




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p243 

243                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Optimisation of Off-Soil Tomato Fertilization and Substrate Recipes 
Edouard Tabet1,2, Paul Sleiman2, Chadi Hosri2, Souzi Rouphael2 & Lina Farah1 

1 CRFA: Centre de Recherche et Formation Agricole, Lebanese University, Ghazir, Lebanon 
2 Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 
Correspondence: Lina Farah, CRFA: Centre de Recherche et Formation Agricole, Lebanese University, Ghazir, 
Lebanon. Tel: 9613-761-116. E-mail: lina.f.azar@gmail.com 
 
Received: March 9, 2020   Accepted: March 27, 2020   Online Published: May 25, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Substrate and fertilizers recipes and their balances are two factors affecting the growth of hydroponic crops. 
However, the responses of crop cultivars to different substrate and fertilizer are less clear. This study was aimed 
at assessing the different responses of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cultivars to the different substrate and 
fertilizer supply. The study was carried out at the Centre de Recherche et de Formation Agricole (CRFA) of the 
Lebanese University to test three types of substrates; S1 (100% coconut fiber), S2 (50% coconut fiber and 50% 
grape marc) and S3 (25% coconut fiber and 75% grape marc). As well as three fertilization recipes; F1 (ARTC), 
F2 (University of Arizona) and F3 (Farmer) were applied in order to be able to recommend the best substrates and 
fertilizers adapted to the conditions of cultivation off-soil. The production cycle was divided into three phases; 
phase1 (0-6 weeks), phase2 (6-12 weeks) and phase3 (> 12 weeks). Various parameters were measured throughout 
the cycle; stem length, number and distance between nodes, number and distance between flower buds, and fruit 
yield. Results for stem length and number of nodes showed good interaction in favor of F2-S1 throughout the cycle. 
As far as the distance between nodes is concerned, F1 is the best despite the fact that F2 is more economical and 
S1 showed a superiority. The number of flower buds is positively affected by F1 and F2 and S1 and S3. As far as 
the distance between floral buds is concerned, F1 and F2 are the best, F2 is the most profitable and S2 played a 
favorable role in the distance between floral buds. The number of fruits is in favor of F1 and F2, S1 is the best. In 
terms of plant yield, F2 is the most favorable and S2 is the best. After that, F2 is the best recipe and F1 is the most 
economical. S1 and S2 did well in the development of the tomato plant by their proper physico-chemical properties. 
S1 is slightly better. 
Keywords: soil-less culture, fertilizer, tomato, coconut fiber, grape marc, grow bag technique, stem length, 
number of nodes, distance between nodes, number of flower buds, distance between flower buds, number of fruits, 
yield 
1. Introduction 
Currently hydroponic cultivation is gaining popularity all over the world because of efficient resources 
management and quality food production. Soil based agriculture is now facing various challenges such as 
urbanization, natural disaster, climate change, indiscriminate use of chemicals and pesticides which is depleting 
the land fertility. Furthermore, the elevated labor cost of and land availability are leading to encourage hydroponic 
cultivation.  Tomato cultivar is considered the second most important vegetable worldwide due to the high market 
demand, moreover, this crop is the most important greenhouse crop grown in aboveground systems (FAO, 2013). 
Furthermore, tomato yields are twice as high in aboveground cultivation as in the field (Urban and Urban, 2010). 
In the developing and third world countries like Lebanon, small-scale hydroponic crop growers have questions 
about which is the best cheapest substrate and fertilizer to use. To date, there is limited information concerning the 
physiological and yield responses of tomato plants and the reciprocal influence of substrate and different fertilizer 
recipes. As a substrate, the most commonly used granular materials in Mediterranean countries for bag culture are 
perlite, peat, coconut fiber, or a mixture. However, grape marc has not only special properties in ensuring rapid 
development of nursery plants (Ametqal, 1988) but has an economic advantage by replacing imported peat as a 
horticultural substrate. In this study, the responses of tomato crop exposed to different substrate and fertilizer has 
been investigated using morphological approaches. The objective of this work is to find a prototype for the 
hydroponic tomato crop with fertilizer modeling and substrate alternative, like grape marc, aiming to reduce the 
cost of production to the maximum and subsequently improve the farmer’s income.  
 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 244       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

2. Method 
The experiment took place in 2017 at the “Centre de Recherche et de Formation Agricole” (CRFA) of the Faculty 
of Agriculture at the Lebanese University located in Ghazir in Keserwan Caza (Mount Lebanon), at an altitude of 
550 m.  
2.1 Experimental Design 
The experimental cultivars were planted in a 224 m2 (16 m×14 m) Chapel greenhouse containing bags of tomato 
culture substrate, each containing 4 plants. The edge effect was eliminated. All work on culture was similar for all 
treatments. The tomato variety used in our experiment is the Yelliz variety. The 54 bags used in the experiment 
were divided into groups of 3 for each F1 fertilizer recipe, F2 and F3 and for each substrate S1, S2 and S3. The 
experimental setup used in our experiment was split plot design with three repetitions: block 1, block 2 and block 
3. Each block contains the three fertilization recipes F1, F2 and F3 as major factors and the three substrates used 
S1, S2 and S3 as sub factors (Figure 1). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Experimental Design 
 
