




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p17 

17                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Assessing Factors Affecting Moringa Production at North-western 
Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia 

Teklemariam Abadi1, Zemeda Desta2 & Hadush Hagos2 
1 Agricultural Extension Researcher, Shire-Maitsebri Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box81, Shire Indaslassie, 
Ethiopia 
2 Agricultural Economics Researcher, Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, P. O.B ox492 Mekelle, Ethiopia 
Corresponding: Teklemariam Abadi, Agricultural Extension Researcher, Shire-Maitsebri Agricultural Research 
Center, P. O. Box81, Shire Indaslassie, Ethiopia. E-mail: teklish190@mail.com 
 
Received: January 3, 2020   Accepted: January 14, 2020   Online Published: March 4, 2020 
 
The research is financed by Tigray Agricultural Research Institute. 
 
Abstract  
Moringa is a highly valued plant that is mostly grown in arid and semi-arid areas which used for food, medication 
and industrial purposes. This study investigates the factors affecting Moringa plant cultivation among farmers in 
Northern Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to collect data from 54 farmers using 
questionnaire. Data were analysed using the descriptive statistics. The study identified the socioeconomic 
characteristics of the sampled respondents. Literate farmers were better in cultivation of Moringa plant than the 
illiterate one. It also reveals that land size were not the limiting factor for Moringa cultivation in the study area. 
This study shows that though farmers utilize Moringa, but still there is lack of knowledge on production, utilization, 
nutritional and economic importance of the plant. Of the total sampled 46.3% of the respondents used Moringa for 
human consumption. While compared to the proportion who cultivates Moringa it is relatively low. This low 
utilization of Moringa in the area attributed due to limited or no awareness on nutritional importance of Moringa 
and lack of knowledge on preparation of the Moringa utilization. The farmers mentioned that the main constraints 
that hinder Moringa cultivation is lack of awareness, lack of seedling availability, easily damageable by animals 
and attacked by termites. Based on the findings; this study recommends that the respective districts, other 
stakeholders and projects should take responsibilities in creating awareness regarding benefits and utilization 
process of the plant and offering Moringa seedlings to the society. 
Keywords: moringa tree, nutritious food, constraints, factors  
1. Introduction 
Moringa species belongs to the family Moringaceae. This family is represented by a single genus Moringa. The 
genus is represented by 14 species to which Moringa olifera and Moringa stenoptella belongs (Aynalem, 2008; 
Gebregiorgis e al., 2011). M. stenopetala is native to southern Ethiopia, North Kenya and Eastern Somalia ( Jiru 
et al., 2006; Gebregiorgis et al., 2011), and M.oleifera is native to India (Jiru et al., 2006; Coppin, 2008). Of the 
two varieties M. Stenopetala is widely known and grown in most parties of Ethiopia.  
Moringa tree grows best in the hot, semi-arid areas and grows in any soil type though prefers well-drained sandy 
or loam soil, but not grown in water logged soils. It is drought tolerant and grows best at an altitude below 600m, 
though it can grow up to 1200m (Jahn, 1991). In Ethiopia, Moringa stenopetala grows in elevations between 1,000 
and 1,800 m, and it will grow as high as 2000m (Alemu and Kelemu, 2013). In general Moringa plants grown 
easily from seeds or vegetatively propagated tree by cuttings, but Moringa germination from seedlings is more 
preferable than its vegetative propagation. 
The most interesting point in Moringa is all part of the trees except the wood are edible and these edible portions 
are extremely nutritious. Therefore Moringa can be serves for humans nutrition and animals feed. Moringa contains 
many essential nutrients, for example, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, beta-carotone, antioxidants and omega 3 
and 6 fatty acids (Hsu et al., 2006; Kasolo et al., 2010).  
Bosch in 2004 has reported that M. stenopetala as important multi-purpose tree for semiarid climates. The leaves 
of the Moringa tree are very nutritious. They can be consumed fresh, cooked or dried. Since dried Moringa leaves 



