




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p154 

154                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Influence of Shade and Bed Types on Attaining Optimum Temperature 
for The Germination of Peach (Prunus Persica L. Batsch) Seeds at 

Holetta, Central Ethiopia 
Habtam Setu1, Tajebe Mosie1, Kidist Firdie1, Tenagne Eshete1 & Getaneh Sileshi1 

1 Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia 
Correspondence: Habtam Setu, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, 
P.O.Box. 31 Holetta, or 2003 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E-mail: habtamsetu@gmail.com 

 
Received: February 20, 2020   Accepted: March 5, 2020   Online Published: May 5, 2020 
 
Abstract  
Poor germination of peach seeds is the major limiting factor for rootstock production under the Holetta condition 
because of the seed dormancy problem. Stratification plays an important role in shortening the dormancy and 
increasing the germination of peach seeds. The study aimed to find easy stratification techniques for the 
germination of peach seeds using shade and different bed types. The experiment was carried out at the Holetta 
Agricultural Research Center in two successive years of 2017 and 2018. We got seeds used for this study from 
peach trees, which were well adapted for the Holetta area. It was arranged in a completely randomized design with 
five treatments of under tree shade on a flatbed, under tree shade in sunken bed, out of tree shade on a flatbed, out 
of tree shade in sunken bed and refrigerator as a standard check. They put all treatments except the refrigerator 
under the grass shade constructed 1 m3 wide. The treatments replicated four times, and each replication contained 
200 seeds. The results showed that temperature is the most important factor affecting the germination percentage 
of the peach seeds. Seeds sown under the temperature close to 8 0C which is in the refrigerator found to have better 
germination percentage (47.1%) followed by the seeds sown in the grass shade under the tree shade both on sunken 
(35.8%) and flatbeds (34.9%). Peach seeds stratified in the refrigerator had good germination percentage whereas 
survival of the seedling was better at out of tree shade in sunken bed and out of tree shade on the flatbed. Even 
though the germination percentage was lower and the germination speed index was higher than the refrigerator. 
Seeds stratified at a temperature of above 17 OC experienced a poor germination percentage. 
Keywords: Germination, peach seed, stratification, temperature, tree shade 
1. Introduction  
Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) requires low temperature to break the dormancy of seeds and buds resulting in 
seed germination and flowering (Americo et al., 2013). The low temperature triggers internal mechanisms that 
change the nature and level of growth regulators involved in the dormancy's control processes (Kester et al., 1977). 
Seed dormancy and germination are complex features relating to higher plants like peach, which are influenced by 
factors related to environmental conditions (Bentsink & Koornneef, 2008). A high germination percentage coupled 
with a desirable growth habit is the basic requirement of a good seedling rootstock (Thakur, 2015). Seeds of 
temperate fruits like peach trees enter dormancy at the time of fruit harvest and required exposure to cool 
temperature and moist environment that provides the stimulus required for overcoming dormancy, increase 
germination and produce normal seedlings (Perez–Gonzalez, 1997; Wagner Junior et al., 2013). Seeley et al. (1998) 
and Martinez-Gomes and Dicenta (2001) characterized the phenomenon in peach’s seed germination as influenced 
by seed coat dormancy (external), inhibition of germination manifested with a hormonal nature, and embryo 
dormancy (internal) which inhibited with a genetic nature expressed mainly in later plant growth. According to 
Webb et al. (1962), the low temperatures associated with moisture change the equilibrium among growth inhibitors 
and promoters, resulting in germination. 
Seeds not exposed to the adequate conditions for overcoming dormancy may not germinate or may produce 
abnormal seedlings, with physiological symptoms of dwarfism (Hartmann et al., 1997). It associates such 
abnormalities of physiological nature with a delay of seedling growth, reducing the plant stand in the nursery 
(Martins et al., 2014). Stratification is the method used to overcome external dormancy of seed in Prunus species 
(Mehanna et al., 1985; Frisby & Seeley, 1993; Bewley et al., 2013; Seeley et al., 1998), which involved storing 
seeds with an equal volume of moist medium for a period at a cold temperature. Peach’s seeds germination 