2.2 Substrate and Fertilization Recipe 
Three different substrate bags (23 liters each) were used; S1 (100% coconut fiber), S2 (50% coconut Fiber and 
50 % grape marc) and S3 (25%coconut Fiber and 75% grape marc). All substrates were analyzed at the IRAL 
Laboratories in Fanar (Table 1).  
 
Table 1. Physico-chemical analysis of the substrates according to the IRAL. 

Physicochemical parameters Unit Grape marc Coconut fiber 
Moisture content % 32.17 11.32 
Dry matter -DM-  % 67.83 88.68 
Ash % 16.69 5.55 
pH water (1 :10) 1 :10 7.45 5.19 
Electrical Conductivity (EC) 1 :10  mS.cm-1 5.15 0.61 
 Organic material (combustion) (%DM) %DM 83.31 94.45 
Carbon (combustion) (%DM) %DM 46.28 52.47 
Nitrogen Kjeldahl (%DM) %DM 0.46 1 
C/N - 100.61 53 
P2O5 total (digestion) (%DM) %DM 0.39 0.29 
Total K2O (digestion) (%DM) %DM 3.07 4.82 

 
 

54 Bags

Block 1

6 Bags F1

2 Bags S3

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S1

6 Bags F2

2 Bags S1

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S3

6 Bags F3

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S3

2 Bags S1

Block 2

6 Bags F2

2 Bags S3

2 Bags S1

2 Bags F2

6 Bags F3

2 Bags S3

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S1

6 Bags F1

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S1

2 Bags S3

Block 3

6 BagsF3

2 Bags S3

2 Bags S1

2 Bags S2

6 Bags F1

2 Bags S1

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S3

6 Bags F2

2 Bags S3

2 Bags S2

2 Bags S1



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 245       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Table 2. Components of the F1, F2 and F3 fertilization recipes during the three phases of the production cycle in 
ppm 

Components of the 
various fertilization 
recipes 

Phase I 
0 – 6 weeks 
 

Phase II 
6-12 weeks 
 

Phase III 
12 weeks and more 
 

F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 

Nitrogen (N) 237.50 224.00 200.00 376.18 189.00 198.00 376.18 189.00 281.00
Phosphorus (P) 140.70 47.00 87.30 125.00 47.00 78.75 125.00 39.00 89.60 
Potassium (K) 216.60 281.00 165.30 434.00 351.00 327.30 434.00 341.00 340.50
Calcium (Ca) 57.00 212.00 0.00 171.00 190.00 190.00 171.00 170.00 171.00
Magnesium (Mg) 39.72 65.00 0.84 75.85 60.00 1.40 75.85 48.00 1.68 
Iron(Fe) 12.53 2.00 3.40 13.95 2.00 4.60 13.95 2.00 5.40 
Manganese (Mn) 4.97 0.55 2.30 4.46 0.55 3.30 4.46 0.55 3.90 
Zinc (Zn) 1.02 0.33 2.90 5.84 0.33 4.30 5.84 0.33 5.10 
Boron (B) 2.44 0.28 1.10 2.20 0.28 1.62 2.20 0.28 1.92 
Copper (Cu) 0.13 0.05 0.40 0.85 0.05 0.62 0.85 0.05 0.75 
Molybdenum (Mo) 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.08 

 
Three fertilization recipes were administered (Table 2); F1 (fertilizer recipe adopted by CRFA), F2 (fertilizer recipe 
adopted by Arizona University), F3 (traditional fertilizer used by the majority of Lebanese farmers-direct 
communication). 
The grape marc was pre-sterilized using solarization. The fertilization of the tomatoes was applied via an irrigation 
venturi system with a dosatron. The flow of the drippers is 4 l/H. 
2.3 Cost of Fertilization 
The cost of fertilization recipes used during the 3 production phases was calculated, and is presented in Table 3. 
 
Table 3. Cost of Fertilizer Recipes used during the production phases ($). 

