




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p23 

23                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Households' Choice of Genotypes and Traits of Preference in Yoruba 
Ecotype Chicken in Ibadan, Nigeria 

Popoola Moshood Abiola1, Lamidi Luqman O.1, Raji Ademola Moshood1, Adebisi Gbadebo Luqman1, Onuoha 
Chinyere Joy1 & Olaoye Ridwan Oyebamiji1 

1 Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria 
Correspondence: Popoola Moshood Abiola, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, 
Nigeria. Tel: 234-703-458-4168. E-mail: moshood.popoola@fcahptib.edu.ng 
 
Received: January 13, 2020   Accepted: February 14, 2020   Online Published: March 5, 2020 
 
Abstract 
This study aimed at evaluating Yoruba Ecotype chicken genotypes of choice and traits of preference in the chicken 
by households in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were obtained from a total of 120 households using structured interview 
schedule. Data were subjected to both descriptive statistics and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Results 
revealed that most of the respondents were female; they raised the chicken for income generation and consumption. 
Most of the respondents preferred normal feather Yoruba Ecotype chicken to other genotypes. The result also 
revealed that traits of preference by most of the respondents were growth rate, body size, egg production, fertility, 
disease resistance, temperament, broodiness, mothering ability, hatchability, plumage colour and distribution, 
social-cultural value, survivability, fecundity, ease of sales and laying of large number of eggs. The Principal 
component 1 explained over 86.2% in household preferences for all the variables considered in the study. Based 
on the result of this study, it was concluded that most of the respondents’ preferred normal feather Yoruba Ecotype 
chicken compared to other genotypes like frizzle feather and naked neck. Traits of economic importance appeared 
to be consistent in preference for genotype of choice by respondents. The PCI value explained over 86.2% in 
household preferences for all the variables. Further research efforts on genotypes and traits of economic 
importance of Yoruba Ecotype chicken could facilitate future breeding programs geared towards increasing the 
chicken production and productivity among households and smallholders. There is also a need for effective 
breeding and conservation program to preserve economically important genetic resources of this chicken to prevent 
the risk of loss of the indigenous chicken genetic pool. 
Keywords: chicken, ecotype, indigenous, preference, traits 
1. Introduction 
Poultry, particularly chickens are the most widely kept livestock species in the world and also the most numerous 
(Perry et al; 2002; Moreki et al., 2010). In Africa, indigenous chicken make over 70% of the total chicken 
population (FAO, 1986). Indigenous chicken in Africa are in general hardy, adaptive to rural environment, survive 
on little or no input and adjust to fluctuations in feed availability. Chicken largely dominate flock composition and 
make up about 98% (Gueye, 2003) of the total poultry members (chickens, ducks and turkeys) kept in Africa. 
Indigenous chicken constitutes 80% of the 120 million poultry type raised in the rural areas in Nigeria (RIM,1992). 
They are self-reliant and hardy birds with the capacity to withstand harsh weather condition and adaptation to 
adverse environment. They are known to possess qualities such as ability to hatch on their own, brood and scavenge 
for major parts of their food and possess appreciated immunity from endemic diseases (RIM, 1992). 
There are various ecotypes of the local chicken in different agro ecological zones in Nigeria as reported by different 
authors. Olori (1992) noted two ecotypes characterized as forest and savannah or Yoruba and Fulani ecotypes 
respectively. Nwosu (1979) identified three main strains in ecotype named Nsukka, Owerri and Awgu types at the 
south eastern states of Nigeria. Recent works revealed that the different ecotypes can be grouped into two major 
categories on the basis of body size and body weight as heavy ecotype and light ecotype (Momoh et al; 2007).The 
heavy ecotype (also referred to as Fulani ecotype) is found in the dry savannahs (Guinea and Sahel savannah).The 
light ecotypes are those chicken types from the swamp, rain forest and derived savannah agro ecological zones 
whose mature body weight ranges between 0.68-1.5kg. Yoruba ecotype is made up of four strains which are normal 
feather, frizzle feather, necked neck and frey. 
In Nigeria, indigenous chickens were characterized along genetic lines of feather and plumage colour (such as 



