam 
texture, with slow permeability and flat topography.  
2.2 Experimental Design 
Two treatments with application of commercial product BLOCKER (micronized calcium carbonate, pinolene and 
lignosulfonate), and a control (without application) were evaluated. For this, an experimental design of randomized 
blocks was carried out, with four repetitions per treatment, where each repetition corresponds to a block. Each of 
the blocks is made up of a total of 20 plants. Three applications were made during the summer season, during the 
months of highest climatic demand, that is middle January, February and March in the southern hemisphere. Ten 
days after the application of the products, measurements were made in the field. 
2.3 Plant Measurements 
To characterize plant water status, midday xylem water potential (Ψx; MPa) was measured using the pressure 
chamber methodology (PMS instrument Co., model 1000, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Scholander et al., 1965). To 
evaluate the physiological response of the plants, the physiological variables of stomatal conductance (gs; mol m-

2 s-1), transpiration rate (Tr; mol m-2 s-1) and net assimilation rate (an; µmol m-2 s-1) were performed using a portable 
infrared gas analyzer (Li-6800 LI-COR). All measurements were made between 12:00 and 14:00 h. in the 
afternoon, during the period of highest climatic demand on healthy, medium-sized leaves in full sun. 
2.4 Statistical Analysis 
For the data information analysis, it was carried out using a generalized linear model (GLM), where the treatment 
was considered as a fixed variable and the block as a random variable. For the separation of means, a multiple 
range comparison test was performed using HSD, Tukey, p-value ≤ 0.05. 
 
 



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3. Results 
Table 1 shows the climatic analysis for the 3 measurement dates during the study season. In this regard, it is 
observed that on January 12 and March 9, maximum temperatures fluctuated around 30°C, while 
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) exceeded 1,500 µmol m-2 s-1, a normal situation in the southern 
hemisphere during the summer season high temperatures and high solar radiation are observed (Del Pozo et al., 
2019). On the contrary, during February 16, temperatures and PAR were ostensibly lower, due to the high 
cloudiness of that day (8/8 oktas of cloud). 
 
Table 1. Climatic analysis for the dates of physiological measurements made in the field. Data were obtained from 
the Agromet weather station, located in San Jorge, los Niches. 

Date Average temperature 
(°C) 

Maximum 
temperature (°C) 

Minimum 
temperature (°C) 

Solar radiation  
(µmol m-2 s-1). 

12-01-2021 16.7 28.6 4.8 1877 
16-02-2021 14.5 17.8 8.7 533 
09-03-2021 18.6 31.2 7.2 1577 

 
Figure 1 shows the xylem water stress values and the assimilation rate for the evaluated treatments. For xylem 
water stress, statistical differences were only observed on January 12, in which the plants covered with sunscreen 
presented a lower water stress with -0.57 MPa. An also showed statistically significant differences during the 
measurements made in January and March, being the plants treated with sunscreen the ones that presented a better 
performance, increasing these measurements by 13% and 18%, respectively, compared to the control treatment 
without application. 

 

 

Variable Xylematic water potential (MPa) Assimilation rate (µmol m-2 s-1) 
Treatment 12-01-2021 16-02-2021 09-03-2021 12-01-2021 16-02-2021 09-03-2021 
Sunscreen -0.57 a -0.14 -0.70 18.04a 17.86 17.73 
Control -0.66 b -0.15 -0.69 16.01b 17.40 15.00 
Valor-p 0.004 (*) 0.15 0.93 0.018 (*) 0.74 0.0014(*) 
Figure 1. Evolution of midday stem water potential (Ψx; MPa) and net assimilation rate (an; µmol m-2 s-1) and 
analysis of variance performed. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments. * p-value 

<0.05 
 
On the other hand, in Figure 2, Tr presented statistically significant differences during the three measurement dates. 
In this case, the plants treated with sunscreen showed increases of 25% and 20% for the measurements made in 
January and March, respectively. However, this variable also decreased during the month of February by 14%, 
compared to the control treatment. Finally, gs increased by 25% and 29% in plants treated with sunscreen during 



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January and March, respectively. However, the increase in gs represented statistically significant differences only 
in March. On the other hand, the measurement of gs in February showed significant statistical differences in the 
sunscreen treatment, being 24% lower than the control treatment. 

