




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p39 

39                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

On-farm Evaluation and System Productivity of Wheat-Jute-T. aman 
Rice Cropping Pattern in Char Area of Bangladesh 

Uttam Kumer Sarker1, Sirajam Monira1 & Md. Romij Uddin1 

1 Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 
Correspondence: Md. Romij Uddin, Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 
Bangladesh. Tel: 880-178-037-0135. E-mail: romijagron@bau.edu.bd 
 
Received: January 10, 2020   Accepted: February 17, 2020   Online Published: March 11, 2020 
 
Abstract 
A study was conducted for two consecutive years to determine the yield and system productivity of two cropping 
patterns viz. IP: (Wheat - Jute - T. aman) improved pattern with improved management practices and FP: (Fallow 
- Fallow - T. aman) farmers’ pattern with farmers’ management practices in char (adjacent to the river) area of 
Netrakona region of Bangladesh. The experimentswere laid out in a randomized complete block design with 10 
dispersed replications at a farmer’s field. The two years mean data showed that the total component crops of IP 
(wheat-jute-T. aman rice) gave higher yield as well as a by-product in both years. The higherrice equivalent yield 
(10.52 and 10.63 tha-1), production efficiency (30.13 and 30.43 kg ha-1 day-1) land-use efficiency (87.13 and 
87.84%)and benefit cost ratio (2.15 and 2.11) pointed out the dominance of the improvedpattern over the farmer’s 
existing pattern. Higher rice equivalentyield signified that improved cropping pattern (Wheat - Jute -T. aman) 
could be appropriate in Netrakona region for rising crop productivity andcropping intensity.The higher production 
efficiency, land use efficiency and benefit cost ratio indicated the superiority of the improved pattern over the 
farmers’ practices.It can be concluded that farmers of the char area of the Netrakona region might follow wheat 
(var. BARI Gom-26) - jute (var. O-9897) - T. aman (var. BRRI dhan49) cropping system in char land for higher 
productivity and profitability. 
Keywords: Char land, agronomic performance, land use efficiency, production potential, economic return 
1. Introduction 
Changes in climate, population expansion, food scarcity, poverty, starvation, accelerated land cover change and 
environmental degradation are the foremost challenges of the 21st century (Neamatollahi et al., 2017).In the world 
about 1 billion people keep on hungry every day due to the inadequate food supply and thisnumber will riseup to 
2 billion by 2050 (FAOSTAT, 2014). For the developing countries of Asia and Africa, this situation insists on the 
increasing momentum in agricultural production with more than 70 percent increase in the coming decades 
(Neamatollahiet al., 2017). To enhance agriculture productivity improved cropping patterns and better 
management practices are essential. Land and water resources are becoming very limited due to the rapid change 
in population and urbanization. Subsequently, to determine the optimal use of the available resources improved 
cropping pattern has been developed for exploiting the net profit subjected to some limitations (Osama et al., 2017).  
Bangladesh is aheavily populated countryand itspopulation is about 200 million. Besides, the cultivable land is in 
a decreasing trend and it is about 1% per year. Bangladesh covers about 14.84 M ha (million hectares) of total land 
and among this 3.74 M ha (25% of the total) is not appropriate for cultivation due to deployment for urban areas, 
commercial buildings, countryside homesteads, roads etc (Quasem, 2011). Bangladesh also suffersfrequently from 
differentnormaldisasters (Haq et al., 2012; Khatun et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2017a), that may get worse in the long 
runas a result of climate change (Hossain et al., 2016; Rokonuzzaman et al., 2018). Therefore, to declare food 
security for increasing people in the future we need to produce huge food on a reduced amount of land (Islam et 
al., 2015a&b). Two techniques need to be adopted to achieve this issue. Firstlyit may be by increasing cropping 
intensity by producing more crops on the similar land during whole year and secondlyby augmenting productivity 
of each crops (FAOSTAT, 2013; Dobermann et al., 2013; Datta et al., 2015; Ladha et al., 2016; Datta et al., 2017; 
Islam et al., 2017b). Bangladesh agriculture mostly consists of rice basedcropping patterns (Haque, 1998). 
Different cropping pattern are available in Bangladesh and abroad and these are well reported. (Soniand Kaur, 
1984; Malavia et al., 1986; Khan et al., 2005; Ferdous et al., 2011;Anowaret al., 2012;Nazrul et al., 2013; Anowar 
et al., 2015; Khatun et al.,2016 and Anwar et al., 2017) where a supplementary crops may be incorporated without 