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normal or frizzled feathered), body structure (such as naked neck, dwarf types and colour variants such as black, 
white, brown, mottled). The frequency distribution of the normal feathered chicken were about 91.8% while that 
of frizzled and naked neck were 5.2 and 3.0% respectively in Bayelsa state, Nigeria (Ajayi and Agaviezor, 2009). 
There are wide range of factors responsible for preference of Yoruba ecotype chicken strains among households 
raising them. Knowledge of trait preferences for breeding decisions is central to the formulation of livestock 
policies aimed at improving the livelihoods of smallholder chicken farmers (Yakubu et al., 2019). Thus, this study 
was conducted to evaluate the preference for choice of strains of Yoruba Ecotype chicken raised among households 
in Ibadan, Nigeria. 
2. Method 
2.1 Area of the Study 
The study was conducted in Ibadan, the capital city of Oyo State, with a population of over 3 million people. It is 
made up of 11 Local Government Areas (LGAs). Ibadan is the largest metropolitan geographical area in Nigeria. 
There are several cattle ranches, a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan; these, coupled with other 
reasons such as favourable climatic condition, economy of the city (being the third cheapest city to live in Nigeria), 
largest metropolitan, have made Ibadan to be a strategic location where appreciable number of livestock such as 
cattle, chicken, sheep and goat can be found.  
2.2 Data Collection 
The target population of the study were households raising indigenous (Yoruba Ecotype) chicken. These 
households were selected randomly in the study area to select 120 respondents. Interview schedule was used to 
obtain information from these respondents; information collected include, socio-economic characteristics of the 
respondents, chicken production characteristics and traits of preference in the chicken by these respondents. 
2.3 Statistical Analyses 
Data were subjected to both descriptive statistics such as (mean, frequency and percentage) and Principal 
Components Analysis (PCA) using SPSS (V.22) 
3. Results 
Table 1 shows the results of socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. Result shows that most of the 
respondents were within the age range of 25-29 (27.5%). The mean age of the respondents was 28.4 years. The 
result of this study indicates that majority of the respondents are still in their economical active ages as reported 
by Akinbile, (1994); Popoola et al., (2017). Result showed that majority of the respondents were female (63.3%), 
while 36.7% of them were male. This implies that more women are involved in rearing of indigenous chicken than 
their male counterparts in the study area. This could be attributed to small body size of chicken and ease of handling 
unlike other large animals like cattle which may be difficult to handle by women. According to Gueye, (2000), 
about 80% of chicken in some African countries are owned and controlled by women; Badubi (2000) also reported 
that about 98% of chicken in rural areas are managed by women and only the remaining 2% are owned by men. 
Marshall et al. (2016) reported that gender differences may result from production objectives and the specific roles 
and responsibilities of males and females in traditional livestock rearing. Abubakar et al., (2007) observed that in 
most Nigerian households, chicken belong to the entire family with women owning majority of the birds, followed 
by children and men being the last. The result implies that more than half of the respondents were  married (62.5%) 
and this is expected considering the age group of most of the respondents in this study. Odebode and Popoola 
(2016) reported similar report that at older age, individuals are expected to have been married. Most of the 
respondents had tertiary education (46.7%), followed by those who had secondary education (38.3%) which 
implies that most of them can read and write. Thus, this will enhance better communication as well as adoption of 
innovation. The result revealed that most of the respondents were Christians (53.3%), followed by those who were 
Muslims (43.3%), and (3.4%) of the respondent were traditionalists. Analysis of profile of the respondents as 
regards their beliefs or religious group implies that there is no religious taboo on raising of indigenous chicken 
among the respondents. The result shows that majority of respondents had household size between 2-5 people 
(58.3%); the mean household size of the respondents was 4 members. This result agrees with result of Bameke 
(2003) who reported household size of between 2-6 people as the modal family size among households. Most of 
the respondents were traders (37.5%), while other occupations like farming (29.2%), civil service (15.0%) and 
artisans (18.3%) were practiced by the respondents. This implies that respondents are not involved in one income 
generating activities, but rather in different ones as means of increasing their income so as to improve their 
livelihood. Majority of the respondents earned between ₦18,000 - ₦23,000 (42.5%).The remarkable difference in 



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income realized is due to differences in the primary occupation of the responds (Popoola et al., 2017 ). The mean 
income of the respondents was ₦23,145.02. 
 