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becomes more complicated in tropical countries. Despite the difficulty in the germination of its seeds, farmers 
propagate local peach trees in some highlands of Ethiopia. We also observe peach seedlings in the farmer’s back 
yards that emerged under the shade of trees and near the fence. However, farmers do not raise seedlings 
deliberately because they need low temperatures under the refrigerator unaffordable to them. Therefore, the study 
aimed to find easy stratification techniques for the germination of peach seeds using shade and different bed types.  
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Description of The Experimental Site 
We carried out the study at the Holetta Agricultural Research Center, which is located at an altitude of 2400 m 
above sea level, 9°00'N latitude and 38°30'E longitude. The annual rainfall of 1041.4 mm and the average annual 
minimum and maximum temperatures are 6.7 OC and 21.7 OC, respectively (EIAR, 2017).  
2.2 Treatments and Experimental Design 
The experiment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments of under tree shade on a 
flatbed (S1B1), under tree shade in sunken bed (S1B2), out of tree shade on a flatbed (S2B1), and out of tree shade 
in the sunken bed (S2B2), and refrigerator (standard check). The treatments were replicated four times, and each 
replication contained 200 seeds. 
2.3 Experimental Procedure 
The experiment was carried out for two successive years of 2017 and 2018 production seasons. We collected the 
matured and ripened peach fruits from adapted local peach trees around Medagudina area, Holetta District, 
Ethiopia. Then, the pulp was removed from the exocarp like and washed it with pure water and dried it under 
shade. Then after we broke the exocarp carefully and removed the immature and damaged seeds since they are not 
viable. We disinfected the pure seeds with 0.05% (5 ml lit-1 of water) sodium hypochlorite solution for one hour 
and washed with distilled water repeatedly to remove the chemical from the seed. We then sowed the seeds in the 
plastic box (crate) which filled with sterilized (boiled) sand and arranged according to the treatment setup. The 
plastic box in which we sowed the seeds put in the sunken bed had 10 cm depth. All treatments except refrigerators 
were put under the grass shades constructed from grass (Guizotia abyssinica in Amharic called ‘Senbelet’) and 
stake with 1 m3 size and based on the treatment arrangement some grass shades are put under avocado tree shade 
and others are out of the tree shade. We recorded the temperature of the shades daily in the morning, mid-day and 
evening while we adjusted the temperature of the refrigerator at 8 OC. We sprayed water as required for each 
treatment to keep the sand moistened. The germinated seeds were collected carefully and transplanted to a plastic 
bag filled with the proportion of 2:1:1 topsoil, sand and farmyard manure, respectively. 
2.4 Data Collection and Analysis 
Data were taken for each treatment from the commencement of germination and at every four days interval until 
the completion of germination. 
Germination Speed (Rate) Index (GSI): reflects the percentage of seed germination on each day of the 
germination period (Esechie, 1994) and calculated as the formula presented by Maguire (1962), expressing the 
summation of the ratio between the numbers of germinated seeds and the evaluation days. 𝐺𝑆𝐼 =         + − − − +          ……..(1) 

The Mean Germination Time: represents the average time a seed lot requires to initiate and end germination 
(Orchard, 1977) and calculated using the formula stated by Labouriau (1983): 𝑀𝐺𝑇 =  ∗

  …………..…..(2) 

Where t is the time in days starting from sowing date (day 0) to the end of the germination test, and n is the number 
of seeds completing germination on day t.  
Germination Percentage: was calculated by dividing the number of germinated seeds to the total number of 
sample seeds sown (Al-Mudaris, 1998). 𝐺𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =         𝑥 100 ……………...(3) 

Percent Survival: was calculated by dividing the number of survived seedlings after transplanted to polyethylene 
bags to the total number of germinated seeds (seedlings).  



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𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 =         𝑥 100 ………...(4) 

