




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v1n1p30 

30                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Retrospective Study on the Occurrence of Reportable Priority Cattle 
Diseases in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional 

State, Southern Ethiopia 
Semayat Oyda1, Rahmeto Abebe2 & Bekele Megersa2 

1 Wolaita Sodo University Dawuro – Tarcha Campus, department of Animal and Range Science, P. O. Box 01, 
Tarcha, Ethiopia 
2 Hawassa University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia 
Correspondence: Semayat Oyda, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Dawuro, Tarcha 
campus, Ethiopia. E-mail: drsemayat@gmail.com, semayatoy79@gmail.com. Tel: 251-910-049-011/251-926-
089-330 
 
Received: December 1, 2019   Accepted: December 25, 2019   Online Published: January 4, 2020 
 
Abstract  
A retrospective study was conducted between October 2016 and March 2017 in Southern Nations, Nationalities 
and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) to identify major reportable cattle disease outbreaks. The retrospective 
study was based on a nine years (2007-2015) cattle disease outbreak report data retrieved from the Ministry of 
Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF) data bases. The retrospective study revealed that of the 15,840 disease outbreak 
reports expected from SNNPRS, only 1,578 (11%) reports were submitted to MoLF during the nine years’ time. 
According to the data retrieved from MoLF, a total of 1,496 cattle disease outbreaks with 44,646 morbidity cases 
and 4,709 mortalities were recorded in SNNPRS over the nine years period. The outbreaks were caused by blackleg 
(40.6%), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) (26.3%), lumpy skin disease (LSD) (16%), anthrax (11.4%), foot and 
mouth disease (FMD) (4.7%), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) (0.8%) and rabies (0.3%) in decreasing 
order of their proportion. LSD was responsible for the highest proportion of morbidity cases (35.9%) followed by 
FMD (26.2%) while blackleg and LSD were the leading causes of cattle mortalities, which accounted for 31% and 
30.2% of the deaths recorded, respectively. In contrast, the lowest number of outbreaks, morbidity and mortality 
of cattle was caused by rabies. Disease outbreaks were occurred in all the seasons of the year; however, relatively 
higher number of outbreaks (30.7%) was recorded in early dry season (September to November).  
In conclusion, the retrospective study has shown a very low level of disease outbreak reporting rate in SNNPRS, 
which may be due to misreporting or no outbreak of diseases.  
Keywords: constraints, Epidemic disease, outbreak, seasons, retrospective  
1. Introduction  
According to recent estimates, Ethiopia has 56.71 million cattle, 29.33 million sheep, 29.11 million goats, 1.16 
million camels and 56.87 million poultry (CSA, 2015). The predominant livestock production system in Ethiopia 
is extensive, where indigenous breeds are kept under low-input/low-output husbandry practices. Despite the huge 
resource, Ethiopia’s livestock productivity is lower than the Africa’s average. The major biological constraints 
contributing to low productivity include low genetic potential of the animals, poor nutrition and the prevailing 
animal diseases (CSA, 2011). The main effect of the diseases include mortality, low production, reduced quality 
of animal products such as milk and meat, decreased drought power and risk of zoonotic diseases to man (Sindato 
et al., 2011). Ethiopia ranks highest in Africa in the health burden of zoonotic diseases (Grace et al., 2012). 
In Ethiopia, there are several endemic and epidemic animal diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and 
parasites that compromise the productivity of the livestock sector. Among, the most important diseases are: LSD, 
CBPP, FMD, Blackleg, Anthrax, Hemorrhagic septicemia and so on (LDMFSB, 2016). The spatial distribution of 
major priority diseases among African countries in 2010 mirrors that of the previous years with a significant 
number of countries affected by LSD (63.26%), CBPP (48.97%) and FMD (48.97%) (PAAHYB, 2010). Risk 
factors for disease occurrences are host factors, environmental factors, pathogen factors and climate condition are 
the most important (Radostits et al., 2007; Bayissa et al., 2011). 
 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 31       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Most of diseases are transmitted and gain entrance to the body by ingestion, inhalation, or through the skin contact 
(Fasanella et al., 2011; Hugh-Jones & Blackburn, 2009). The most serious priority diseases are caused by rapidly 
transmitting pathogens that produce acute and serious disease in large numbers of hosts (Grace et al., 2015). Their 
occurrence is maintained when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can 
be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts (CDC, 2012).  
The controlling and management measures involve treating the cases, preventing further spread of the disease, 
monitoring the effects of control measures (Bonita et al., 2006; Radostits et al., 2007; Tuppurainen, 2005) and ring 
vaccination is sometimes termed 'emergency vaccination' (all susceptible animals on farms within a certain radius 
of the farm (Ellis, 1994) and movement restriction (Holleman, 2002; Steffen et al., 1998). In Ethiopia, priority was 
given to decreasing the morbidity and the mortality of production related diseases (mainly external and internal 
parasites); to trade-limiting diseases (FMD, ovine/caprine pox, LSD, CBPP); and to the prevention of other 
economically important diseases (blackleg and anthrax) (ELMP, 2015).  
Therefore, the objective of the study was to identify major priority reportable cattle disease outbreaks and seasonal 
occurrences in selected districts of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State.  
2. Materials and Methods  
2.1 Study Area  
The study was conducted in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS) in 2017 which 
has 14 zones (139 woredas) and 4 special districts. Geographically, the region is located between 4.43 – 8.58° 
(6.505°) North latitude and 34.88 – 39.14° (37.01°) East longitude and agro-ecologically characterized as semi-
desert (6.2%), Kolla (lowland) (49.8%), woynadega (midland) (36.5%) and dega (highland) (7.5%) Total cattle 
population of the region is 11,215,636 (BoLFR, 2016). 
2.2 Study Design and Sample Size  
Retrospective study design was employed to conduct priority reportable cattle disease outbreaks of nine years’ 
data (2007-2015) which was extracted from the Ministry of Livestock and Fishery (MoLF) disease outbreak record 
data bases as well as from Livestock and Fishery Bureau of SNNPRS. Disease outbreak reports collected from all 
zones and special districts in the region were searched thoroughly. The disease outbreaks reported in nine (9) were 
anthrax, blackleg, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, hemorrhagic septicemia and 
rabies. For retrospective study of cattle disease outbreaks, all zone and special districts found in SNNPRS were 
included in the study irrespective of the frequency and regularity of reporting to the MoLF or to SNNPRS Bureau 
of Livestock and Fishery. Among 14 zones and four special districts, most have reported outbreak cases less than 
50%.  
2.3 Data Collection  
A nine - years (2007-2015) data about priority reportable cattle disease occurred in all zones and special districts 
was collected from disease outbreak record databases in SNNPRS Bureau of Livestock and Fishery Resource and 
Ministry of Livestock and Fishery (MoLF) on specially designed format.  
2.4 Statistical Analysis  
Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the number of outbreaks, cases and deaths occurred during the nine 
year period (2007-2015) by administrative zone, type of disease and month and year of occurrence.  
3. Results 
Total number of disease outbreaks, morbidity cases and deaths in cattle reported from Southern Nations, 
Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS) during the nine year period (2007-2015) has been 
summarized by zone and special districts in Table 1. Data were obtained for 14 administrative zones and four 
special districts. As a rule, each district must report to the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF) about 
livestock disease outbreaks (whether an outbreak occurs or not) once every month. Accordingly, the total number 
of reports expected from all zones/ districts in SNNPRS during the nine-year period was 15,840 but total reports 
submitted were only 1,578 (11%). The highest reporting rate was made by Sidama Zone (40%) followed by Halaba 
Special district (28.7%) and the lowest was made by Gedeo Zone (0.5%). The data retrieved revealed that a total 
of outbreak, morbidity and death were 1,496, 44,646 and 4,709 respectively from different causes over the nine 
year period. Among the administrative zones, the highest numbers of disease outbreaks were reported from Sidama 
zone (51.6%) while cattle morbidity and death case reports were relatively higher in Kefa Zone. 
 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 32       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Table 1. Total number of cattle disease outbreaks, morbidity and deaths reported during the period 2007 to 2015 
from SNNPRS 