Table 1. Distribution of socio-economic characteristics of the respondents 

Variable Frequency Percentage Mean 
Age (years)    
< 20 2 1.7  
20 – 24 24 20.0  
25 – 29 33 27.5  

30 – 34 23 19.2 28.4 
35 – 39 15 12.5  
>39 23 19.2  
Sex    
Male 44 36.7  
Female 76 63.3  
Marital status    
Single 39 32.5  
Married 75 62.5  
Divorced 1 0.8  
Widowed 5 4.2  
Other occupation    
Civil service 18 15.0  
Farming 35 29.2  
Trading 45 37.5  
Artisan 22 18.3  
Religion    
Islam 52 43.3  
Christianity 64 53.3  
Traditional 4 3.3  
Educational level    
Non formal education 11 9.2  
Primary education 7 5.8  
Secondary education 46 38.3  
Tertiary education 56 46.7  
Household size    
2 – 5 70 58.3  
6 – 9 42 35.0 4 
10 – 13 7 5.8  
Above 13 1 0.8  
Income    
N18000 – N23000 51 42.5  
N24000 – N29000 21 17.5  
N30000 – N35000 16 13.3 23,145.02 
N35000 – N40000 5 4.2  
Above N40000 27 22.5  

 
Indigenous chicken production enterprise of the respondents is presented in Table 2. The result revealed that 
respondents’ purpose of production were majorly for income generation (41.7%) followed by consumption 
(36.7%), income and consumption (19.2%) and the least was for research (2.5%). This is an indication that rearing 
of chicken can serve the purpose of generating immediate cash for household members. Ondwassy et al., (2005) 
reported that rearing of indigenous chicken is a relevant tool in the eradication of poverty in rural areas. Chicken 
serves as an investment and source of security for households in addition to their use as source of meat and eggs 
for consumption and income (Muchadeyi et al; 2007). Result also shows that most of strain of the chicken raised 
by respondents were normal feather (61.7%) followed by those who raised normal feather, frizzle feather and 



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naked neck (11.6%), normal feather and frizzle feather (9.2%), normal feather and naked neck (5.8%), only frizzle 
feather (5.0%), only naked neck (4.2%), frizzle feather and naked neck. (2.5%). The result implies that normal 
feathered chicken is the most abundant strain of Yoruba Ecotype chicken raised by the respondents. This could be 
due to its appearance unlike other strains with appearance that may not be appealing to these respondents. The 
result further revealed that most of the respondents’ flock size were 6-10 (27.5%) followed by 11-15 (20.8%), 1-
5 (19.2%), 16-20 (18.3%) and above 20 (14.2%) chicken. 

 
Table 2. Chicken production characteristics of the respondents 

Variables Frequency Percentage Mean 
Purpose of production    
Income generation 50 41.7  
Research 3 2.5  
Consumption 44 36.7  
Income and consumption 23 19.2  
Strain of the chicken   

Normal feather 74 61.7  
Frizzle feather 6 5.0  
Naked neck 5 4.2  
Normal feather and frizzle feather 11 9.2  
Normal feather and naked neck 7 5.8  
Frizzle feather and naked neck 3 2.5  
Normal feather, frizzle feather and naked neck 14 11.6  
Flock size    
1 – 5 23 19.2  
6 – 10 33 27.5  
11 – 15 25 20.8  
16 – 20 22 18.3 17 
Above 20 17 14.2  
    

 
Preference of respondents for genotype of Yoruba Ecotype chicken is presented in Fig. 1; result showed that most 
of the respondents preferred normal feather chicken (46%); followed by preference for frizzle feather (32%) and 
the least preferred genotype of Yoruba Ecotype chicken by the respondents was the naked neck (22%). 
Respondents’ choice of particular genotype may be attributed to poultry keeping objectives and varied importance 
attached to such genotype. 



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Fig. 1. Respondents’ preference for genotype of Yoruba Ecotype chicken 
 