 

 
 
Variable 

Transpiration (mol m-2 s-1) Stomatal conductance (mol m-2 s-1) 

Treatment 12-01-2021 16-02-2021 09-03-2021 12-01-2021 16-02-2021 09-03-2021 
Sunscreen 0.0071a 0.0024b 0.0092a 1.53 0.29b 0.66a 
Control 0.0057b 0.0028a 0.0077b 1.22 0.38a 0.51b 
Valor-p 0.02 (*) 0.02 (*) 0.0057 (*) 0.12 0.008 (*) 0.0027 (*) 

Figure 2. Evolution of leaf transpiration (Tr; mol m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (gs; mol m-2 s-1) and analysis of 
variance for each variable studied. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments. * p-value 
<0.05. 
 
4. Discussion 
The plants evaluated in this trial did not present xylem water stress values, obtaining Ψx values lower than -0.7 
MPa, remaining below the threshold range proposed by Grau and Sandoval, (2009) and Salazar-Canales et al., 
(2021); corresponding to -0.85 and -0.89 MPa, respectively for European hazel plants cv. Tonda di Giffoni L, well 
irrigated and under climatic conditions like those of the present study. Despite this, statistical differences of Ψx 
were observed during January 12, where the treatment with sunscreen application reduced the water stress of plants, 
increasing the Ψx by 14% compared to control treatment without application. The water stress values observed in 
the study show that the plants were not subjected to water stress conditions, therefore, the differences observed in 
the physiological response of the plants would have been generated mainly by thermal and radiative stress to which 
the plants were subjected during the growing season, especially during the first and third measurement dates. 
In the cloudy conditions observed during the February measurement, only significant statistical differences were 
found in the gs and Tr variables, with lower values for plants treated with sunscreen. This is explained by the 
occurrence of low temperatures (below 25 °C) in conjunction with the10% decrease in PAR intensity observed. 
Under these conditions the whitish film of the sunscreen could generate decreases in gas exchange variables, which 
was evidenced by lower rates of gs and Tr (Glenn et al., 2001). 
The gas exchange values recorded in this research differ from the experiences reported in literature, reaching 
values 5 times higher for gs and around two time higher for Tr and an under similar climatic and water conditions 
(Luciani et al., 2020; Salazar-Canales et al., 2021). The above results could be due to the age difference between 
the plant material used in this trial (young plants in nursery), this justifies the gap in gaseous exchange values 
observed in this study. However, data obtained from 2-year-old European hazelnut trees (height 58 ± 5 cm) cv. 
Tonda Gentile Romana, growing in Rome, in a Mediterranean climate locality in evaluation periods similar to 
those of the present study (July, equivalent to January in the southern hemisphere) show even more marked 
differences in gas exchange variables with gs up to 8 times lower than that reported in this study (8 µmol m-2 s-1) 
and about 2 times lower in Tr and an (0.13 and 0.0035 mol m-2 s-1, respectively) (Catoni et al., 2017). These 