Mean Temperature: was obtained from the recordings of daily minimum and maximum temperatures.  
The data analysis was made by using a statistical analysis system (SAS 9.3). The comparison of treatment means 
was done by LSD test at 5% probability level. 
3. Result ad Discussion 
3.1 Mean Temperature 
We present the result for the influence of shade and bed type for a mean temperature of 2017 and 2018 growing 
seasons in Table 1. There was no significant difference in mean temperature between treatments under tree shade 
on a flatbed (S1B1) (16.56 OC), out of tree shade on a flatbed (S2B1) (16.63 OC) and out of tree shade in the sunken 
bed (S2B2) (16.63 OC) in the 2017 production season in which significantly lower mean temperature was recorded 
for under tree shade in sunken bed (S1B2) (16.47 OC). In the 2018 production season, we recorded the lowest 
temperature for S1B1 (17.60 OC) treatment, which does not significantly differ from S1B2 (17.65 OC). The highest 
temperature was experienced for treatments, S2B2 (17.86 OC) and S2B1 (17.76 OC) which is significantly different. 
There was no significant difference between treatments S1B1 (17.07 OC) and S1B2 (17.05 OC) on over year 
combined result of mean temperature and the same is true for treatments, S2B1 and S2B2 which is 17.19 OC and 
17.24 OC respectively. Although investigations have been done on the low-temperature stratification of peach 
seeds to overcome dormancy (Sharma & Singh, 1978; Bewley et al., 2013; Americo et al., 2013). Overall 
treatments located out of shade both on the flat and sunken bed recorded significantly higher temperatures followed 
by those treatments in the shade and the control as stated in Figure 1. Here remember we expect the temperatures 
recorded for each respective treatment to control the germination speed index, mean germination time, percentage 
germination, and percentage survival of seedlings. Seeds can germinate in a range of temperatures from 
approximately 10 OC to 35 OC (Biggs & Langan, 1962). Abbot (1955) also reported that –5 OC is the least effective 
temperature for seed germination and temperatures higher than 17 OC could re-impose the seed dormancy. The 
growth capacity of the seedlings was markedly decreased by a temperature greater than 25.5 OC during the 
germination period (Biggs & Langan, 1962; Afroze & O’Reilly, 2016). The high germination percentages 
observed at 5/15 OC and 10/20 OC coincided with the temperatures of April and May in natural habitat. The low 
germination percentage observed at 15/25 OC and 20/30 OC was possibly caused by secondary dormancy (Tang et 
al., 2019). 
3.2 Percentage Germination 
We express the result for percentage germination for the influence of shade and bed type below in Table 1. There 
was a significant difference between treatments in the 2017 growing season in which we recorded the highest 
percentage germination for the refrigerator (47.38) followed by S1B1 (45.38) and S1B2 (40.63). Stratification for 
30 days at 5 OC shows the highest germination percentage and highest survival of pomegranate seedlings (Rawat 
et al., 2010). Treatments put out of tree shade both on sunken and flatbed recorded the lowest germination 
percentage in which S2B2 (8.13) followed by S2B1 (19.00) but, still, there was a highly significant difference. In 
2018, there was a relatively lower germination percentage of the refrigerator as compared to the 2017 growing 
season, even if the rest of the treatments remain similar to the previous year. This is might be because of factors 
other than the higher temperature recorded in 2018 inhibited the germination potential of the seeds. The refrigerator 
(46.75) still maintains a higher germination percentage compared to other treatments and followed by S1B1 (45.38) 
and S1B2 (40.63). The inhibitive influence of cool temperatures on seed germination and subsequent seedling 
development is temporary, whereas the inhibitive influence of warm temperatures is a more lasting nature (Biggs 
and Langan, 1962). Overall, the combined analysis showed that a significant difference was observed between all 
the treatments except between the refrigerator (47.06) and S1B1 (45.38). Selim et al. (1998) also found 
stratification of peach seeds at lower temperatures increased the content of growth promoters such as gibberellins 
and indole acetic acid and reduced the content of growth inhibitors such as abscisic acid. Apart from temperature, 
the breaking of dormancy is governed by other environmental cues like water potential light (Holmes & McCartney, 
1975), nitrate, hormones, and some smoke components (Bewley et al., 2013) that should be studied further in the 
future. The microclimate that created under the tree contributed to the control of seed dormancy status and 
germination primarily through moisture content and temperature (Finch-Savage, 2004). Besides, the physical 
attributes of the seed, such as seed coat permeability, can mitigate these microclimate effects. The physiological 
state of the seed, including its genetic background and maternal and environmental effects during development 
and maturation, influences the initial dormancy level (Allen et al., 2007; Bewley et al., 2013). 