Table 3 showed the quality attributes of Yoruba ecotype chicken genotype as preferred by respondents. Result 
showed that growth rate (30.8%), plumage colour (24.2%), survivability (27.5%), plumage distribution (27.5%), 
appearance (32.5%), acceptability (26.7%), ability to protect chicks from predators (24.2%) and ease of sales 
(25.8%) were the most preferred traits by the respondents in the preferred genotype (normal feather) of Yoruba 
Ecotype chicken of their choice. Result further revealed that body size (30.8%), egg production (27.5%), fertility 
(26.7%), disease resistance (40.8%), temperament (24.4%) , broodiness (26.7%), mothering ability (30%), 
hatchability (27.5%), social- cultural purpose (43.3%), fecundity (27.5%) and ability to lay eggs in large number 
(29.2%) were the preferred traits by respondents in the preferred genotype of Yoruba Ecotype chicken of their 
choice. However, heat tolerance (36.7%) was the most preferred trait by respondents who chose to raise frizzle 
feather Yoruba Ecotype chicken. The result of this study implies that respondents had reasons for choice of their 
preferred genotype of the chicken based on specific traits possessed by different genotypes of the chicken. Some 
of the merits indicated by farmers for the choice of a particular genotype in the current study are similar to the egg 
productivity, body size and fast growth traits reported by Sisay et al. (2018) and Mahoro et al. (2018).  The choice 
of preferred genotypes by respondents may be attributed to poultry keeping objectives and varied importance 
attached to the genotype of choice by respondents. Terfa et al., (2019) reported the magnitude of plumage colour 
which is more pronounced than productive traits of importance in chicken. Faustin et al., (2010) reported 
preference for disease resistance traits of chickens which may be a consequence of economic importance of poultry 
diseases. For the traits of chickens, Terfa et al., (2019) reported good mothering ability, diseases resistance, good 
meat and egg taste, large body size, larger number of eggs per clutch, and white plumage color in order of 
prioritization as traits of preference in chicken genotypes. In a similar study, Yakubu et al (2019) reported that the 
preference for body size and the high ranking of egg number, egg size, meat taste, and ease of sales was connected 
to their direct monetary values as consumers may be willing to pay premium with a unit increase in the traits. The 
authors further noted that the easier the sales of the birds, the more the income also generated. Heat tolerance is 
another valuable attribute preferred and should be considered in selection of indigenous chicken since domestic 
chicken become easily susceptible to heat or cold environmental stress (Ramnath et al; 2007).  
 
 

22%

32%

46%

Frizzle feather

Naked neck

Normal feather



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Table 3. Quality attributes of Yoruba ecotype chicken genotype as preferred by respondents 
Traits  of  preference Frizzle feather Naked neck Normal feather 

 

 

Most preferred Preferred Not  

preferred 

Most preferred Preferred Not  

preferred 

Most preferred Preferred Not  

preferred 

Growth  rate 20  (16.7) 14  (11.7) 1  (0.8) 12  (10.0) 14   (11.7) 2  (1.7) 37  (30.8) 17  (14.2) 3  (2.5) 

Body  size 15  (12.5) 17  (14.2) 2  (1.7) 11  (9.2) 16  (13.3) 1  (0.8) 19  (15.8) 37  (30.8) 2  (1.7) 

Egg  production 16  (13.3) 15  (12.5) 3  (2.5) 13  (10.8) 12  (10.0) 3  (2.5) 18 (15.0) 33  (27.5) 7  (5.8) 

Fertility 18  (15.0) 15  (12.5) 1  (0.8) 9  (7.5) 19  (15.8) - 21  (17.5) 32  (26.7) 5  (4.2) 

Disease  resistance 13  (10.8) 14  (11.7) 7  (5.8) 5   (4.2) 15  (12.5) 8  (6.7) 2 (1.7) 49  (40.8) 7  (5.8) 

Heat  tolerance 44 (36.7)   16  (13.3) 3  (2.5) 10  (8.3) 16  (13.3) 2  (1.7) 3  (2.5) 15  (12.5) 11  (9.2) 

Temperament 26  (21.7) 6  (5.0) 2  (1.7) 16  (13.3) 10  (8.3) 2  (1.7) 19  (15.8) 29  (24.2) 10  (8.3) 

Broodiness 14  (11.7) 14  (11.7) 6  (5.0) 9  (7.5) 17  (14.2) 2  (1.7) 20  (17.0) 32  (26.7) 6  (5.0) 

Mothering  ability 12  (10.0) 14  (11.7) 8  (6.7) 10  (8.3) 12  (10.0) 6  (5.0) 15  (12.5) 36  (30.0) 7  (5.8) 

Hatchability 11  (9.2) 18  (15.0) 1  (0.8) 7  (5.8) 19  (15.8) 2  (1.7) 22  (18.3) 33  (27.5) 7  (5.8) 