Zone/Special District  No. of reports expected No. of reports submitted Total Outbreak Total cases Total deaths

Alaba  SD 108 31 (28.7) 29 (2) 511 (1.1) 154 (3.3) 

Amaro   SD 108 1 (0.9) 1 (0.07) 8 (0.02) 5 (0.11) 

Basketo SD 108 3 (2.8) 3 (0.2) 104 (0.23) 13 (0.28) 

Benchi Maji 1080 20 (1.9) 20 (1.3) 2259 (5.1) 217 (4.6) 

Burji SD 108 3 (2.8) 3 (0.2) 196 (0.44) 1 (0.02) 

Dawuro  540 3 (0.6) 3 (0.2) 36 (0.08) 11 (0.23) 

Derashe SD 108 3 (2.8) 3 (0.2) 66 (0.15) 13 (0.27)  

Gamo Gofa  1620 42 (2.6) 41 (2.7) 1563 (3.5) 200 (4.2) 

Gedeo 648 3 (0.5) 3 (0.2) 19 (0.04)  5 (0.11) 

Gurage 1404 160 (11.4) 159 (10.6) 2905 (6.5) 404 (8.6) 

Hadiya 1080 49 (4.5) 46 (3.1) 8887 (19.9) 165 (3.5) 

Kefa  1080 182 (16.9) 164 (11) 11842(26.5) 1471 (31.2) 

Kembata Tambaro 756 28 (3.7) 27 (1.8) 303 (0.67) 70 (1.5) 