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hold their nutrient content, it is possible to convert them into leaf powder. When there is an abundance of leaves, 
this leaf powder can be made and stored. Moringa leaf powder is an excellent nutritional supplement and can be 
added to any dish. Moringa leaf powder is consumed as a tea in cafeteria and at home, and at southern part of 
Ethiopia two spoonful of Moringa powder is added in to dishes, and in the area it is very popular vegetable and 
grows as backyard tree to make it accessible for daily use (Alemu and Kelemu, 2013).  
Moringa tree is locally known as “Shiferaw” in many parts of Ethiopia and the same is called in Tigray northern 
Ethiopia. Moringa species currently grows in different parts of Ethiopia but mainly growing in southern and 
western Ethiopia and consumption of Moringa products has noticeably increased in different parts of the country. 
Though Moringa has not received significant research attention in the country, the area coverage by Moringa is in 
the increase due to its multiple uses and ability to thrive under harsh environment (Tenaye et al. 2009). Therefore, 
focusing on perennials for food source is the cheapest and simplest alternative for poor Ethiopian farmers to escape 
from hanger. Moringa tree is one of the perennials that can be suitable source of food as cabbage, edible oil, water 
purification, fodder, medicinal value, bee forage and other multiple functions. 
Even if in dispersedly Moringa tree is found in many parts of Tigray and the culture of using Moringa products 
for human consumption is has shown an increment. However, in the study area there is no any empirical study 
regarding factors affecting on Moringa production. Therefore this study was aimed to assess the factors affecting 
Moringa production and utilization at north western zone of Tigray. 
2. Research Methodology 
2.1 Study Areas   
The study was conducted in three districts of north western Tigray, Ethiopia. The districts are namely Tahtay 
Adyabo, Laelay Adyabo and Tselemti. Tahtay Adyabo Woreda is located at the degree of 14.05-14.89 oc Northing 
and 37.34-38.17 oc Easting. The Woreda has 38-40oc of temperature and annual rainfall of 450-550mm. Agro 
ecologically 94.13% of the district is lowland and the remaining 5.87% is midland. Tselemti Woreda is located in 
the altitude ranges from 800-2870 meter above sea level, and latitude and longitude of 13o05 Northing and 38o 
08Easting, respectively. The mean maximum and minimum temperature are 38o

c and 16o
c respectively and the area 

receives annual rainfall of 758-1100mm. Agro ecologically78.35%, 19% and 2.65% of the Woreda is lowland, 
midland and highland, respectively. Likewise Laelay Adyabo Woreda is geographically located at 14.08-14.69 oc 
Northing and 37.89-38.46 oc Easting. Agro-ecologically 39.43% of Woreda is midland and 60.37% is lowland and 
the area receives an annual rainfall ranged from 605-1370mm (OoARD Woredas, 2016). 
                           

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Map of the study areas 



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2.2 Sampling Procedures  
The selected districts were purposively selected based on their potentiality for producing Moringa tree in the zone. 
A total of six study Kebelles (villages) were randomly selected from the potential Moringa producers Kebelles of 
the districts. Aditelom and Adiawala Kebelles from Tahtay Adyabo, Adiklte and Ketema Adidaero Kebelles from 
Laelay Adyabo and Sokotamariam and May-ayni Kebelles from Tselemti Woreda were involved in the study. A 
total of 54 household head were included in the study by randomly selected based on their sample size. 
2.3 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 
For the study both primary and secondary data were employed. Primary data were collected using semi-structured 
questionnaire from sample household from each of the study villages. Secondary data were collected from different 
relevant sources such as from Office of Agriculture and Rural Development and from different published and 
unpublished documents. Then the collected quantitative data was analyzed using ddescriptive statistics. 
3. Results and Discussions  
Demographic and Socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents 
Moringa trees that were grown on marginal lands of nearby homestead areas were selected. The selected sample 
farmers for the Moringa tree study are peri-urban residential respondents. The result shows that there were more 
male farmers (70.4%) than their female (29.6%) counterparts. 76.3% of the respondents who own Moringa tree 
possess an area below one hectare. This indicates cultivating Moringa did not demand large area. 73.7% the 
Moringa tree owner ages ranged from 18-75 (Table 1). 

 
Table 1. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents (n=54) 

       Variables   Total participants  Moringa tree owners   

Frequency  Percentage Frequency Percentage 
Sex  Male  38 70.4 24 63.2 

Female   16 29.6 14 36.8 
Age (years) 18-30  5 9.3 3 7.9 

31-45 18 33.3 15 39.5 
46-60 19 35.2 10 26.3 
61-75 12 22.2 10 26.3 

Education 
status 

Illiterate 18 33.3 9 23.7 
Read and write  15 27.8 10 26.3 
Elementary school 13 24.1 13 34.2 
Secondary school and 

above 
8 14.8 6 15.8 

Landholding  Landless 12 22.2 9 23.7 
0.1-0.5ha 15 27.8 11 28.9 
0.51-1ha 13 24.1 9 23.7 
1.1-1.5ha 12 22.2 7 18.4 
>1.51ha 2 3.7 2 5.3 

Marital status  Single  5 9.3 2 5.3 
Married  38 70.4 27 71.1 
Divorced/Widowed 11 20.3 9 23.7 

Occupation  Farming  35 64.8 22 57.9 
Trading  5 9.3 3 7.9 
Civil servant  6 11.1 5 13.1 
Daily labor  2 3.7 2 5.3 
Trading and farming  6 11.1 6 15.8 

 
There was no significant difference in household characteristics in sex, age, marital status, occupation and farm 
size. But education status indicated a significant difference between the Moringa tree grower and non-growers. As 
the farmers became more educated he/she has the probability of growing Moringa tree in the area (Table 2). 
 