Cost in $ Phase I 
(0-6 weeks) 

Phase II 
(6-12 weeks) 

Phase III 
(12 weeks and more) 

F1 48.2 50.3 50.3 

F2 19.7 21.1 20.1 

F3 16.2 24.4 31.5 
 
2.4 Studied Parameters  
Data were collected regularly throughout crop growth, and yield data were collected at harvest. The length of the 
stem, number and distance between the nodes and number and distance between flower buds were measured using 
a measuring tape manually for each plant. During harvesting, the fruits of each flower bud were weighed using a 
precision scale for each plant and each treatment. 
2.4.1 Ec and pH Measurements 
During the entire experimental study, a daily measurement of the EC (entrance and exit) and pH (entrance and exit) 
were executed. Electrical conductivity (EC) was maintained between 1.83 and 2.77 ms/cm, and a target pH was 
maintained between 6.15 and 7.25. The optimal pH of most hydroponic cultures is between 5.8 and 6.3, whereas 
values between 5.0-5.5 and 6.5 - 7 do not cause problems for the majority of cultures (Adams, 2002). 
 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 246       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

2.5 Statistical Analysis  
The tables and figures were made on the EXCEL 2010 program while the statistical analyzes were processed with 
GLM (General Linear Model) using the Sigmastat program. The significant differences between the three types of 
fertilizer, the three different substrates and their interactions were analyzed with ANOVA two ways Repeated 
measures. Duncan test was used to indicate significantly different treatments. 
3. Results 
3.1 Effects of Fertilization and Substrate on Different Parameters  
3.1.1 Stem Length 
Concerning fertilization, the length of the stem with F2 treatment showed a slight non-significant superiority 
(P>0.05), during the 1st and 3rd phases. This can be explained according to Hopkins (2003) by the amount of 
phosphorus raised in the F1 and F3 solutions which has the opposite effect as the nitrogen and therefore encourages 
a development of the root system. However during the 2nd phase, the length of the stem with F1 was slightly 
greater than the other two recipes. This can be explained by the increase in the amount of nitrogen in the fertilizer 
solution, in agreement with Hopkins (2003) who has proved that an excess of nitrogen stimulates exuberant growth 
of the aerial part, thus favoring an increase in the shoot/leaf ratio. This findings are similar to Saimbhi and Satpal 
(2003); Nawaz et al., 2012; Hozhbryan (2013). Concerning the substrate, the stem length during the production 
cycle are in favor of S1. This is due to the problems of water retention by the substrate that contains the grape 
marc. According to the analyzes conducted at IRAL (2017), grape marc shows a high water content compared to 
the coconut substrate and therefore its water retention is minimal (Birle et al., 2008). Those results agree with 
Sibomana et al. (2013) who confirmed that water deficit leads to a reduction in the length of the stem. 
3.1.2 Number of Nodes 
During the 1st phase, the number of nodes showed a slight non-significant superiority (P> 0.05) for the F2 
treatment. During the 2nd and 3rd phase, the number of nodes reported a significant difference (P<0.05) with a 
superiority for F1 and F2 treatments. This can be explained by the fact that excess nitrogen increases the length of 
the stem, between nodes and decreases the number of nodes (Han, 2014). Dhiman and Raturi (2018) similarly 
reported that the number of nodes increases with a high rate of nitrogen and phosphate. The results of the number 
of nodes are in favor of F2, half the cost of fertilizer is sufficient for a good development of the tomato plant. 
Substrates S1 and S3 exhibited a high number of nodes relative to substrate S2 with a priority for S1. This is due 
to the problems of water retention by the substrate that contains grape marc. According to IRAL (2017), water 
affects the growth of plants by acting on their physiological processes and their states.  
3.1.3 Node Distance 
During the different production phases, the distance between the nodes showed a slight non-significant superiority 
(P> 0.05) for the F1 treatment. This can be explained by the amount of nitrogen and potass in the F1 recipe that 
causes an increase in the stem of the plant. Similarly, a high amount of potass causes a high distance between 
nodes, this is in agreement with Upendra et al., (2003) who showed that a decrease in potassium will lead to a 
small distance between nodes. However the use of F2 is more economical. Moreover the distance between nodes 
showed a roughly similar non-significant value (P>0.05) for the three substrate with a priority for the treatment 
S1. This can be explained by the high water requirement of the tomato plant. Water stress has an effect on plant 
growth (Lemay, 2006). 
3.1.4 Number of Flower Buds 
During the experiment, the number of flower buds showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in favor of treatments 
F1 and F2 which present maximum values with a superiority for F1. According to Kumar et al. (2013) and Balemi 
(2008), phosphorus helps flower initiation and formation. The F1 treatment was the best given its high NPK content, 
as proved by Shukla et al. (2009) and Haque et al.(2011), which reported that a high amount of fertilizer resulted 
in a superior number of flower buds. From the economic point of view, the results obtained deduce that the use of 
half the fertilization cost in F2 compared to F1 gave acceptable values. During the first two phases, the number of 
flower buds of the three substrates did not show a significant difference and subsequently they have no effect. 
However, the S1 substrate is slightly higher, this can be explained by its availability in water during production 
(IRAL, 2017). During the 3rd phase, the number of flower buds showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in favor 
of S1 and S3. According to Roumani et al. (2012), the amount of water affects early flowering. On the other hand, 
the S3 substrate which contains a high percentage of grape marc has a higher total amount of P2O5 than the coconut 
substrate (IRAL, 2017). 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 247       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