South Omo 864 29 (3.4) 28 (1.9) 1514 (3.39) 159 (3.4) 

Sheka 324 6 (1.9) 6 (0.4) 165 (0.37) 29(0.62) 

Sidama 2052 820 (40) 772(51.6) 8090 (18.1) 1210 (25.7) 

Silti 972 24 (2.5) 23 (1.5) 587 (1.31) 113 (2.4) 

Wolaita  1296 171 (13.2) 165 (11) 5591 (12.5) 469 (10) 

Total  14,256 1578 (11) 1,496  44,646 4,709 

SD = Special District  
 
A value in the parenthesis indicates the respective proportion for each zone/special district from the total outbreaks, 
cases and deaths recorded during the nine year 
Based on the report of symptomatic diagnosis the outbreaks were caused by seven diseases, namely Anthrax, 
Blackleg, Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD), Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pnuemonia 
(CBPP), Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Rabies.  The highest proportion of outbreaks were caused by blackleg 
(40.6%) followed by HS (26.3%), LSD (16%), anthrax (11.4%), FMD (4.7%), CBPP (0.8%) and rabies (0.3%) in 
that order. LSD was responsible for the highest proportion of morbidity cases (35.9%) followed by FMD (26.2%). 
Blackleg and LSD were the leading causes of cattle mortalities, which accounted for 31% and 30.2% of the deaths 
recorded respectively. In contrast, the lowest number of outbreaks, morbidity and mortality of cattle was report to 
be rabies (Table 2).  
 
Table 2. Number of outbreaks, morbidity and deaths reported during 2007-2015 in SNNPRS 

Diseases Outbreaks Morbidity cases Mortality cases 

Total 
number 

Proportion (%) Total 
number 

Proportion (%) Total 
number 

Proportion (%)

Anthrax  170 11.4 1,604 3.6 715 15.2 
Blackleg 607 40.6 9,092 20.4 1,461 31.0 
CBPP 12 0.8 320 0.7 48 1 
FMD 71 4.7 11,700 26.2 123 2.6 
HS  393 26.3 5,844 13.1 905 19.2 
LSD 239 16 16,043 35.9 1,420 30.2 
Rabies 4 0.3 43 0.1 37 0.8 
Total  1,496 100 44,646 100 4,709 100 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 33       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

When the temporal pattern of top five most frequently occurred disease outbreaks was evaluated over the nine 
years period, all diseases showed a tendency to decline with time. The highest number of outbreaks from all causes 
was recorded in 2008 while the lowest in 2015.  FMD outbreaks were not recorded during the period 2007-2009. 
Since the total number of outbreaks caused by CBPP and rabies were so small that it was not possible to clearly 
show the temporal pattern of the diseases (Figure 1). 

 
Figure 1. Temporal distribution of major cattle disease outbreaks in SNNPRS from 2007-2015 

 
The spatial distribution of the seven diseases reported during the nine year period has been shown by zone and 
special district in Table 3. It was shown that more than 50% of anthrax outbreaks were reported from two zones 
(Wolaita and Sidama) and about 56% blackleg, 72% HS and 34.7% LSD reports were from Sidama zone. CBPP 
outbreaks were reported from Gamo-Gofa, South Omo and Guraghe zones and Basketo special district while rabies 
from Sidama, Sheka and South Omo zones only.  
 
Table 3. Spatial distribution of disease outbreaks recorded by disease type 

Zone/special District  No. of outbreaks recorded by disease type 
Anthrax Blackleg CBPP FMD HS LSD Rabies Total 

Alaba SD 21 1 0 1 0 6 0 29 
Amaro SD 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 
Basketo SD 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 
Benchi Maji  3 1 0 7 3 6 0 20 
Burji SD 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 
Dawuro zone  1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 
Derashe SD 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 
Gamo Gofa zone  3 17 5 3 1 12 0 41 
Gedeo zone  0 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 
Guraghe zone  0 65 1 9 44 40 0 159 
Hadiya zone  5 15 0 11 5 10 0 46 
Kefa zone  10 66 0 16 36 36 0 164 
Kembata Ta. Zone  13 10 0 1 1 2 0 27 
South Omo zone 1 12 4 2 3 5 1 28 
Sheka zone  0 1 0 1 0 3 1 6 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

NU
M

BE
R 

OF
 O

UT
BR

EA
KS

YEAR OF REPORT

Total

LSD

HS

FMD

Blackleg

Anthrax



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 34       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Sidama zone  50 340 0 14 283 83 2 772 
Silti zone  8 5 0 2 1 7 0 23 
Wolaita zone  54 69 0 2 13 27 0 165 
Total  170 607 12 71 393 239 4 1496 

SD = Special district  
 
The number of cattle vaccinated in nine years’ period against the seven diseases reported is presented in Table 4. 
It was noted that nearly 2 million cattle were vaccinated for all diseases during the period; however, the vaccination 
coverage varied from disease to disease.  The highest proportion of vaccination was done for LSD (36.8%) and 
the lowest for CBPP (0.3%) while no vaccination was done for rabies. 
 