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substituting the accessible ones for significantenhancement of in general productivity andincome of the farmers 
(Islam, 2012a &b).  
The char areas of the Netrakona region occupy 8547 acre of land out of 78915 acres and it is dominated by Fallow-
Fallow- T. aman rice (rainfed rice) cropping pattern. A hugepart remains uncultivated for an extensive time after 
the harvest of T. aman rice such as BR11 (100-110 days main field duration ). This is mainly due to water shortage 
after T. aman harvest and waterlogging condition during monsoon.Only rice production is not sufficient and 
profitable for the farmers of this area. So an adaptation of alternative cropping patterns to support the most efficient 
use of the limited natural resources is a prime need for recent days. Wheat is such a promising crop, which can be 
easily grown after T. aman harvest with residual soil moisture and requires less water in some cases.Jute is a fiber 
crop that can be grown after harvesting of Wheat during monsoon.So the proposed cropping pattern of this area 
may be wheat-jute- T. aman. Considering these observations, the present study was designed to introduce to utilize 
uncultivated land properly during rabi (winter season) and kharif I (monsoon) season minimizing water stress and 
waterlogging condition with improved cropping pattern Wheat-Jute-T. aman as well as increase the production 
and meet the demand of that area. 
2. Material and Methods 
2.1 Site Description 
The experiments were done in farmer’s field under the char areas of Netrakonawhich is located in between 24º34' 
and 25º12' north latitudes and between 90º 00'and 91º 07' east longitudes of Bangladesh during two consecutive 
years 2017 and 2018. The experimental site (Netrakona) is under a moist subtropical monsoon type of climate. 
The mean minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall for the experimental period are shown in Fig. 1. The 
physicochemical properties of the soil before the beginning of the experiment are shown in Table 1. 
2.2 Experimental Design and Treatments 
Treatments consisting of two cropping patterns viz. FP: farmers’ pattern (Fallow - Fallow - T.aman) and IP: 
improved pattern (Wheat - Jute - T. aman) by incorporation of recent high yielding varieties of Jute, T. amanrice 
andwheat. Modern management practices were used for crop production. The experiments were set up using a 
randomized complete block design with 10 dispersed replications. The individual plot size was 100 m

2
.The 

improved pattern was used in one plot andfarmer’s pattern was practiced in other plots. Wheat var. BARI Gom-
26 and jute var. O-9897 were introduced in the improved pattern against the fallow period. The variety BRRI 
dhan49 of T. aman rice was introduced instead of  BR11. 
2.3 Crop Management 
The agronomic practices and cultural operation for crop production under improved and farmers’ practices are 
presented in Table 2. All field operation and management practices of both farmers’ and improved patterns were 
closely monitored and the data were recorded for agro-economic performance.  
2.4 Data Collection 
Ten plants were chosen from every plot randomly at maturityfor data collection and yield of wheat, T. aman rice 
and jute were calculated. Plot-wise yield for each crop was determined on an area basis (kg ha–1). Agronomic 
performance viz. rice equivalent yield, production efficiency, and land use efficiency were calculated. 
2.5 Estimation of Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) 
Based on the existing market price of the individual crops, the yield of every single crop was converted into rice 
equivalent yield for making the relationship between crop sequences (Verma and Modgal, 1983). The gross return, 
net return and benefit cost ratio were also evaluated based on the market price of each produces.  