3.1.5 Distance Between Flower Buds 
During the different phases of production, the distance between the flower buds showed a slight non-significant 
inferiority (P>0.05) for the F3 treatment. This can be explained by the amount of high fertilizer that affects the 
distance between the flower buds. According to Chandra et al. (2003) excess fertilizer increases the vegetative 
development of the plant. The results of the fertilizer effect on the distance between flower buds are in favor of F1 
and F2. Economically F2 is the most profitable. During the different phases of production, the distance between 
the flower buds showed a significant difference (P<0.05) of the different treatments with a priority for S1. This 
can be explained by the high and continuous irrigation frequency that has been applied to minimize the effect of 
the water retention problem. Moreover, it has affected the aeration of root development in S1 which has a high 
water retention. According to Roumani et al. (2012) the amount of average water plays a positive role on the early 
flowering time and the flower bud. However the high amount of water can lead to a disorder of the root system. 
3.1.6 Yield of The Plant 
The F1 and F2 treatments showed similarity. This can be explained by the amount of fertilizer in the F1 and F2 
recipes. According to Bhattarai et al. (2015) and Aminifard et al. (2010), maximum plant yield is found in the 
fertilizer recipe that has a high NPK level. At the end of the production cycle, no significant difference has been 
reported in the yield of the plant. The results of the effects of the variation in different fertilization recipes on the 
yield of the plant are economically in favor of F2. During the different phases of production, the yield of the plant 
showed a significant difference (P<0.05) with a maximum value for treatments S1 and S2. While it reported a 
significant inferiority for the S3 treatment. In conclusion, a high temperature during the summer and a good water 
retention by the substrate play a favorable role in the yield of the plant. Furthermore, high temperature causes a 
significant reduction in tomato production (Cornillon, 1987). According to Larbi (2006), the quality and the doses 
of applied composts directly affect yields. Decreases in yield can be observed with immature and high C/N 
composts or with too high application rates. A C/N>20 ratio favors flowering however, a ration lower than 20, 
inhibit flowering. There is a competition between vegetative growth and the development of reproductive organs. 
This is consistent with our analysis at IRAL (Table 4) which confirms that the C/N ratio of grape marc is twice 
that of cocopeat. In addition, Badiane et al. (2012) showed that a water deficit leads to a decrease in yield. 
According to IRAL (2017), grape marc EC is high, and according to Xu et al. (1995) fruit production is also 
affected by substrate EC. The results of the yield of the plant are in favor of S2. 
 
Table 4. Effects of fertilization and substrate on different parameters 

Treatment F1 F2 F3 S1 S2 S3 
Length of the stem (cm)   

1rst phase 132.5±3.8a 134.3±7.0a 132.4±3.6a 134.2±6.1a 132.8±4.7a 132.1±4.1a 
2nd phase 265.9±5.7a 263.1±16.3a 262.7±7.9a 268.9±9.4a 262.9±11.4a 260.0±10.2a 
3rd phase 532.5±29.8a 533.9±19.3a 517.4±25.9a 539.5+26.8a 509.0+22.2b 535.4+17.2ab

Number of nodes   

1rst phase 18.6±0.9a 19.0±1.1a 18.8±0.8a 18.7±1.3a 18.9±0.9a 18.8±0.7a 
2nd phase 39.2±0.9a 38.3±1.5ab 37.4±0.9b 38.8±1.4a 37.8±1.4a 38.2±1.2a 
3rd phase 83.0±5.4a 82.1±3.1a `80.1±3.2a 82.9±4.4a 78.4±2.7b 83.9±2.8a 
Nodes distance  (cm)             
Production cycle 7.4±0.3a 7.1±0.4a 7.2±0.4a 7.2±0.4a 7.2±0.3a 7.1±0.3a 
Number of floral buds             
1rst phase 5.1±0.2a 5.0±0.3ab 4.9±0.1b 5.1±0.3a 4.9±0.2a 4.9±0.2a 
2nd phase 11.9±0.4a 11.6±0.5ab 11.3±0.4b 11.8±0.5a 11.4±0.5a 11.6±0.4a 
3rd phase 26.0±1.8a 25.7±1.0a 25.0±1.0a 26.0±1.5a 24.5±0.9b 26.3±0.9a 
Distance floral buds(cm)             
Production cycle 17.7±1.0a 17.7±0.7a 17.2±0.8a 17.9±0.9a 16.9±0.7b 17.7±0.6ab 
Number of fruits             
1rst phase 20.7±1.6a 20.7±1.2a 20.5±1.4a 20.2±1.3a 21.1±1.9a 20.6±0.9a 
2nd phase 71.8±3.1a 70.2±6.5a 68.8±3.3a 72.5±5.0a 70.1±5.0a 68.1±3.0a 
3rd phase 166.0±10.6a 168.7±14.4a 163.8±10.0a 171.6±13.7a 159.4±8.8a 167.5±9.1a 
Yield(kg/plt)             
Production cycle 5.13±0.65a 5.18±0.53a 4.9±0.66a 5.0±0.64ab 5.4±0.45a 4.76±0.55b 