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Table 2. Chi-square Tests of sampled households characteristics in the sampled districts  
Household characteristics Chi-square value   P-value 
Sex 0.711 0.399 
Age  5.543 0.136 
Marital status  3.299 0.348 
Education status  9.637 0.086* 
Occupation 5.057 0.281 
Farm size   1.871 0.760 

Significance level: *= P<0.1significant 
 
Of the sampled farmers, the Moringa consumer used Moringa as food (27.8%), for tea (9.2%), for food and tea 
(9.2%). Of the Moringa consumer respondents 5 (20%) are not the owners of Moringa tree but utilizing Moringa 
leaf by borrowing or by taking from those who own Moringa tree (Table 3). However from the total Moringa tree 
owners of the sampled farmers 18 (47.4%) were not utilized any apart of the Moringa tree except they used it for 
shed and fire woods (table 3). From the sampled respondents, all of the Moringa consumers (25) were used the 
leaf part of the tree. They used by picking the growing tips and young leaves, by cooking the fresh picked leave in 
to water for tea purpose or by drying it and used it as powder to add to different sauces or boiled water for tea. 
Studies from other countries also indicate that the many peoples have used Moringa leaves for human consumption 
due to the leaves have immense nutritional value such as vitamins, minerals and amino acids (Anwar et al., 2007). 
 
Table 3. Purpose of Moringa tree used by the sampled respondents in the area 

 Moringa 
purpose 

 Moringa owners   Non owners     Total  
Frequency  Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 

1 Food 13 34.2 2 12.5 15 27.8 
2 Tea 3 7.9 2 12.5 5 9.2 
3 Tea and food 4 10.5 1 6.25 5 9.2 
4 Shed  4 10.5 - - 4 7.4 
5 Fire wood  2 5.3 - - 2 3.7 
6 Not used so far  12 31.6 11 68.75 23 42.6 
 Total  38 100 16 100 54 100 

 
As seen the result from Table 4, the main constraints to use Moringa as human consumption in the area is due to 
lack of awareness its health and nutritional benefits, cultural drawbacks of the plant and absence of the plant with 
percentages of 74.07%, 16.6% and 9.29 respectively(Table4). The sampled farmers respond that as few farmers 
believe that consuming Moringa leaves can decrease the blood of the body and cause to anaemia. However the 
finding of Kasolo et al., 2010 shows Moringa leaves have many benefits to human such as treating malnutrition, 
diabetes mellitus, gastritis, asthma, heart burn, bone setting, skin disease and anti-hypertensive but not mentioned 
any drawbacks of the plant.  
 
Table 4. The challenges not to utilize Moringa in the study area  

SN      Causes  Percent (%) 
1  Lack of awareness  74.07  
2  Cultural draw backs  16.6 
3  Absence of Moringa tree 9.29  

 
The major constraints for Moringa production in the study area are associated to lack of awareness on the tree, 
lack of planting material (seedling) and damageable by animals and by termites (Table 5). These could hinder the 
Moringa production in the study area. Inconsistent to this study, Opeyemi et al. (2013) has reported that creating 
the benefits of Moringa on the society is one among the driving force for adopting and producing Moringa tree. 
The study shows that peoples in the area were less aware regarding management and utilizing of the Moringa tree. 
Animals like donkey are highly interested to eat the bark of the stem and expose it to be dried the Moringa tree. 



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Similar to this study the report of Moshibudi et al. (2017) also reveals that farmers are getting challenges like free 
roaming animals, termites and lack of training for Moringa production.  
 
Table 5. The major constraints in Moringa production    

SN     Constraints Rank 
1  Lack of awareness on the nutritional and economic benefits of Moringa production (56.5%) 1st

2  Damaged by animals (15%) 3rd

3  Attacked by termite (9.2%) 4th

4 Lack of Moringa seedling (19.3%) 2nd

 
4. Conclusions and Recommendations  
Moringa is gaining prominence in the study area. In the study area farmers utilize Moringa its leaf part mostly in 
powder form. But there is a dearth of information and knowledge on its production, utilization and economic 
importance. According to this finding only 46.3% of the respondents used Moringa for human consumption. But 
when we compared this to the proportion who cultivates Moringa, relatively lower (70.4%) has the plant on their 
farms but did not use it for their consumption. Low utilization of Moringa in the study area could attribute due to 
limited or no awareness nutritional importance of the plant. As the analysis of the result indicates there are 
constraints such as lack of awareness, lack of seedling availability, easily damageable by animals and attacked by 
termites in Moringa production. Based on these findings; this study recommends that the respective districts, other 
stakeholders and projects should take responsibilities in creation awareness on benefits and utilization process of 
the plant and in distributing the Moringa tree seedlings in a continuous way. Guide line manual on Moringa 
production, its importance regarding nutritional and its utilization process which prepared in a local languages 
should promoted to the farmers by taking the lead the research institutions. 
Acknowledgement 
The authors would like to acknowledge Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Shire-Maitsebri Agricultural 
Research Center for the research grant. Special thanks also go to agricultural experts and respondent farmers and 
experts of the districts for their kind cooperation in conducting the study. 
References 
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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
 
















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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