Table 4. Vaccine coverage of outbreak by disease in nine years’ (2007 – 2015 GC) in SNNPR 

Year Number of cattle vaccinated by disease types 

Anthrax Blackleg CBPP FMD HS LSD Rabies Total sum 
2007 15239 73370 0 0 61156 43520 0 193,285 
2008 19620 82680 0 0 92201 21280 0 215,781 
2009 25516 67698 2194 0 60893 40560 0 196,861 
2010 21246 62835 0 824 31731 97257 0 213,893 
2011 57947 43503 0 86000 32561 50300 0 270,311 
2012 9790 56605 0 14783 72939 142373 0 296,490 
2013 14150 37304 0 35393 34653 175207 0 296,707 
2014 20222 53286 3500 750 29224 21390 0 128,372 
2015 7665 18019 0 500 864 133034 0 160,082 
Total  191,395 495,300 5694 138,250 416,222 724,921 0 1,971,782 

 
Seasonal distribution of outbreaks from each disease is presented in Table 5. It can be noted that disease outbreaks 
from all causes, except rabies, were reported in all seasons of the year. However, the highest frequency of 
occurrence especially due to blackleg, FMD, HS and LSD was recorded in the early dry season (Sep - Nov). 
Anthrax outbreaks were relatively higher in the dry (29.4%) and early dry (27.1%) seasons than in other seasons.  
 
Table 5. Seasonal distribution of cattle disease outbreaks in SNNPR (2007 – 2015) 

 
Season 

Total outbreaks Diseases 
Anthrax Blackleg CBPP FMD HS LSD Rabies

Long rainy (June-Aug) 356 (23.8) 31(18.2) 148(24.4) 5(41.7) 11(15.5) 100(25.4) 61(25.5) 0 
Early dry (Sept -Nov) 459 (30.7) 46(27.1) 183(30.1) 1 (8.3) 23(32.4) 104(26.5) 101(42.3) 1 (25) 
Dry (Dec-Feb) 383 (25.6) 50(29.4) 159(26.2) 1 (8.3) 22 (31) 100(25.4) 49(20.5) 2 (50) 

Short rainy (Mar-May 298 (20) 43(25.3) 117(19.3) 5(41.7) 15(21.1) 89 (22.6) 28 (11.7) 1 (25) 
Total  1496 170 607 12 71 393 239 4 

Values in the parenthesis indicate the proportion of disease outbreaks in each season. 
 
Seasonal distribution of morbidity cases from each cattle disease during the study period has been shown in Table 
6.Morbidity cases from all diseases were reported across all the seasons; however, as with outbreak reports, 
morbidity cases from blackleg, FMD, HS and LSD were relatively higher in the early dry than in other seasons. In 
contrast, anthrax cases were higher in the short rainy than in other seasons. Although the total cases from CBPP 
are fewer compared to other diseases, the frequency of occurrence was relatively higher in the long rainy season. 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 35       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Table 6. Seasonal distribution of morbidity from each cattle disease outbreak reported in SNNPR (2007 – 2015) 

Seasons  Number (%) morbidity cases from each disease Total cases 

Anthrax Blackleg CBPP FMD HS LSD Rabies 

Early dry  329(20.5) 3824(42.1) 30(9.4) 4654(39.8) 2277(39) 7776(48.5) 12(27.9) 18,902 

Dry  374(23.3) 1061(11.7) 13(4.1) 3000(25.6) 1053(18) 1644(10.2) 17(39.5) 7,162 

Short rainy  568(35.4) 2479(27.3) 70(21.9) 2298(19.6) 1150(19.7) 1558 (9.7) 14(32.6) 8,137 

Long rainy  333(20.7) 1728 (19) 207(64.7) 1748(14.9) 1364(23.3) 5065(31.6) 0 10,445 

Total  1604 9092 320 11700 5844 16043 43 44,646 

Values in parenthesis are proportion of cases from the disease in each season. 
 
