




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 1, No. 1; 2019 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v1n1p39 

39                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Effects of Time of Earthing Up on Yield and Yield Parameters of Irish 
Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Zaka District, Zimbabwe 

 Nyasha Sakadzo1, Fortune Tafirenyika1 & Kasirayi Makaza1 

1 Department of Soil and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, 
Zimbabwe 
Correspondence: Nyasha Sakadzo, Department of Soil and Plant Sciences. Faculty of Agricultural and Natural 
Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235 Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Tel: 263-775-985-724. E-mail: 
nsakadzo87@gmail.com          
 
Received: December 7, 2019   Accepted: December 27, 2019   Online Published: January 1, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is a strategic national food security crop in that can be used as a supplement for 
carbohydrates. It is the fastest growing staple food crop and source of income for poor smallholder farmers. There 
is limited documentation on effects of earthing up irish potatoes on yield and yield components in Zimbabwe. A 
field experiment was conducted in Zaka district of Masvingo province in Zimbabwe during the 2018/19 cropping 
season. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of time of earthing up on yield and yield parameters of 
BP1 potato variety. The treatments consisted of four levels of time of earthing up (no earthing up (control), three, 
four and five weeks after plant emergence), replicated three times on a Randomized Complete Block Design 
(RCBD). Results on earthing-up at three weeks recorded significantly (P<0.013) the highest total tuber yield 
(21.97 t ha-1) which is 10% higher compared to no earthing up which recorded 14.43 t ha-1. Moreover, earthing up 
at two weeks had the least number of greening tuber yield (3%), 11% pest damaged tuber yield, 6% unmarketable 
tuber yield and 45% marketable tuber yield. This is in contrast with no earthing up which recorded 91% greening 
tuber yield, 25.3% on pest damaged tubers, 59% on unmarketable tubers and 10% marketable tuber yield. Based 
on the results, first earthing up should be done at three weeks after complete plant emergence at the study area 
under rain fed conditions for the production of potatoes with improved yield and better tuber quality. 
Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), small holder farmers, food security, tuber yield, hilling, time of 
earthing up 
1. Introduction 
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an herbaceous annual plant which belongs to the order Solanales in the 
Solanaceae family of flowering plants grown for its edible tubers. It was first cultivated 6000 years ago by the 
Inca tribe in Peru (Quin, 2011). The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves consisting of 
leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. It produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. The 
potato tubers grow underground and are generally located in the top 25 cm of the soil, (Burke, 2012). The tubers 
can range in color from yellow to red or purple depending on the variety. Potato may also be referred to as, spud, 
Irish potato, white potato or Spanish potato. The plants can reach in excess of 1 m in height (Gusha, 2014).  
Irish potato (Solunum tuberosum L.) Irish potato is the most important horticultural crop in Zimbabwe and third as 
a carbohydrate food source after maize and wheat (Masvodza, 2015, The Herald, 2011, Ackerman, 2013). 
Acknowledging the increased interest in potato production and consumption, the Government of Zimbabwe 
declared Irish potato a national strategic food security crop on 18 May 2012 (The herald, 2012, Svubure et al., 
2015). 
In contemporary Zimbabwe Irish potatoes were well established by the early twentieth century (FAOSTAT, 2012). 
In the year 1911, variety trials were undertaken with recorded yields up to 11.5 tones/ha. The government then 
decided to monitor local potato production as a priority to avoid the introduction of pests that may hinder the 
production of tobacco, one of Zimbabwe's most profitable cash crops (Masvodza, 2015) Therefore, the production 
of Irish potatoes in the country is protected under the Plant Pests and Diseases (Seed Potato Protection) 
Regulations in Statutory Instrument 679 (1982), although farmers themselves bear the responsibility to 
safeguarding their crop from diseases. Additionally, a national breeding program, which subjects imported 
potatoes to heavy quarantine, was instituted in 1956 and has been the only such program that is authorized to do so. 