Rice equivalent yield (tha-1) =      ×         

2.6 Estimation of Production Efficiency 
Production efficiencywas determinedas kg ha-1day-1by the whole production in a cropping series divided by the 
entiretime of crops in that sequence (Tomer and Tiwari, 1990).  

Production efficiency=  Y1+Y2+Y3d1+d2+d3 

Where, Y
1
= Yield of 1

st
crop and d

1
= Duration of 1

st
crop of the pattern  



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Y
2
= Yield of 2

nd
crop and d

2
= Duration of 2

nd
crop of the pattern  

              Y
3
= Yield of 3

rd
crop and d

3
= Duration of 3

rd
crop of the pattern 

2.7 Determination of Land Use Efficiency 

For determination of land use efficiencytotal length of individual crop in a sequence is divided by 365 days (Tomer 
and Tiwari, 1990). It is calculated by following formula.  

Land use efficiency =
𝑑1+𝑑2+𝑑3365 × 100 

Where d1, d2 and d3 the duration of 1st, 2nd and 3rd crop of the pattern 

2.8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)Analysis 

Average data of two crop cycles were calculated for the economic assessment of two dissimilar cropping cycles. 
The production expenses of these crops were determined by calculating the material and non-materialcost of 
production. Using the prevailing average market prices for the yield of these crops in Bangladesh the gross return 
was calculated. Gross margin was designed by deducting total expenses from the gross income which was worked 
out by dividing the gross income with total expenditure. Benefit cost ratio (BCR)was calculated with the following 
formula.  

Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) = 
Gross returnTotal variable cost of production × 100 

3. Results and Discussion 
3.1 Grain/Fibreyield of the cropping patterns 
Grain/fibreyield of different cropping pattern have been presented in Table 3. It was revealed that the cropping 
pattern wheat-jute-T. aman rice under improved practices (IP) gave higher yield and by-product during both years. 
The reason behind improvement of yield inIP was theuse of variety with modern cultivation technique for the 
component crops. Higher wheat yield was documented during 2017 (3.02 tha-1) and 2018 (3.05tha-1) with an 
average yield of 3.04tha-1. In improved pattern higher jute yield was recorded during 2017 (2.89tha-1) and 2018 
(2.93tha-1). T. aman rice yield was different in both patterns and higher yield (3.23 and 3.25 tha-1 in 2017 and 2018) 
was recorded in farmers’ practice over improved (3.13 and 3.15 tha-1) due to single crop cultivation in farmers’ 
practice. Khatun et al. (2016) and Khan et al. (2006) conducted experiments and found more yield in single crop 
cultivation than improved cropping pattern for a specific crop. 



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Figure 1. Average maximum temperature, minimum temperature and annual rainfall during the cropping seasons 

2017and 2018 
 
3.2 By-product Yield of the Cropping Patterns 
By-product yield of the component crops was measured from biomass yield (Table 3). Higher amount of total by-
product yield of the component crops (14.1 and 14.2 t ha-1 in 2017 and 2018) produced in the improved cropping 
pattern than that of the farmers’ pattern (4.26 and 4.30t ha-1). Nazrul (2016) stated the reason behind the higher 
by-product yield of improved pattern than that of farmers’ pattern and reason behind it is the incorporation of new 
variety with improved technologies for the component crops. Beside this the component crops wheat and jute of 
improved pattern produced high demandable as well as more profitable by-product whereas it was difficult for the 
farmers to sell the rice by-product (rice straw) in the local market with proper price. 
3.3 Rice Equivalent Yield 
Rice equivalent yield was higher in IPcompared to farmers’ practice. The mean rice equivalent yield of IP 
was10.58tha-1and that of FPwas 3.24tha-1 (Table 4). This happened due to inclusion of high yielding variety BRRI 
dhan49 instead of BR11 and extra two new cropsalong with modern cultivation techniques in the improved pattern 
increased the T.aman rice equivalent yield. Besides rice equivalent yield was higher in improved pattern due to 
superiormarket price of components crops in the IP. Rice equivalent yield was lower in the FP due to use of 
conventionalvariety and management practices. 
 