a, b, within the same row, indicate significant differences at P> 0.05. 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 248       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Table 5. Interaction between different fertilization recipes and substrates on all parameters 
Treatment F1S1 F1S2 F1S3 F2S1 F2S2 F2S3 F3S1 F3S2 F3S3 

Length of the stem (cm)          

1rst phase 133.2±1.9a 131.8±2.2a 132.7±1.9a 139.3±2.0a 135.1±2.0a 132.1±2.0a 130.5±2.0a 134.6±1.9a 131.8±1.9a 

2nd phase 266.9±3.4a 266.8±3.8a 264.8±3.4a 272.8±3.6a 266.6±3.6a 257.0±3.6a 267.9±3.6a 262.4±3.4a 257.4±3.4a 

3rd phase 550.4±14.1a 499.5±15.6a 548.2±14.1a 539.7±14.9a 543.7±14.7a 538.8±14.7a 529.1±15.1a 504.9±14.0a 519.6±14.0a

Number of nodes          

1rst phase 18.4±1.3a 18.1±0.5a 19.1±0.7a 19.2±1.6a 19.2±1.0a 18.6±0.6a 18.3±1.1a 19.2±0.5a 18.7±0.7a 

2nd phase 39.3±1.6a 39.1±0.8a 39.1±0.7a 39.1±1.9a 37.7±1.4a 38.1±1.5a 38.2±0.8a 36.6±0.4a 37.4±0.7a 

3rd phase 85.4±5.3a 77.7±4.1a 85.8±2.9a 81.8±3.7a 80.1±1.4a 84.4±3.0a 81.4±4.6a 77.4±1.8a 81.5±0.4a 

Nodes distance  (cm)          

Production cycle 7.4±0.2a 7.4±0.4a 7.3±0.4a 7.0±0.4a 7.2±0.4a 7.1±0.3a 7.0±0.5a 7.3±0.4a 7.3±0.5a 

Number of floral buds          

1rst phase 5.2±0.2a 5.1±0.1a 5.0±0.2a 5.0±0.3a 4.9±0.3a 4.9±0.2a 4.9±0.2a 4.8±0.1a 4.9±0.1a 

2nd phase 11.9±0.6a 11.8±0.5a 11.9±0.3a 11.9±0.6a 11.5±0.5a 11.5±0.3a 11.5±0.4a 11.1±0.3a 11.3±0.4a 

3rd phase 26.8±1.7a 24.2±1.4a 26.8±0.9a 25.6±1.2a 25.1±0.4a 26.5±1.0a 25.5±1.5a 24.2±0.6a 25.4±0.1a 

Distance floral buds(cm)          

Production cycle 18.3±0.7a 16.6±0.8a 18.2±0.4a 17.9±1.0a 17.4± 0.8a 17.8± 0.4a 17.5± 1.2a 16.8± 0.6a 17.2± 0.7a 

Number of fruits          

1rst phase 20.2±1.3a 21.8±2.3a 20.2±0.8a 19.9±2.0a 21.0±0.7a 21.1±0.8a 20.4±0.7a 20.4±2.6a 20.6±1.0a 

2nd phase 72.2±5.2a 73.3±0.8a 70.0±0.8a 72.9±8.1a 69.0±8.4a 68.7±4.4a 72.5±2.2a 68.0±2.1a 69.0±4.1a 

3rd phase 174.1±9.6a 156.3±6.3a 167.4±8.7a 172.3±23.4a 162.9±13.7a 171.0±4.3a 168.3±9.3a 159.0±6.8a 164.2±14.3a

Yield(kg/plt)          

Production cycle 5.5±0.48a 5.2±0.58a 4.6±0.69a 4.6±0.22a 5.6±0.48a 5.2±0.31a 4.8±0.85a 5.4±0.36a 4.4±0.31a 
a, b, within the same row, indicate significant differences at P> 0.05. 
 