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Today, potato production and consumption are booming worldwide, with ever greater quantities being processed 
for food and snack industries, while its importance as a subsistence crop continues to expand, (Muhammad et al., 
2013). The average composition of the potato is about 80% water, 2% protein, and 18% starch. As a food, it is one 
of the cheapest and easily available sources of carbohydrates and proteins and contains appreciable amount of 
vitamins B and C as well as some minerals. According to FAO (2008), potato is the world's leading vegetable crop 
and is grown in 79% of the world’s countries. More than a billion people consume it almost daily. Hundreds of 
millions of people in developing countries depend on potatoes for their survival, (Muhammad et al., 2013) 
Several factors have been associated with reduced potato yields, with a lack of knowledge on time of earthing up 
and cultivation methods as well as the rising costs of production as major factors (Masvodza, 2015). According to 
Svubure et al. (2015), a study on yield gap analysis and resource footprints of Irish potato production systems in 
Zimbabwe by the Field Crops Research in 2015 found that most farmers lacked the technical know-how, about 
potato-farming. FAOSTAT (2013) postulated that about 3,500 hectare of the crop is planted annually in Zimbabwe; 
the average yield for potatoes is 20 tones per hectare. Currently there is little documentation on effects of earthing 
up of potatoes. Therefore, the objective of this research project is to assess the influence of time of earthing up on 
yield and yield parameters of Irish potatoes in Zaka district.  
2. Materials and Methods  
2.1 Study site  
The study was carried out in Zaka district in Jerera growth point plot number 353 which is (20o 241 South and 31o 
261 East) at an altitude of 731 meters above sea level (Figure 1 shaded in orange). The site is located 104 
kilometers South East of Masvingo town in Natural Region iv of Zimbabwe. The area is characterized by erratic 
rainfall pattern and the variability of rainfall and shortness of the season. The average annual rainfall ranges from 
450-600mm per year. The area is dominated by sand loamy of granite origin soils with a pH ranging from 5.5- 6.5.                

                                                                                                    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Study site map (shaded in orange) 
  
2.2 Experimental Design  
The experiment was implemented in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as postulated by Tesfaye et al. 
(2013). The experimental design had four treatments replicated three times. The treatments of the experiment are 
shown in table 1 below: 
 
 
 
 



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Table 1. Treatment structure. 

  
                         
Treatment     

T1 T2 T3 T4 
No earthing 
up(control) 

Earthing up a week before 
flowering Earthing up at flowering 

Earthing up a week after 
flowering 

Weeks 3 weeks after plant emergence 
4 weeks after plant 
emergence 

5weeks after plant 
emergence 

 
2.3 Plot Management 
Plot layout  
Three plots (blocks) were designed, each block comprised of 4 rows of 3m in length spaced at 0.9m apart. The 
in-row spacing was 0.3m and 0.9m inter-row. A total of 40 sprouted seed potato tubers of the BP1 variety were 
sown in each block allowing two shoots to grow per planting station. BP1 is a local early maturing variety which 
takes about 14-15 weeks to mature with white skin and flesh. The variety is resistant to late blight and has an 
expected yield of 13.5 to 20tlhaThe four treatments were replicated three times randomly to make a total of 12 
rows in 3 blocks.  
Fertilizer application  
Compound S basal dressing fertiliser (NPK: 7:21:7) was used at planting at a rate of 1300kg/ha. Ammonium 
nitrate (AN) will be used as top dressing at a rate of 150kg/ha. The rate of AN  
Data collection and statistical analysis 
Some Irish potato parameters were recorded which have been documented to influence yield and other yield 
parameters, for example number of greening tubers (NGT), number of pest damaged potatoes (NPDT), number of 
unmarketable tubers (NUMT) and number of marketable tubers (NMT) and plant height. Analysis of variance was 
done using GenStat statistical package 14th edition. Separation of means was done using Fisher’s protected least 
significant difference (LSD) test at 5% significant difference.  
3. Results 
 
Table 2. Effects of time of earthing up on yield and yield parameters of Irish potatoes. 
Treatment Number of 

pest damaged 
tubers 
(NPDT) 

Number of 
marketable 
tubers 
(NMT) 

Number of 
unmarketable 
tubers 
(NUMT) 

Number of 
greening 
tubers 
(NGT) 

Weight of 
fresh tubers 
(Kg) (WFT) 

Yield t/ha 

NEU (Control) 25.33b 32.7a 128.0a 125.00b 3.47 a 14.43 a 
EUBF (3 weeks) 4.67a 151.7d 13.3d 4.00a 5.27 b 21. 97 c 
EAF (4 weeks) 6.00a 93.7c 24.7c 3.67a 4.50 b 18.73 bc 
EUAF (5 weeks) 5.33a 59.0b 49.3b 4.00a 4.40 b 18.33 b 
Grand Mean 10.33 84.2 53.8 34.17 4.41 18.37 
LSD 1.97 14.30 11.64 5.68 0.87 3.6 
P Value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.014 0.013 
CV% 9.8 3.1 4.7 4.2 6.1 6.0 
*Mean values followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level according to 
Fisher’s protected least significant difference test.  
 