 
 

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Ra
in
fa
ll(
m
m
)

Te
m
pe

ra
tu
re
(°C

)

Months

Max. Temp.(°C) Min. Temp.(°C) Rainfall(mm)



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Table 1. Average of soil nutrient status of the experimental areas of Netrakona region during 2017 and 2018 
Soil property Values 
Soil texture Sandy loam 
pH–H2O  5.65 

Ec  (µs/cm) 143 

Organic matter (%)  1.51 

Total N (%) 0.084 
Available P (ppm) 33.66 
Available K (meq/100g)  0.144 
Available S (ppm)  59.64 

 
3.4 Production Efficiency 
Highest production efficiency (30.13 and 30.43 kg ha-1day-1) wasrecorded from IP inthe year of 2017 and 2018, 
(Table 4). Mean production efficiency (30.28 kg ha-1day-1)was higher in IP and lower (29.45kg ha-1day-1) in FP. 
Reddy (1997), Khan et al. (2006) and Nazrul et al. (2013) found that mean production efficiency wasalways 
superior in IP compared to FP. The higher production efficiency of improved cropping pattern indicated that the 
component crops remain in the field for long duration with higher yield under modern cultivation practices. On 
the other hand, the lowest production efficiency observed in FP wheretraditional management are used and 
indicated that cropsremained in the field for shorter time with lower yield under traditional system. 
 
Table 2. Management practices of improved vs farmers’ existing cropping pattern during 2017 and 2018  

Parameter Farmers’ pattern Improved pattern 
Variety  T. aman (BR11)  Wheat (BARI Gom 26)- Jute (O-9897)- T. aman (BRRI 

dhan49) 
Date of sowing  12-15 August  Wheat 21-24 November (2017), Jute 4-8  April (2017) 

and 2-4 April (2018), Aman 5-10 August (2017) and  5-
8 August (2018) 

Seed rate (kg ha-1)  20-25  Wheat 120, Jute 7, Aman 25 

Planting method  Line  Line for all crops 

Spacing (cm) 20×15 Wheat30×5, Jute 20×5, Aman 25× 15  

Fertilizer dose (N P K S 
Zn  kg ha-1)  

92-24-60-8-0.5  120-30-60-15-1 (Wheat),  110-15-40-8-0.5 (Jute), 115-
35-40-4-0.5 (T.aman) 

Weeding  1  Wheat 1,Jute 2, T.aman 2  
Irrigation  Rainfed  Rainfed   
Harvesting time (date)  15-20 Nov  10-14 March, 2018 , 3-25 July (2017), 20-22 July (2018) 

10-15 November (2017), 15-18 Nov. (2018)  

Field duration (days)  100-110  110-115 (Wheat) , 100-108(Jute), 90-95 (T.aman) 

 
3.5 Land Use Efficiency 
Land use efficiency is the efficient utilization of land in a cropping year and it mainly depends on crop duration. 
The average land-use efficiency of IP was 87.49% whereas it was 30.30% for FP (Table 4). This superior land use 
efficiency in IP was due to cultivation of wheat and jute in bare period that’s why field was occupied by the crops 
for a longer period (300-318 days), whereas the farmers practice occupied the field for 100-110 days of the year.  
 