Plumage  colour 10  (8.3) 12  (10.0) 12  (10.0) 3  (2.5) 18  (15.0) 7  (5.8) 29  (24.2) 22  (18.3) 7  (5.8) 

Socio cultural purpose 7  (5.8) 19  (15.8) 8  (6.7) 8  (6.7) 13  (10.8) 7  (5.8) 4  (3.3) 42  (43.3) 12  (18.3) 

Survivability 22  (18.3) 11  (9.2) 1  (0.8) 9  (7.5) 16  (13.3) 3  (2.5) 33  (27.5) 22  (18.3) 3  (2.5) 

Plumage  distribution 5  (4.2) 10  (8.3) 19  (15.8) 3  (2.5) 17  (14.2) 8  (6.7) 33  (27.5) 28  (23.3) 6  (5.0) 

Appearance 14  (11.7) 12  (10.0) 8  (6.7) 2  (1.7) 20  (16.7) 6  (5.0) 39  (32.5) 15  (12.5) 4  (3.3) 

Fecundity 12  (10.0) 15  (12.5) 7  (5.8) 9  (7.5) 16  (13.3) 3  (2.5) 21  (17.5) 33  (27.5) 4  (3.3) 

Acceptability 10  (8.3) 22  (18.3) 2  (1.7) 3  (2.5) 22  (18.3) 3  (2.5) 32 (26.7) 19  (15.8) 7  (5.8) 

Ease of sales 14  (11.7) 11  (9.2) 9  (7.5) 6  (5.0) 12  (10.0) 10  (8.3) 31 (25.8) 15  (12.5) 12  (10.0) 

Ability to protect chicks from predator 12  (10.0) 19  (15.8) 3  (2.5) 9 (7.5) 

 

13 (10.8) 

 

6 (5.0 29  (24.2) 18 (15.0) 11  (9.2) 

Ability to produce large number of 

chicks 

7 (5.8) 14  (11.7) 17  (14.2) 7  (5.8) 17  (14.2) 4  (3.3) 13  (10.8) 35  (29.2) 6  (5.0) 

 
Table 4 shows the Eigen values and variance obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) which indicated 
that 11 principal components (PC) affect households’ preferences on chicken traits. The PCI value explained over 
86.2% in household preferences for all the variables, Principal component 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 and 11 had low 
variance ranging from 2.3%, 1.9%, 1.5%, 1.2%, 1.2%, 0.9%, 0.9%, 0.7%, 0.6% and 0.5%. This implies that the 
high variance (86.2%) of traits possessed by the chicken were mostly preferred by the households, while the low 
variance of PC2-PC11 implies that some of the traits possessed by the chicken were preferred by the households. 
According to Ajayi et al. (2012); Lopes et al., (2013) PCA can be used for ranking and grouping and to explore 
the relationship between traits in a dataset (Pinto et al. 2006). 
 
Table 4. Eigen values and variance obtained from principal components analysis (PCA) 

Principal  component Total %  of  variance Cumulative  % 
PC1        17.238        86.189       86.189 
PC2         0.467          2.336       88.524 

PC 3          0.385          1.926       90.450 
PC 4         0.271          1.356       91.805 
PC 5         0.238          1.190       92.995 
PC 6         0.231          1.154       94.149 
PC 7         0.196          0.979       95.127 
PC 8         0.185          0.927       96.054 
PC 9         0.135          0.673       96.727 
PC 10         0.124          0.621       97.348 
PC 11         0.106          0.530       97.878 

PC – Principal Component 
 
 



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4. Conclusion 
Based on the result of this study, most of the respondents’ preferred normal feather Yoruba Ecotype chicken 
compared to other genotypes like frizzle feather and naked neck. Traits of economic importance appeared to be 
consistent in preference for genotype of choice by respondents. The PCI value explained over 86.2% in household 
preferences for all the variables. Further research efforts on genotypes and traits of economic importance of Yoruba 
Ecotype chicken could facilitate future breeding programs geared towards increasing the chicken production and 
productivity among households and smallholders. There is also the need for effective breeding and conservation 
program to preserve economically important genetic resources of these chicken to prevent the risk of loss of the 
indigenous chicken genetic pool. 
Conflict of interest 
There is no conflict of interest among the authors of this study. Thus, all authors agreed on its publication. 
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Copyrights 
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