4. Discussion 
Total number of cattle disease outbreaks reports expected from Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ 
Regional State (SNNPRS) during the nine-year’s period (2007 to 2015 G.C) was 14,256 but the reports retrieved 
from MoLF disease data base was only 1,578 (11%). This shows that 89% of the reports were missing due to 
irregularity of reporting by the zones in the region. Based on the available reports a total of 1,496 outbreaks with 
44,646 morbidity cases and 4,709 deaths were occurred in cattle in the region from 2007 – 2015. The outbreaks 
were caused by blackleg (40.6%), HS (26.3%), LSD (16%), anthrax (11.4%), FMD (4.7%), CBPP (0.8%), and 
rabies (0.3%) in decreasing order of their proportion which agrees with Berhanu and Shibru, 2016). According to 
the proportion of morbidity cases observed the diseases were ranked as LSD (35.9%), FMD (26.2%), and blackleg 
(20.4%), HS (13.1%) anthrax (3.6%), CBPP (0.7%) and rabies (0.1%) in descending order.  
Analysis of the temporal pattern of disease occurrence over the nine-year period showed a decreasing trend in the 
number of outbreaks. It is difficult to associate this change with the application of effective control measures such 
as prophylactic vaccination because the annual vaccination coverage didn’t show considerable increase over the 
reporting period (Mondal and Yamage, 2014). Although disease outbreaks were recorded in all the seasons of a 
year, more outbreaks were noted in the early dry season (September through November), which comes after the 
long/heavy rain season (June - Aug) and outbreaks were relatively lower in the short rainy season (Mar-may).  
Blackleg was also responsible for the highest proportion of deaths (31%) over the nine year period and its outbreak 
was noted in the early dry (30.1%) season while the lowest in the short rainy (19.3%) season. This is nearly similar 
with the study conducted in India by Sivakumar et al., 2012 (33.03%) from season March to May. The seasonal 
occurrence of the disease is mainly observed in early dry (Sept – Nov) (30%) followed by dry (Dec – Feb) (26%) 
seasons which indicated that the occurrence of disease depends on seasons (Andrew and Windsor, 2004). 
Outbreaks are often associated with alternating heavy rainfall and drought, and high temperatures (Parker et al., 
2002). Immature animals and those in good condition are relatively more susceptible and hereditary differences in 
susceptibility have also been observed (Bayissa et al., 2011).  
For this retrospective data, the highest number of outbreak was held by blackleg (40.6%) followed by 
heamorrhagic septicemia (26.3%). Blackleg is associated with areas of high humidity and occurs during rainy 
seasons. There is an agreement with Sutmoller et al., (2003).  
HS was the second major cause of disease outbreak (26.3%) during the nine year period next to blackleg. It is a 
fatal septicemia which is influenced by the season of the year. Its incidence was highest during early dry season 
and similar to the retrospective study conducted in Bangladesh by Mondal and Yamage, (2014) in that HS resulted 
in high outbreak (34%) in periods September through November (post-monsoon). The occurrence is mostly in the 
transition period from wet season to dry or cold weather. The seasonal variations and mortality pattern of 
Hemorrhagic Septicemia and found that the mean Hemorrhagic Septicemia mortalities increased with increase in 
rainfall (Sivakumar et al., 2012; Bisht et al., 2006). Moist conditions also prolong the survival of the HS organism 
(P. multocida), and thus the disease tends to spread more rapidly during the monsoon season when rice cultivation 
also brings about movements of animals. This concept agrees with the concept of Mondal and Yamage, (2014). 
LSD accounted for the highest (35.92%) proportion of cases over the nine-year period and it was responsible for 
the highest proportion of deaths (30.2%) next to blackleg. The proportion of LSD outbreaks (42.3%) and morbidity 
cases (48.5%) were found to be higher in the early dry season than in other seasons. This result is due to the fact 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 36       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