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3.3 Percentage of Survival 
Mean comparison of percentage survival of the peach seedlings were done for the two growing seasons as affected 
by the shade and different bed types (Table 1). There was no significant difference in the percentage of seedling 
survival between S1B1 (72.02%), S1B2 (82.61) and control (76.55%) treatments in 2017 which is the same is true 
between S2B1 and S2B2. The highest survival percentage was recorded for treatments laid out of shade that is 
S2B2 (100%) and S2B1 (99.07%), respectively, in descending order. In the 2018 production season, the non-
significant difference was recorded between treatments except for S2B2 and the control. Still, the highest survival 
rate is recorded for S2B2 (95.42%) followed by S1B1 (87.34%) and S2B1 (84.11%). Over year combined result 
showed that 97.71% survival rate was recorded for seeds sown on out of tree shade in sunken bed (S2B2) followed 
by out of tree shade on a flatbed (S2B1) which is 91.59% and under tree shade in sunken bed (S1B2) 82.74% as 
stated in Figure 1. The reason for this might be because of the lower temperature fluctuation between while the 
seed germination chamber (crate) and the greenhouse after transplanting. Since after germination, seedlings may 
fail to emerge or survive due to the interacting effect of environmental signal and biological responses (Bewley et 
al., 2013). This finding is in agreement with previous reports (Chauhan et al., 1961; Pollock, 1962) that rather 
warm temperatures during peach seed germination have an antagonistic effect on seedling growth and development. 
Stratification length strongly influenced the later growth and performance of the seedlings (Vahdati et al., 2012). 
Martinez-Gomes and Dicenta (2001) also observed that reduced plant growth in seedlings was treated for low 
temperatures for a short period as compared to a longer period. 
 
Table 1. Influence of shade and bed type for mean temperature, germination percentage, percent survival, 
germination speed index, and mean germination time of peach seed stratification for the two growing seasons.  

Treatments Germination 
speed index 

Mean 
germination time

Average 
temperature 

Germination 
percentage 

Survival percent

2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 
S1B1 2.84a 0.97b 33.79c 47.72b 16.56a 17.60b 45.38ab 45.38ab 72.02b 87.34ab
S1B2 2.58a 1.06b 33.54c 46.33b 16.47b 17.65b 40.63b 40.63b 82.61b 82.86b
S2B1 1.39b 1.49a 40.70bc 44.06b 16.63a 17.76ab 19.00c 19.00c 99.07a 84.11ab
S2B2 0.45c 1.04b 42.36b 47.03b 16.63a 17.86a 8.13d 8.13d 100a 95.42a
Refrigerator 0.29c 0.29c 72.42a 78.12a 8.00c 8.00c 47.38a 46.75a 76.55b 77.57b
LSD (5%) 0.62 0.40 7.93 15.00 0.09 0.2 5.62 5.81 11.47 11.88 
Sig. level  ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS 
CV (%) 26.7 27.04 11.55 18.49 0.38 0.81 11.36 11.79 8.65 9.03 
Means of the same main effect followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different at 5% 
level of significance. Where S1B1-Under tree shade on a flatbed; S1B2-Under tree shade in sunken bed; S2B1-
Out of tree shade on a flatbed; and S2B2-Out of tree shade in the sunken bed; ** = significant at P < 0.01 probability 
level; * = significant at P < 0.05 probability level; Ns = non-significant at P < 0.05 probability level; LSD = least 
significant difference; and CV = Coefficient of variation. 
 
3.4 Germination Speed Index (GSI) 
The result for GSI due to the influence of shade and bed type is presented above in Table 1. In 2016 there is no 
significant difference in GSI between treatments S1B1 and S1B2 which is the same is true for treatments S2B2 
and the control. The highest GSI is recorded for S1B1 (2.84) followed by S1B2 (2.58) and S2B1 (1.38). The lowest 
germination speed index is experienced in the control treatment which is 0.28. In 2017 growing season relatively 
lower germination speed index was recorded for all treatments except for S2B2 and control. Here the significant 
difference is observed except for treatments S1B1 and S1B2. The highest germination speed index is recorded for 
S2B1 (1.49) followed by S1B2 (1.05) and S2B2 (1.03). Still, the lowest GSI is recorded for the control (0.29) 
followed by S1B1 (0.97). Under the combined result, there was a significant difference is observed between 
treatments except for S1B1 and S1B2. Here the highest GSI is recorded for S1B1 (1.90) followed by S1B2 (1.82) 
even if there is no statistical difference between them. This variation might be because of the length of periods that 
the seeds we exposed to stratification (Finch-Savage, 2004; Rawat et al., 2010), and also be cues the genetic 