3.2 Interaction between Different Fertilization Recipes and Substrates on All Parameters 
3.2.1 The Stem Length 
During the 1st phase, the length of the stem in the F2S1 treatment presented the maximum value of the length with 
a value of 139.3 ± 2.0. While it showed a slight non-significant inferiority (P> 0.05) for the other treatments. 
During the 2nd phase, the maximum stem length is presented in the F2S1 treatment with a value of 272.8 ± 3.6. 
While it showed a slight non-significant superiority (P>0.05) for the other treatments. During the 3rd phase, the 
length of the stem in the F1S1 treatment was superior to other treatments which showed a slight insignificant 
inferiority (P> 0.05). This can be explained by the amount of fertilizer and the importance of water retention for 
the development of the plant. The results of stem length during the three phases of production are in favor of F2S1. 
3.2.2 The Number of Nodes 
During the 1st phase, the number of nodes in the F2S1 processing presented the maximum value of the number of 
nodes with a value of 19.2 ± 1.6. While it showed a slight non-significant inferiority (P> 0.05) for the other 
treatments. During the 2nd phase, the maximum number of nodes is presented in the F1S1 processing with a value 
of 39.3 ± 1.6. While it showed a slight non-significant superiority (P> 0.05) for the other treatments. During the 
3rd phase, the number of nodes in the F1S1 treatment showed a superiority compared to the other treatments which 
presented a slight insignificant inferiority (P> 0.05). Ewulo et al. 2015 proved our results and showed that a high 
nitrogen content stimulates exuberant growth of the vegetative part. According to Kramer (1983) water affects the 
growth of plants by acting on the physiological process and the state of the plants. Similarly, Lemay (2006) stated 
that plant growth is affected by its water status. The results of the number of nodes during the three phases of 
production are in favor of F2S1. 
3.2.3 The Distance Between Nodes 
During the different production phases, the distance between nodes did not show a significant difference between 
the different treatments. There is no interaction between fertilizers and substrates on the distance between nodes. 
3.2.4 The Number of Floral Buds 
Throughout the entire production cycle, the number of floral buds was not affected by all the interactions between 
the different fertilization treatments and the different substrates used. During the first phase, the two interactions 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 249       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

F1S1 and F2S1 presented maximum values with a value of 5.2±0.2 and 5.0±0.3 respectively. During the 2nd phase, 
the maximum number of buds is presented in both F1S1 and F2S1 interactions with values of 11.9 ± 0.6. During 
the 3rd phase, the number of flower buds in the F1S1 interaction showed a superiority with 26.8 ± 1.7 compared 
with other interactions that showed a slight inferiority that was not significant (P>0.05).It can be concluded that 
fertilizers F1 and F2 play a major role in the number of floral buds and substrates S1 and S3 have a positive effect 
by their physicochemical properties, the 1st by its high water retention and the 2nd by its high percentage in P2O5. 
3.2.5 The Distance Between Flower Buds 
During the different phases of production, the interaction between the different fertilization recipes and the 
different substrates did not show a significant difference in the distance between the floral buds. 
3.2.6 The Number of Fruits 
During the different phases of production, the interaction between the different fertilization recipes and the 
different substrates did not show a significant difference in the number of fruits. A non-significant trend for F1S1 
and F2S1 treatments can be explained by a high NPK level and a high water retention capacity that plays a major 
role in fruit formation (Chandra et al., 2003). 
3.2.7 The Yield of the Plant 
During the different phases of production, the interaction between the different fertilization recipes and the 
different substrates did not show a significant difference in the yield of the plant. But there is a trend for F2S2 
treatment that shows the maximum value. This can be explained from previous analyzes by the high amount of 
fertilizer in F2 and a low C/N ratio with high water retention capacity (Larbi, 2006). 
4. Conclusion 
According to our study, the different fertilization recipes and the different substrates used play a major role in the 
development of the tomato plant. The results of stem length and number of nodes during the three phases of 
production are in favor of F2 and S1 and good interaction is reported at F2S1. However, concerning the distance 
between nodes, the fertilization recipe F1 is the best, whereas the use of F2 is more economical. Substrate S1 
showed superiority over F2. The different substrates and their interaction with the fertilization recipes did not show 
an effect on the distance between nodes. Moreover, the number of flower buds is positively affected by F1 and F2 
fertilization recipes and S1 and S3 substrates. On the other hand, no interaction between the different fertilization 
recipes and the different substrates has been reported. Regarding the distance between flower buds, fertilization 
recipes F1 and F2 are the best. Economically F2 is the most profitable. The substrate S2 played a favorable role 
and the interaction between the different fertilization recipes and the different substrates is negligible. Furthermore, 
the number of fruits during the three phases of production is in favor of F1 and F2, the substrate S1 is the best. The 
interaction between the different fertilization recipes and the different substrates has no effect on the number of 
fruits. Finally, the fertilization recipe F2 is the most favorable and the substrate S2 is the best for the yield results. 
On the other hand, the interaction between the various fertilization recipes and the different substrates has no effect 
on the yield of the plant. In sum, it can be concluded that the fertilization recipe F2 is the best while F1 is the most 
economical. The F2 fertilization recipe represents half the cost of the F1 fertilization recipe and allows a good 
development of the tomato plant. Substrates S1 and S2 have succeeded in developing the tomato plant by their 
suitable physicochemical properties. The substrate S1 is slightly better. The interaction between the different 
fertilization recipes and the different substrates is almost negligible, a trend is in favor of F2S1. Thus, one can 
recommend to Lebanese farmers an F2 fertilization recipe suitable for growing above-ground tomato and an 
alternative of S2 substrate (50% coconut fiber and 50% grape marc) less expensive. In perspective, we recommend 
and plan to continue further work on the effect of grape marc after composting and study the variation of 
fertilization and irrigation rates during the production cycle. 
References 
Adams, P. (2002). Nutritional Control in Hydroponics. In Hydroponic Production of Vegetables and Ornamentals. 