that LSD is a viral infectious disease of cattle that disseminate through vectors and this season is favorable for 
vector (culex mirifinces and others) multiplication/reproduction (Berhanu and Shibru, 2016; Abera et al., 2015).   
Although anthrax ranked fourth in its contribution for the outbreaks recorded, it was responsible for the highest 
case fatality rate (44.6%) which contradicts the result of Mondal Yamage, 2014. It is true that anthrax is a per-
acute disease that causes sudden death in livestock and very important cattle disease among others. Anthrax has 
great impact in human social life in that it causes wealth loss (per-acute death of cattle), zoonotic importance to 
human, sometimes ignorance of area where carcass were dropped. Anthrax outbreaks were recorded in all the 
seasons but more frequently in the early dry (27.1%) and dry (29.4%) (Bahiru et al.,2016) seasons than in the short 
rainy (25.3%) and rainy seasons (18.2%). The study conducted in Bangladesh by Mondal and Yamage, (2014) 
stated that environmental factors, including high ambient temperature and relative humidity that provide a situation 
for germination of anthrax spores from infected carcasses thrown into flood waters or in open fields may favor the 
presence of anthrax. The cases of anthrax were seen to occur more commonly in the short rainy (spring season) 
(35.41%) than the other seasons. This report relatively agrees with Teklu et al., 2015. This is possibly due to the 
fact that this season is often hot and the condition is favorable for spore formation, hence, it is likely true that 
anthrax can relatively occur at higher rate in the short rainy (spring) seasons (Radostits et al. 2007 and Coherence 
and Fraser, 2006) who stated that animals become readily infected with anthrax, when the minimum daily 
temperature is above 15°C. Furthermore, the animals’ crowds together at drinking points as water sources become 
scarce. The outbreak occurred during the hot and humid transition period between the dry season and the wet 
season. The soil was also significantly disturbed during this time (cultivation season), which possibly disturbed 
old anthrax grave sites. This agrees with the concept of Shiferaw, (2004).  
FMD is one of outbreak occurred in the study area with total proportion of 4.7%. The number of outbreaks 
increased during early dry and dry seasons, probably due to the favorable environmental conditions of dry weather, 
dry winds and moderately high relative humidity. This is also the time of the year when migration and movement 
of livestock is common, especially in rural livestock fairs (Amitha et al., 2014). The disease occurrence is highest 
in early dry season (Sept – Nov) (32.4%). Seasonally, the highest number of FMD cases report was found to be 
registered in early dry season (39.8%) followed by dry seasons (25.6%) (Mondal and Yamage, 2014). The reason 
for the highest occurrence may be due to massive movement of cattle population for seek of pasture and water 
points. So that, many herds of cattle meets at such places, thereby hastening the spread of infection from one herd 
to another (Genchwere and Kasanga, 2014). 
Generally, outbreaks develop when a large population of susceptible animals is present. If immunized animals are 
present in the herd, then outbreaks cannot occur until a sufficient number of young, non-resistant animals have 
been bred or non-immune animals from outside are introduced in the herd (Smith, 1995). Vaccination programs 
are effective when a large proportion of the population is protected: usually at least 72% of the susceptible cattle 
need to be vaccinated (Muleme, 2012).  
The result of high proportion rate shows as due to lack of attention for the Prophylaxis Vaccination of animals in 
the area (Berhanu and Shibru, 2016).   
5. Conclusion and Recommendation  
The retrospective study of disease outbreak data base revealed that anthrax, blackleg, CBPP, FMD, HS, LSD and 
rabies were the major causes of disease outbreak in cattle in Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional 
State (SNNPRS). However, the reporting rate over the nine year period was noted to be only 11% and 
approximately 89% of disease outbreak reports expected from the region were missed. Based on the retrieved data, 
blackleg was noted to be the leading cause of disease outbreak in cattle followed by HS while rabies accounted 
for the least proportion of outbreaks. The occurrence of outbreak was mainly season dependent. Seasonally, the 
dominant disease outbreak was occurred in early dry season. The vaccination coverage of study area was found to 
be smaller than the recommend level that is about 1.97 million cattle were vaccinated in nine year’s period.   
Based on the above conclusion, the following recommendations are forwarded:  
 Outbreak investigation in the region was based mainly on symptomatic diagnosis and history from farmers. 

Thus, veterinarians working at district level need to be supported by confirmatory diagnostic techniques 
specific to each disease.  

 Retrospective study has shown that cattle disease outbreaks occur in all the seasons of the year. This warrants 
the need for implementation of awareness creation among veterinarians and policy makers and strategic 
disease prevention program through vaccination, which should be considered before the anticipated season 
of outbreak for each disease.  



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 37       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

 Since some of cattle diseases were zoonotic and life threatening, enhancing the awareness of livestock 
keepers about the disease is of paramount importance. 

Conflict: There is a high internet access problem in area. 
References 
Abera, Z., Degefu, H., & Gari, G. (2015). Assessment of distribution and associated risk factors of Lumpy Skin 

Disease in selected district of West Wollega zone, Western Ethiopia. Academic journal of animal disease, 
4(3), 130-140. 

Amitha, R., Gomes, P., Giridhar, S., Kowalli, B. P., Shivashankar, K. J., Sudharshana, K., … Venkatesha, C. R. 
(2014). Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a retrospective study, Indian 
Virological Society, Virus Dis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0239-3 

Bahiru, G., Bekele, A., Seraw, B., Boulanger, L., & Ali, A. (2016). Human and animal anthrax in Ethiopia: A 
retrospective record review 2009-2013. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 20(2), 75-85. 

Bayissa, B., Ayelet, G., Kyule, M., Jibril, Y., & Gelaye, E. (2011). Study on seroprevalence, risk factors, and 
economic impact of foot-and-mouth disease in Borena pastoral and agro-pastoral system, southern Ethiopia. 
Trop Anim Health Prod, 43, 759–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9728-6. 

Berhanu, D., & Shibiru, D. (2016). Most Prevalent Animal Diseases and Their Seasonal Occurrences in East 
Wollega Ethiopia. African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 8(4), 240-243. 
https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ajbas.2016. 240 - 243. 

BoLFR. (Bureau of Livestock and Fishery Resource) (2016). The Livestock Resource Information Profile. In: 
SNNPRS, Bureau of Livestock and Fishery Resource, 2015/16).  

Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., & Kjellstom, T. (2006). Basic epidemiology, supported by WHO (World Health 
Organization), 2nd edition. Library Cataloguing-in-Publication, ISBN 92 4 154707 3 (NLM classification: 
WA 105) 145-165. 

CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) (2012). Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice 
3rd Edition an Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention (CDC) Office of Workforce and Career Development Atlanta. 

CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2011). Agricultural Sample Survey, Statistical Agency Federal Democratic 
Republic of Ethiopia Addis Ababa, 2, 74.  

CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2015). Agricultural Sample Survey 2014/15, Volume II. Report on livestock 
and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings). Central Statistical Agency: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 

Ellis, P. R. (1994). The economics of foot and mouth disease control. In Proc. International Workshop on diagnosis 
and epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Southeast Asia. In J. W. Copland, L. J. Gleeson, & C. 
Chamnanpood (Eds), 6-9 September 1993, Lampang, Thailand. ACIAR (Australian Centre for International 
Agricultural Research) Proc. No. 51 (pp. 57-63). ACIAR, Canberra.  

ELMP (Ethiopia Livestock Master Plan) (2015). Road maps for growth and transformation. A contribution to The 
Growth and Transformation Plan II (2015-2020), ILRI Editorial and Publishing Services: Addis Ababa, 
Ethiopia. 

Fasanella, A., Garofolo, G., Hossain, M. J., Shamsuddin, M., Blackburn, J. K., & Hugh-Jones, M. A. (2011). 
Anthrax Field Investigation in Bangladesh, Epidemiology & Infection, 2011, 4-8. 

Genchwere, J. M., & Kasanga, C. J. (2014). Spatial and temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus in 
the lake zone of Tanzania. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 81(2), 4. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.724 

Grace, D., Mutua, F., Ochungo, P., Kruska, R., Jones, K., Brierley, L., Lapar, L., Said, M., Herrero, M., & Phuc, P. 
M. (2012). Mapping of poverty and likely zoonoses hotspots. Zoonoses Project 4, report to Department for 
International Development, UK, International research Institute. 

Holleman, C. F. (2002). The socio-economic implications of the livestock ban in Somalia. Famine Early Warning 
System Network: Nairobi, Kenya. 

Hugh-Jones, M. E., & Blackburn, J. (2009). The ecology of Bacillus anthracis. Molecular Aspects of Medicine in 
press. 

LDMFSB (Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Brief). (2016). Feed the Future Innovation Lab for 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 

 38       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Livestock Systems Ethiopia, the Management Entity at the University of Florida and U.S Gov‟tGlobal 
Hunger and Food Security 3-14. 

Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Resource (MoLFR) (2016). Epidemiology Unit, Diseases Outbreak Database 
Management profile, from source of 2007 – 2015. 

Mondal, S. P., & Yamage, M. (2014). A Retrospective Study on the Epidemiology of Anthrax, Foot and Mouth 
Disease, Hemorrhagic Septicaemia, Peste des petits Ruminants and Rabies in Bangladesh, 2010-2012. PLoS 
ONE, 9(8), e104435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104435.  

Mulat, N. B., Basaznew, C., Mersha, M. A., & Tewodros, F. (2012). Comparison of coprological and postmortem 
examination techniques for the determination of prevalence and economic significance of bovine fasciolosis. 
J. Adv. Vet. Res., 2, 18-23. 

Muleme, M. (2012). Drivers of infectious disease outbreaks: how climate, environment and disease control 
programs influence occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks, International Infectious Disease Management 
and Bio-security, fully published paper, pp 56-78.  

PAAHYB (Pan African Animal Health Yearbook) (2010). African Union, Interafrican Bureau for Animal 
Resources, an AU-IBAR Publication, 10-35.  

Parker, R., Mathis, C., Looper, M., & Sawyer, J. (2002): Anthrax and livestock. Guide B-120. Cooperative 
Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, University of New Mexico: Las Cruces, 
New Mexico, 1-4. 

Radostits, M. O., Gay, C., Hinchcliff., & Constable, P. D. (2007). Special Medicine, Diseases associated with 
bacteria – II. In Veterinary Medicine (10th ed), A Text book of the disease of Cattle, Sheep, Goat, pig and 
horses (pp923-927). Elsevier publishing. W.B. Saunders, London. 

Shiferaw, G. (2004). Anthrax in Wabessa village in the Dessie Zuria district of Ethiopia. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. 
Epiz., 23(3), 951-956. 

Sindato, C., Karimuribo, E., & Mboera, L. E. (2011). The Epidemiology and Socio-Economic Impact of Rift Valley 
Fever Epidemics in Tanzania: A Review. Tanzan J. Health Res., 13, 305-318.  

Sivakumar, T., Thennarasu, A., & Rajkumar, J. S. I. (2012). Effect of season on the incidence of infectious diseases 
of bovine in Tamilnadu. Elixir International Journal, 47, 8874-8875. Retrieved from 
www.elixirpublishers.com.  