Effects of time of earthing up on the yield of Irish potatoes (t/ha) 
Results on table two indicated that there were significant differences (p<0.05) amongst the treatments. Earthing up 
before emergence (EUBF) treatment managed to reach 21.9tons per hectare which was higher than not earthed up 
(NEU) (control) which had 14.4 t/ha (Figure 2). 



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Figure 2. Bar graph showing effects of time of earthing up on the yield of Irish potatoes 

 
Effects of time of earthing up on number of pest damaged tubers (NPDT). 
The results showed that there were significant differences amongst the treatments (P<0.001) on number of pest 
damaged tubers (NPDT). Although the treatment means of EUBF, Earthed at flowering (EAF) and Earthed up after 
flowering (EUAF) showed no statistical difference as shown in table 2 above, the control NEU had 25.3 of its 
tubers damaged by pests while other treatments three weeks, four weeks and five weeks had 4.6, 6.0 and 5.3 tubers 
which were pest damaged. 

 

Figure 3. Bar graph showing effects of time of earthing up on number of pest damaged tubers 
 
Effect of time of earthing up on number of greening tubers (NGT) 
Results indicated that there were highly significant differences (p<0.001) amongst the treatments as shown on 
table 1. The NEU (Control) recorded the highest number of greening tubers (125) which is 91% of the total 



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greening tubers of the treatments against 3% on each of the remaining 3 treatments. 

 

Figure 4. Bar graph showing e effects of time of earthing up on number of greening tubers 
 
Effects of time of earthing up on number of unmarketable tubers (NUMT). 
Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) amongst the treatments as indicated on table 2. The 
NEU (Control) treatment recorded the highest number of unmarketable tubers (128) whilst EUBF scored the least 
(13.3).  
 

 

Figure 5. Bar graph showing effects of time of earthing up on unmarketable tubers 

 



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Effects of time of earthing up on number of marketable tubers (NMT) 
Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) amongst the treatments as exhibited on table 2.  
Earthing up before flowering (EUBF) had the highest number of marketable tubers (152) whilst the control (NEU)  
had the least (33). 
 

 

Figure 6. Bar graph showing effects of time of earthing up on number of marketable tubers 
 
4. Discussion 
Effects of time of earthing up on Irish potato yield (t/ha) 
Earthing up before flowering (EUBF 3 weeks) yielded 21.97t/ha (30%) while no earthing up (NEU control) 
recorded 14.43t/ha (10%). This result is similar with that of  
Gutema (2016) who obtained that ridging at two weeks after emergence during the growing period of the crop 
increased tuber yield by 10-20% compared to the control. In addition, Fanos et al. (2015) are also in agreement 
with this result through their study which they obtained that earthing up at 15 days give a difference of 10.13% on 
total potato tuber yield over the control with no earthing up. This is largely because of the enough time given to the 
potato plant (earthed at 15 days) to transform the photosynthesates to yield (a conducive environment for better 
source to sink relationship in the potato plants). In line with the study (Tafirt et al., 2010) explains the mutual effect 
of earthing up at 15 days as significant because it coincides with the active growth stage of the plant hence 
improved the soil conditions at this stage promotes efficient nutrient absorption resulting in increased plant growth 
and development that ultimately results in yield. According to Don and James (1990) the plant’s severe need of the 
soil moisture and nutrients at this stage (two weeks), earthing up, thus, creates a suitable environment for growth of 
rhizomes and promote more tuber initiation. 
Effects of time of earthing up on number of pest damaged tubers 
The results showed that the difference amongst the treatments with respect to number of pest damaged tubers 
(NPDT) was highly significant. No earthing up (NEU) recorded 61% of the total pest damaged tubers among the 
treatments while other treatments ranged from 11% to 15%. According to Svubureet al. (2015), potato tubers 
covered with soil less than 5cm will be exposed and prone to pest attack. However, Singh and Joshi (2016) 
specified that the Irish potato plant has the ability to produce its own protective chemicals which can make it lethal 
to insects, animals and fungi which attack it.  
 