Embryo Publications, Athens Greece, 211-261. 
Ametqal, H. (1988). Use of grapes skins as a horticultural growing media, FAO. 
Aminifard, M. H., Aroiee, H., Fatemi, H., Ameri, A., & Karimpour, S. (2010). Responses of eggplant (Solanum 

melongena L.) to different rates of nitrogen under field conditions. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 
11(4), 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n1p21-26  

Badiane, A., Ndeye, Y., Fatou, G., Saliou, F., Ibrahima, N., & Dominique, M. (2012). Effects of different inputs of 
organic matter on the response of plant production to a soil water stress in Sahelian region. Disponible sur 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 250       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.41212, 2012 
Balemi, T. (2008). Response of tomato cultivars differing in growth habit to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers 

and spacing on vertisol in Ethiopia. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 91(1), 103-119. Journal of Agriculture 
Science, 24(1) 55-59.  

Bhattarai, P., Kaushik, R. A., Ameta, K. D., Jain, H. K., Kaushik, M. K., & Sharma, F. L. (2015). Effect of plant 
geometry and fertigation on growth and yield of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicon var. cerasiforme) under 
zero energy polyhouse conditions. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 72, 297-301. 
 https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2015.00057.2 

Birle, E., Heyer, D., & Vogt, N. (2008). Influence of the initial water content and dry density on the soil-water 
retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted clay. Acta Geotechnica, 3, 191-200. 

Chandra, P., Singh, A. K., Behera, T. K., & Srivastava, R. (2003). Influence of graded levels of nitrogen, 
phosphorus and potassium on the yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) hybrids grown in a 
polyhosue. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 73(9), 497-499. 

Cornillon, P. (1987). Les exigences des espèces, In Culture hors-sol, INRA, Paris. P 22.  
Dhiman, S., & Raturi, H. (2018). Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on tomato (solanum lycopersicum L.) grown 

under polyhouse condition: 25-28. 
Ewulo, B. S., Sanni, K. O., & Adesina, J. M. (2015). Response of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) to 

different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in South Western Nigeria. International Journal of 
Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture, 1(10), 13-20.  

FAO. (2013). Résultats de la production de tomate mondiales, FAO stat. 
Han, P., Violette, A., & Desneux, N. (2014). Nitrogen and water availability to tomato plants triggers bottom-up 

effects on the leafminer Tuta absoluta. Nature Research. 
Haque, M. E., Paul, A. K., & Sarker, J. R. (2011). Effect of nitrogen and boron on the growth and yield of tomato 

(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2(3), 277-
282.  

Hopkins, G. (2003). Physiologie Vegetale. De Boeck University. P:67-70. 
Hozhbryan, M. (2013). Effect of different levels of urea on the growth and yield of tomato. Journal of Novel 

Applied Sciences 2(S3): 1031-1035. ©2013 JNAS Journal-2013-2-S3/1031-1035 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2013 
JNAS Internet 6: Sunco, Ltd., and University of Arizona, Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, 
consultée le 10 mai 2017. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/ljlj785/ 

IRAL. (2017). Analyse physico-chimique des substrats. 
Kramer, P. J. (1983). Water Relations of Plants. Science direct: 235-261 
Kumar, M., Meena, M. L., Kumar, S., Maji, S., & Kumar, D. (2013). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium 

fertilizers on the growth, yield and quality of tomato var. Azad T-6. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 8(2), 
616- 619.  

Larbi, M. (2006). Influence de la qualité des composts et de leurs extraits sur la protection des plantes contre les 
maladies fongiques. Thèse de doctorant. Université de Neuchâtel, Faculté des Sciences, p.161  

Lemay, I. (2006). Régies d’irrigation et rendement de la tomate de serre en mélange sciure-tourbe. P.6. 
Nawaz, H., Zubair, M., & Derawadan, H. (2012). Interactive effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc on growth 

and yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(26), 3792-3769. 
  https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1027 

Roumani, M., Kechebar, M. S. A., Tabet, S., Djoudi, A. M., Barbari, F., Salem, A., & Ziad, M. S. (2012). Influence 
du type d’irrigation sur les paramètres de production de la culture de la tomate bio sous abri dans la plain d’el 
outaya. Journal algériens des régions arides No.9/10/11:66-70. 