Smith, R. D. (1995). Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology – a problem oriented approach. CRC Press, Inc. pp: 187.  
Steffen, P., Shirwa, A. H., & Addou, S. I. (1998). The livestock embargo by Saudi Arabia: a report on the economic, 

financial, and social impact on Somaliland and Somalia.  
Sutmoller, P., Barteling, S. S., Olascoaga, R. C., & Sumption, K. J. (2003). Control and eradication of foot-and-

mouth disease. Virus Research, 91, 101-144. 
Teklu, A., Hailu, Z., & Hagos, Y. (2015). A Retrospective Survey and Assessment of Farmers Indigenous 

Knowledge on Anthrax in and Around Tanqua-Abergelle District, Northern Ethiopia. Academic Journal of 
Animal Diseases, 4(1), 10-16, https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ajad.2015.4.1.91136. 

Tuppurainen, S. M. (2005). Detection of the lumpy skin disease virus in samples of the experimentally infected 
cattle using different diagnostic techniques. J. Vet. Med., 4(8), 247-261. 

 
Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
 
















<<
  /ASCII85EncodePages false
  /AllowTransparency false
  /AutoPositionEPSFiles true
  /AutoRotatePages /None
  /Binding /Left
  /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
  /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
  /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
  /CompatibilityLevel 1.4
  /CompressObjects /Tags
  /CompressPages true
  /ConvertImagesToIndexed true
  /PassThroughJPEGImages true
  /CreateJobTicket false
  /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
  /DetectBlends true
  /DetectCurves 0.0000
  /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
  /DoThumbnails false
  /EmbedAllFonts true
  /EmbedOpenType false
  /ParseICCProfilesInComments true
  /EmbedJobOptions true
  /DSCReportingLevel 0
  /EmitDSCWarnings false
  /EndPage -1
  /ImageMemory 1048576
  /LockDistillerParams false
  /MaxSubsetPct 100
  /Optimize true
  /OPM 1
  /ParseDSCComments true
  /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
  /PreserveCopyPage true
  /PreserveDICMYKValues true
  /PreserveEPSInfo true
  /PreserveFlatness true
  /PreserveHalftoneInfo false
  /PreserveOPIComments true
  /PreserveOverprintSettings true
  /StartPage 1
  /SubsetFonts true
  /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
  /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
  /UsePrologue false
  /ColorSettingsFile ()
  /AlwaysEmbed [ true
  ]
  /NeverEmbed [ true
  ]
  /AntiAliasColorImages false
  /CropColorImages true
  /ColorImageMinResolution 300
  /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleColorImages true
  /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /ColorImageResolution 300
  /ColorImageDepth -1
  /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
  /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeColorImages true
  /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterColorImages true
  /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /ColorACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /ColorImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasGrayImages false
  /CropGrayImages true
  /GrayImageMinResolution 300
  /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleGrayImages true
  /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /GrayImageResolution 300
  /GrayImageDepth -1
  /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
  /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeGrayImages true
  /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterGrayImages true
  /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /GrayACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /GrayImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasMonoImages false
  /CropMonoImages true
  /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
  /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleMonoImages true
  /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /MonoImageResolution 1200
  /MonoImageDepth -1
  /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeMonoImages true
  /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
  /MonoImageDict <<
    /K -1
  >>
  /AllowPSXObjects false
  /CheckCompliance [
    /None
  ]
  /PDFX1aCheck false
  /PDFX3Check false
  /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
  /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
  /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
  /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
  /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
  /PDFXOutputCondition ()
  /PDFXRegistryName ()
  /PDFXTrapped /False

  /CreateJDFFile false
  /Description <<
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
    /BGR <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>
    /CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
    /CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
    /CZE <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>
    /DAN <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>
    /DEU <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>
    /ESP <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>
    /ETI <FEFF004b00610073007500740061006700650020006e0065006900640020007300e4007400740065006900640020006b00760061006c006900740065006500740073006500200074007200fc006b006900650065006c007300650020007000720069006e00740069006d0069007300650020006a0061006f006b007300200073006f00620069006c0069006b0065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069006400650020006c006f006f006d006900730065006b0073002e00200020004c006f006f0064007500640020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065002000730061006100740065002000610076006100640061002000700072006f006700720061006d006d006900640065006700610020004100630072006f0062006100740020006e0069006e0067002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006a00610020007500750065006d006100740065002000760065007200730069006f006f006e00690064006500670061002e000d000a>
    /FRA <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>
    /GRE <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>
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
    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
    /HUN <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>
    /ITA <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>
    /JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
    /KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
    /LTH <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>
    /LVI <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>
    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
    /NOR <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>
    /POL <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>
    /PTB <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>
    /RUM <FEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002e>
    /RUS <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>
    /SKY <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>
    /SLV <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>
    /SUO <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>
    /SVE <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>
    /TUR <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>
    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