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component that can influence entire population of seed or individual seeds within a seed lot (Geneve, 2003; 
Americo et al., 2013). 
3.5 Mean Germination Time (MGT) 
The influence of shade and bed type on MGT was presented in Table 1. There is no significant difference in MGT 
between treatments S1B1 (33.79), S1B2 (33.54) and S2B1 (40.70) in 2017 growing season in which it records the 
highest MGT for the control which is 72.42 followed by S2B2 (42.36). The lowest MGT was recorded for S1B2 
(33.54) followed by S1B1 (33.79) which was not significantly different. In 2018 significant difference was not 
observed between treatments except for the control (78.12) which was significantly higher. Overall, the combined 
analysis showed that it recorded the highest mean germination time for the refrigerator (75.27) followed by S2B2 
(44.70) and S2B1 (42.38) even if no significant difference was observed between treatments except for the control. 
The lower the MGT, the faster a population of seeds has germinated (Al-Mudaris, 1998) but this variation might 
be because of the difference in dormancy type that needs various lengths of periods of exposure to low temperature 
(Rawat et al., 2010). In addition to this, such germination time variation may encountered due to the water content 
of the seeds after ripening since at higher water contents dormancy is maintained or secondary dormancy may be 
induced and if seeds become too dry after-ripening is delayed or prevented (Vahdati et al., 2012; Bewley et al., 
2013). 

  

 
Figure 1. Combined analysis on the influence of shade and bed type for mean germination time, mean daily 

temperature, germination percentage, percent survival, and germination speed index peach seed stratification 
Note: Where S1B1-Under tree shade on a flatbed; S1B2-Under tree shade in sunken bed; S2B1-Out of tree shade 
on a flatbed; and S2B2-Out of tree shade in the sunken bed; LSD = least significant difference; and CV = 
Coefficient of variation. Means of the same main effect followed by the same letter within a similar bar graph are 
not significantly different at a 5% level of significance. 
 
3.6 Association of Parameters 
As the result stated in Table 2 mean temperature has a significantly strong negative correlation with germination 
percentage and mean germination time (MGT) which is -0.49 and -0.80 respectively. This showed that when the 
average temperature increases, the germination percentage decreases and when the average temperature decreases, 
the mean germination time increase; whereas temperature had significantly strong positive correlation with 
germination speed index and percentage survival which is 0.48 and 0.38 respectively which showed that with 
increasing of temperature there is also increasing in percentage survival and germination speed index. Percentage 
survival has a non-significant negative correlation with GSI (-0.21) and MGT (-0.25) even if it has a significantly 
negative correlation with percentage germination (-0.66). The complexity of the genetic component becomes 



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apparent when considering the correlation of seed-chilled requirements of the plant (Powell, 1987); however, there 
was a low correlation between the time required to release dormancy in each seed (Kester et al., 1977). 
 
Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) among the parameters for the influence of shade and bed type on peach 
seed stratification 

 Germination 
speed index 

Mean germination 
time 

Average daily 
temperature 

Germination 
percentage 

Survival 
percent 

Germination speed 
index 

1.00     

Mean germination 
time 

-0.71** 1.00    

Average daily 
temperature 

0.48** -0.80** 1.00   

Germination 
percentage 

0.15 0.30 -0.49** 1.00  

Survival percent. -0.21 -0.25 0.38* -0.66** 1.00 
**,* = Correlation is significant at the 1% and 5% level, respectively  
 
4. Summary and Conclusion  
Stratification plays an important role as a stimulator that helps to break dormancy. The temperature is the most 
important factor affecting the germination percentage of the peach seeds. Seeds stratified under the temperature 
close to 8 OC found to have better germination percentage (47.06) followed by the seeds sown in the grass shade 
under the tree shade both sunken and flatbeds (45.38%, and 40.63%, respectively). Moreover, seeds stratified at 
the temperature above 17 OC showed poor germination percentage. Peach seeds stratified in the refrigerator had 
good germination percentage whereas survival of the seedling was better at S2B2 and S2B1, even though the 
germination percentage was lower and the germination speed index was higher than the refrigerator. Therefore, 
peach seedlings grown for large-scale commercial purposes shall be stratified in the refrigerator or the place where 
the mean temperature below 8 OC. Peach seedlings grown for small-scale commercial purposes can be stratified 
in the grass shade under the tree shade on both flat and sunken beds. Although the percentage germination is a bit 
lower than seeds stratified in a refrigerator as shown in the result the grass shade under tree attains temperature to 
germinate peach seeds this will help smallholder farmers to grow peaches from seeds. As a result peach seedling 
grew for smallholder farmers especially where electric power is inaccessible and refrigerator is unaffordable could 
be stratified in a grass shade that is constructed by locally available materials under a tree shade in both flat and 
sunken beds as an alternative method to germinate peach seeds for the farmers. 
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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 
















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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