Saimbhi, M. S., & Satpal, S. (2003). Effect of varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on earliness and yield of 
brinjal hybrids. Journal of Research of Crops, 4, 217–222.  

Shukla, Y. R., Thakur, A. K., & Joshi, A. (2009). Effect of inorganic and bio-fertilizer on yield and horticultural 
traits in tomato. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 66(2), 285-287.  

Sibomana, I. C., Aguyoh, J. N., & Opiyo, A. M. (2013). Water stress affects growth and yield of container grown 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 

 251       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants. Global Journal of Bio-Science and Biotechnology, 2(4), 461-
466. science and nature.org/GJBB_Vol2(4)2013/GJBB- V2(4) 2013-1 

Upendra, M. S., Ramdane, D., & Bharat, S. (2003). Mineral nutrition of tomato. Agricultural Research Station, 
Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 31088, USA. Research Gate.  

Urban, L., & Urban, I. (2010). La production sous serre, tomate 2: l'irrigation fertilisante en culture hors sol, Paris. 
Chapitre, 1, 2-40. 

Xu, H. L., Gauthier, L., & Gosselin, A. (1995). Effects of fertigation management on growth and photosynthesis 
of tomato plant grown in peat, rockwool and NFT. Scientia Hort, 63, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-
4238(95)00791-Q 

 
Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
















<<
  /ASCII85EncodePages false
  /AllowTransparency false
  /AutoPositionEPSFiles true
  /AutoRotatePages /None
  /Binding /Left
  /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
  /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
  /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
  /CompatibilityLevel 1.4
  /CompressObjects /Tags
  /CompressPages true
  /ConvertImagesToIndexed true
  /PassThroughJPEGImages true
  /CreateJobTicket false
  /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
  /DetectBlends true
  /DetectCurves 0.0000
  /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
  /DoThumbnails false
  /EmbedAllFonts true
  /EmbedOpenType false
  /ParseICCProfilesInComments true
  /EmbedJobOptions true
  /DSCReportingLevel 0
  /EmitDSCWarnings false
  /EndPage -1
  /ImageMemory 1048576
  /LockDistillerParams false
  /MaxSubsetPct 100
  /Optimize true
  /OPM 1
  /ParseDSCComments true
  /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
  /PreserveCopyPage true
  /PreserveDICMYKValues true
  /PreserveEPSInfo true
  /PreserveFlatness true
  /PreserveHalftoneInfo false
  /PreserveOPIComments true
  /PreserveOverprintSettings true
  /StartPage 1
  /SubsetFonts true
  /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
  /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
  /UsePrologue false
  /ColorSettingsFile ()
  /AlwaysEmbed [ true
  ]
  /NeverEmbed [ true
  ]
  /AntiAliasColorImages false
  /CropColorImages true
  /ColorImageMinResolution 300
  /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleColorImages true
  /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /ColorImageResolution 300
  /ColorImageDepth -1
  /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
  /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeColorImages true
  /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterColorImages true
  /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /ColorACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /ColorImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasGrayImages false
  /CropGrayImages true
  /GrayImageMinResolution 300
  /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleGrayImages true
  /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /GrayImageResolution 300
  /GrayImageDepth -1
  /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
  /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeGrayImages true
  /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterGrayImages true
  /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /GrayACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /GrayImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasMonoImages false
  /CropMonoImages true
  /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
  /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleMonoImages true
  /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /MonoImageResolution 1200
  /MonoImageDepth -1
  /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeMonoImages true
  /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
  /MonoImageDict <<
    /K -1
  >>
  /AllowPSXObjects false
  /CheckCompliance [
    /None
  ]
  /PDFX1aCheck false
  /PDFX3Check false
  /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
  /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
  /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
  /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
  /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
  /PDFXOutputCondition ()
  /PDFXRegistryName ()
  /PDFXTrapped /False

  /CreateJDFFile false
  /Description <<
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
    /BGR <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>
    /CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
    /CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
    /CZE <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>
    /DAN <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>
    /DEU <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>
    /ESP <FEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002e>
    /ETI <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>
    /FRA <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>
    /GRE <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>
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
    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
    /HUN <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>
    /ITA <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>
    /JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
    /KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
    /LTH <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>
    /LVI <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>
    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
    /NOR <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>
    /POL <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>
    /PTB <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>
    /RUM <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>
    /RUS <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>
    /SKY <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>
    /SLV <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>
    /SUO <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>
    /SVE <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>
    /TUR <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>
    /UKR <FEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002e>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