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Effects of time of earthing up on the number greening tubers 
There was a highly significant difference on the number of greening tubers amongst the treatments. A total of 91% 
of greening potatoes were recorded on (NEU) while 6% was recorded under earthing up before flowering (EUBF/3 
weeks) treatment. The results concurs with the findings of Muhammad et al. (2013) who reported that ridging 
significantly reduced tuber greening, green tubers were found on plants where there was no hilling and was 
significantly more than any of the hilled treatments. When potato tubers are exposed to light, amyloplasts are 
converted to chloroplasts in tuber peripheral cell layers, which cause the accumulation of the green photosynthetic 
pigment (Fanos et al., 2015). Tuber greening can be impacted by genetic, cultural, physiological and 
environmental factors but planting depth and tuber physiological age, matters most (Singh & Joshi, 2016). Tuber 
greening was reduced as seed pieces were planted deeper. Multiple studies indicate that green or sunburned tuber 
yield can be significantly reduced by increasing planting depth or through timely earthing up (Fanos et al., 2015). 
Therefore deducing from the above discussion timing of earthing up has a direct bearing to the number of greening 
tubers. Delayed or no earthing up exposes the tubers to light and hence greening of tubers increases this is in 
agreement with the results of the investigation which shows that 125 potato tubers were recorded from the control 
where there was no earthing up, the tubers were exposed to light and some ended up sprouting right in the field.  
Effects of time of earthing up on number of unmarketable tubers.  
Results of this experiment revealed that the delaying and no earthing-up resulted in higher percentage of 
unmarketable tubers. In this experiment unmarketable tuber yield was assessed by identifying under sized, 
damaged, diseased, deformed and green potato tubers (Tesfaye et al., 2012). A higher number (128) of affected 
tubers by disease, pests, size, malformed, greening tubers and pre harvest sprouting on tubers was observed in no 
earthing-up trials while 13 were recorded on EUBF ( 3 weeks) These results are in agreement with those produced 
by Fanos et al. (2015) who found out that unmarketable tuber yield from plots where earthing-up was done at 15 
days was 16.55% lower than unmarketable tuber yield from no earthing up plots. From the investigation, earthing- 
up at three weeks, four weeks five weeks and no earthing up showed reduced unmarketable tuber yield with early 
earthing up by 6%, 12%, 23% and 59 %, respectively. This is probably because of that which was explained by 
Svubure et al. (2015), denoting that exposing tubers outside of hill or tubers be shallow, less than 5 cm covered by 
soil make tubers prone to pest attack and greening which compromises tuber quality.  
Effects of time of earthing up on number of marketable tubers  
The highest number marketable tubers (152) was obtained at earthing up at EUBF (3 weeks) whereas 94, 59 and 33 
were recorded from earthing up at EAF(4 weeks), EUAF (5 weeks) and NEU (no earthing up) respectively. Results 
are in line to those found by Don and James (1990) who postulated that plants at EUBF (3 weeks) will quickly be 
covered and start tuber initiation on time, this leads to large sized tubers which are of good quality. The 
investigation showed that plant tubers from this stage of earthing up were always covered from the period of tuber 
initiation and thereafter which reduces their exposure to light, pest and diseases attack which greatly compromise 
tuber quality for marketability. The result of the current investigation are in line with the findings of Tesfaye et al. 
(2012) who rephrase earthing up as early as two weeks produces better yield of marketable tubers than that at 
4weeks and no earthing up.  
5. Conclusion  
The current investigation showed that time of earthing up significantly affected both yield and all the four yield 
parameters (number of pest damaged tubers, number of greening potatoes, number of unmarketable tubers and 
number of marketable tubers). It can be concluded from this study that earthing up of potatoes before flowering (3 
weeks) after full plant emergence is best preferable for attaining a higher yield and yield parameters. This study 
verified that yield and yield parameters of potato are influenced by time earthing up.  
Recommendations  
The researcher recommends that farmers should first earth up Irish potatoes before flowering in order to attain high 
yield and marketable yield. 
Acknowledgements 
The authors greatly acknowledge the assistance from Great Zimbabwe University lecturers and the farmer that 
provided the plot to carry out the experiment. 
Conflict of interest 
Authors do not declare any conflict of interest. 
 



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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