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differences observed in relation to the information reported in literature could be due to measurements performed 
during a phenological period of active growth in new shoots of young plants growing in nursery. 
As for the use of micronized calcium carbonate, pinolene and lignosulfonate, there are no precedents in the 
literature on their use as a sunscreen for agricultural purposes. Instead, the most widely used and studied sunscreen 
corresponds to kaolin. According to studies conducted by other authors, this product reduces leaf temperature and 
increases gs, thus Tr and an. However, other studies with kaolin show decreases in an (Glenn et al., 2001). Such is 
the case of the study of by Luciani et al., (2020) where applications of kaolin as a sunscreen were made on 
European hazelnut, with results coinciding with those obtained by Glenn et al., (2001), regarding the decrease in 
leaf temperature between 2.9 to 6.9 °C, but differing in gas exchange variables, without observing benefits in 
relation to the control treatment. They also observed an interaction between the application of kaolin and water 
deficit, which would generate a greater stomatal resistance and therefore a decrease in the net assimilation rate, 
independently of leaf temperature. 
Brito et al., 2019 mentions that in both irrigated and rainfed olive trees, benefits are seen from kaolin applications, 
mainly associated with the decrease in leaf temperature. This differs from what was observed by Rotondi et al., 
2021, who evaluated kaolin and zeolite in olive trees, carrying out a total of 8 applications between June and 
September, finding that the use of kaolin reduced gas exchange and photosynthesis evaluated in August and 
September, compared with witness trees. The zeolite increased the gas exchange, compared to the control. These 
results can be explained by the large number of applications, which generates an excessive density of lamellar 
particles, which act as a physical barrier on the upper surface and underside of the leaf, exacerbating stomatal 
resistance. On the other hand, with zeolite, although the same application pattern was followed, as they are pseudo 
cubic particles with a smaller specific surface area, they did not generate the limitation caused by kaolin. Another 
experience that differs from what was expressed by Brito et al., 2019, corresponds to that carried out by Cabo et 
al., 2020 in a dry European hazelnut orchard, located in Moimenta da Beira, Portugal, where trees in full production 
were treated. (the age of the trees is not specified) with kaolin, applying irrigation and the combination of both, 
obtaining as a result that these applications can increase yield through greater volume and weight of the fruit; but 
if the trees are irrigated. 
The discordance in results obtained when evaluating the same sunscreen can be explained by morphological and 
physiological characteristics intrinsic to each fruit species. Have the olive tree, which is a species widely studied 
in its resistance to adverse environmental conditions thanks to its leaf morphology and physiological mechanisms 
such as osmolyte production. On the other hand, the European hazelnut is a species in which environmental 
adaptation mechanisms are unknown, but it can be seen that its resilience to environmental stress is less than that 
of the olive tree, therefore, obtaining favorable results in the olive tree does not ensure it in the hazelnut tree. 
European. On the other hand, the favorable results in mitigating environmental stress presented in this article, 
associated with plants treated with sunscreen (micronized calcium carbonate), which we show by the reduction in 
water stress and increase in gas exchange and photosynthesis, may be explained by the increase in albedo and 
consequent decrease in leaf temperature. However, as we saw in other research carried out with kaolin, the decrease 
in temperature does not guarantee the best photosynthetic performance. On the other hand, the formulation of the 
sunscreen evaluated corresponds to pinolene and lignosulfonate. Pinolene is recognized as a film-forming 
antiperspirant that in research has contrasted its effect with that of kaolin, highlighting that it does not generate 
beneficial effects on gas exchange or photosynthesis, which has an impact on quality and performance (Abdallah 
et al., 2019; Brillante et al., 2016). For their part, lignosulfonates that have been evaluated as effective bio 
stimulants capable of promoting metabolic responses, physiological performance, increasing the photosynthetic 
rate (greater RuBisCO activity) and thereby increasing plant growth evaluated as dry weight (Ertani et al., 2019). 
On the contrary, the results of the application of diverse sources of calcium as sunscreen allow us to observe 
statistically significant differences that show a benefit for the plant. On a sunny day, photosynthetically active 
radiation (PAR) is around 2,000 µmol m-2 s-1 and European hazelnut leaves exposed to full sun saturate at 40 to 
50% of PAR, while shaded leaves of the same species have a lower light saturation point, which is reached at 15 
to 25% of PAR on a sunny day, fluctuating between 300 and 500 µmol m-2 s-1 (Hampson et al., 1996). Therefore, 
the solar protection effect of calcium is based on the increase of plant albedo, reflecting the excess of incident solar 
radiation as PAR, UV and infrared radiation (IR), allows to reduce heat stress by reducing leaf temperature 
(Luciani et al., 2020). The above practice maintains the photochemical functioning of PSII, respecting temperature 
thresholds and light intensities, maximizing photosynthesis, which is reflected in an increase in net plant 
assimilation (Glenn et al., 2001; Glenn et al., 2003). The use of sunscreen allowed increasing gs in January and 
March, which would be related to high plant water availability and high transpiration, even under conditions of 
high temperature, high light intensity and high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (Cincera et al., 2018). The sunscreen, 



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reduces leaf temperature, decreases VPD between air and leaves. Plants not being under water restriction, would 
allow maintaining a low plant stomatal resistance, increasing Tr and an. Calcium, in addition to generating a benefit 
as a physical barrier, would also do so through chemical properties, due to reports that indicate that foliar 
applications of nanoscale calcium, such as micronized calcium carbonate, would allow the transport of calcium 
through the phloem (Deepa et al., 2015). Thus, it is suggested that sunscreen could also increase calcium content 
within the plant, stimulating the production of salicylic acid and chitinase, fulfilling a SAR role that would increase 
tolerance to heat and water stress in hazelnut plants (Pugliese et al., 2018). 
5. Conclusion 
Applications of micronized calcium carbonate, pinolene and lignosulfonate on young European hazelnut plants in 
commercial nursery managed without water stress during summer would improve gas exchange in hazelnut plants. 
The results obtained in this research stand out from the bibliographic reports of applications of other sunscreens 
on European hazelnut, being always favorable for plants treated with sunscreen under heat stress conditions, since 
this product allows maximizing the water efficiency of the plant, decreasing the stomatal resistance of the leaves, 
increasing their transpiration rate. This would improve the cooling process of plant tissues which, together with 
the increase in albedo, would help to protect the photochemical efficiency of PSII, favoring the productivity of 
European hazelnut. 
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as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 5, No. 2; 2023 

 29       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