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Table 3. Productivity of improved and farmers’ existing patterns during 2017 and 2018   
Year  Cropping 

pattern  
Grain/Fibre yield ( t ha-1) By product yield ( t ha-1)  
Fallow/Wheat  Fallow/Jute T.aman Fallow/Wheat Fallow/Jute  T.aman

2017 
 
2018  

IP  
FP 
IP 
FP  

3.02  
- 
3.05  
-  

2.89 
- 
2.93 
-

3.13 
3.23 
3.15 
3.25 

3.54 
- 
3.59 
-

6.37  
- 
6.42 
-  

4.12 
4.26 
4.15 
4.30

                    
SE± 

0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04

Mean  IP 
FP 

3.04 
-

2.91
-

3.14
3.24

3.57
-

6.39 
- 

4.14
4.28

IP= Improved practice, FP=Framers’ practice  
 
3.6 Cost Benefit Analysis 
Based on the existing market price during the crop season, cost and return analysis were done. From the economic 
point of view, IP showed its superiority over FP during both years.The average gross return of the IP was 
277057.5Tk. ha-1which was84.25% higher than that of FP (Table 5).Thecost of cultivation of IP (131707Tk. ha-
1) was superior toFP (85511 Tk. ha-1) due to higher labor and input cost. The net return was considerablysuperior 
in the IP (145600.5 Tk. ha-1) than FP (64184 Tk. ha-1). Inclusion of wheat and jute in these cropping systems 
during fallow season andincrement of system productivity results in increased gross margin. In the FP 126.85 % 
supplementary net return was attained by adding 54.02% extra cost. The marginal benefit cost ratio was determined 
for both IP and FP. The results revealed that a higher benefit cost ratio (2.13) was found in IP over the FP (1.76). 
Farmers showed a highly positive response to cultivate jute and T. aman in this season and they opined that due to 
lack of knowledge they were not interested to grow Jute before as they experienced water logging conditions 
during monsoon.The farmers also added that the yield performances of the BARI Gom26, Jute (O-9897) and BRRI 
dhan49 were acceptable. After harvest of T. amanrice, modern wheat variety (BARI Gom26) could easily be grown 
which doesn’t hamper or delay jutecultivation. Jute can be easily be grown between wheatand T. aman rice.  
 
Table 4. Rice equivalent yield, production efficiency and Land use efficiency of improved and farmers’ existing 
patterns during 2017 and 2018  

Year Cropping pattern Rice equivalent yield
(t ha-1)

Production efficiency
(kg ha-1 day-1)

Land use efficiency 
(%) 

2017 
 
2018  

IP 10.52b 30.13b 87.13b 
FP 3.23c 29.36d 30.14d 
IP 10.63a 30.43a 87.84a 
FP 3.25c 29.54c 30.45c 

SE± 0.04 0.05 0.06 
Mean  IP

FP
10.58
3.24

30.28
29.45

87.49 
30.30 

IP= Improved practice, FP=Framers’ practice  
 
Table 5. Cost benefit analysis of improved and farmers’ existing patterns during 2017 and 2018  

Year Cropping 
pattern

Gross return
(Tk ha-1)

Cost of cultivation
(Tk ha-1)

Gross margin 
(Tk ha-1) 

BCR

2017 
 
2018  

IP  
FP 
IP 
FP  

283515 
151290 
270600 
149445  

131957
85761 
131457 
85261 

151558
65529 
139643 
62839 

2.15 
1.76 
2.11 
1.75  

Mean IP 
FP 

277057.5 
150367.5 

131707
85511

145600.5 
64184

2.13 
1.76 

IP= Improved practice, FP=Framers’ practice  
 
4. Conclusion and Recommendations 
Considering most of the parameters discussed above, improved cropping pattern wheat (var. BARI Gom26) -Jute 
(var. O-9897)-T. aman(var. BRRI dhan49) with modern technologiescould be suggested for char areas of 



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Netrakona regionof Bangladesh, especially for themarginal farmers. The findings may be used for researcher, 
extension workers and also for national policy maker for large scale production but further observation is required 
before dissemination of the technology. 
Acknowledgments 
The authors wish to acknowledge the Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) for 
funding this research project and technical support. 
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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 
















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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

