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ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p1 

1                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Interaction Between Two Types of Earthworm and Ageratum on Soil 
Physicochemical Properties 

Nweke I. A.1 & Nnabuife P. I.1 

1 Department of Soil Science Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria 
Correspondence: Nweke I. A., Department of Soil Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, 
Anambra state, Nigeria. Tel: 234-816-460-7354. E-mail: 
nweksoniryke@gmail.com/ikechukwunweke48@yahoo.com 
 
Received: March 7, 2020   Accepted: March 18, 2020   Online Published: March 25, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Earthworms are one of the most important soil organisms in tropical ecosystem as they influence mineralogical, 
structural and microbial composition of soil. The study investigated the effect of interaction between two Nigerian 
earthworms Eudrilus Eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp and Ageratum species (AG) on soil physicochemical properties 
in potted experiment. The treatment consisted of 1000g subsoil treated with ageratum (AG); Ageratum + soil 
inoculated with Eudrilus Eugeniae (AE), Ageratum + soil inoculated with Irridodrilus sp (AI) and control soil not 
treated (CO). The results of the study showed remarkable differences between the treatments in soil 
physicochemical properties. The pots inoculated with Eudrilus Eugeniae (AE) relative to other treatments 
produced high quality ion exchange as evidence from the high (CEC) recorded, enhanced soil aggregation 73% 
compared to 52% recorded in AI, stabilization of soil aggregates and enhanced availability of nutrient elements 
by 150% compared to 120% observed in AI. High level of soil pH (9.15) was recorded in AE. AG induced 62% 
increase in soil erodibility and only 9% increase in availability of soil nutrients. AG was found to be toxic 
particularly to Irridodrilus whose percentage survival was 0% relative to 67% of Eudrilus Eugeniae whose weight 
loss was 27%. Ageratum is a bio-pesticide and bio-fertilizer of which its production is simple and cost effective 
and the efficacy for soil management will require the presence of active soil organisms like earthworms to process 
Ageratum adequately as was found in this study. The primary materials used in this study are abundantly available 
and within the reach of farmers. The production and application is eco-friendly, promotes sustainable soil 
productivity, soil conservation and environmental health. This technology will discourage the use of chemical 
pesticides and fertilizers in the study area if well integrated in crop production activities. 
Keywords: Ageratum, chemical elements, earthworm, soil properties 
1. Introduction 
In Nigeria soil organisms particularly the earthworms abound. This organism can be harnessed and use to develop 
cost effective, high quality bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticides. Earthworms play a leading role in soil organic matter 
cum nutrient dynamic as they feed on decomposed organic materials at different stages of decomposition, through 
this activity as well as their burrows and cast production they help in dispersal of micro-organisms in soil. 
Earthworm have been noted to influence soil structure, nutrient cycling, crop yield, modification of soil porosity, 
stimulate and increase microbial activities and accelerate litter decay with greater C/N ratio than original resources 
by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Hale and Host 2005, Gonzalez 2002, 
Ammer et al., 2005, Sheehan et al., 2006, Jimens et al., 2006, Kooch and Jalivand 2008, Samaranayake and 
Wijekoon 2010, Nweke, 2017).  
Ageratum is a plant that belongs to the tribe and family of Eupatorium and Asteraceae respectively. It is an erect 
annual, branched slender, hairy and aromatic plant approximately 1m in height. It is a native of West Africa, Asia, 
and Central America etc. Ageratum commodity grows in the proximity of habitation, thrives in any garden and 
agricultural soils. Among the weed members ageratum seem to be the most commonly spreading in most 
agricultural areas throughout the world. The specie is believed to posses various biological activities starting from 
its various phytochemical contents. Studies carried out using this plant has proved to be a positive weed controlling 
agent. The studies of Nagavellema et al. (2004) showed that the plant contains growth promoting hormones, anti-
oxidant properties, and a good bio-fertilizer and offer the possibility of biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi. Thus 
the plant possesses insecticidal and nematocidal bioactivities. The leaf, stem and flower are also used in analytical 



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profile. One of the major areas Ageratum is used as biopesticides is in the seed treatment and soil amendment as 
compost were it helps to solve such problems as increased salinity and chemical run-off from the agricultural soils, 
it promotes soil fauna and flora improving soil formation, soil aggregation and stability, minimize erosion often 
caused by water runoff and wind.  
Bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides are properly acclaimed eco- friendly; renewable and health promoting 
commodity capable of promoting sustainable soil productivity and conservation. Among the benefits of these 
commodities are food security, mitigation of climatic crisis, job creation and environmental health. Hence 
ageratum can be sourced for the productivity of effective biopesticides in order to address problems particularly 
of nematodes, leaf eating beetle and maize grain weevil. This strategy will help to frustrate the ongoing use of 
hazardous pesticides by farmers. Development of high quality biofertilizer and biopesticides will promote and 
sustain food security, soil productivity, biodiversity and environmental health. The extract of which can be 
prepared by using natural materials such as plants and bacterial. Thus the essence of this study is to evaluate the 
effect of interaction between two types of earthworm and ageratum on soil physicochemical properties. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Site Description 
The potted experiment was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, 
Igbariam Campus, Anambra State. The area is located within latitude 050 40 N and 060 45 N and longitude 060 40 
to 070 20 E. The rainfall duration of the area is bimodal and temperature ranges from 250C – 350C with the relative 
humidity of 65%.  
2.3 Earthworm Used for the Experiment  
The two types of earthworm used are Irridodrilus sp and Eudrilus eugeniae. Irridodrilus are worms highly rich in 
organic mineral complex. The cast are typical spherical and ash brown in colour. Their activities in soil favours 
highly plant water availability and aeration porosity. 
Eudrilus eugeniae belongs to epigenic specie and family of Eudrilidae, native of tropical Africa, but now widely 
spread in temperate region. They are very effective and efficient in plant litter degradation and decomposition, 
well noted natural machineries capable of transforming organic waste materials into vermicompost for agricultural 
application to boost soil fertility and crop yield (Nweke 2013) 
2.4 Collection of Experimental Materials (Soil, Plant Residue, Earthworms and Pig Manure) 
The Soil samples were collected by scrapping away 0 -5cm of the soil surface from Faculty of Agriculture Farm 
Land and 15 – 20cm deep was collected in a plastic container. After the collection, stones and hard clods were 
removed in order to ensure fine tilt before measuring out the soil. The soil was replicated into four different pots 
containing 1000g of soil. The earthworms used for the experiment were collected from open refuse dumpsite near 
one of the hostels in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam Campus, vegetation growing at the 
site were tridax procumbent, giant grass, sidarhombi folia etc. Ageratum specie was gotten from the Faculty of 
Agriculture Farm Land, while dried pig droppings was gotten from Animal Science Department of the institution. 
The result of the physicochemical analysis of soil used in the experiment are recorded in Table 1 
2.5 Treatment Preparation, Allocation and Design  
1000g of air dried soil samples were weighed into four (4) different plastic containers. Ageratum sp was chopped 
into pieces and 300g of it was thoroughly mixed with 300g of pig droppings and incubated in an air tight container 
for two (2) weeks. After the incubation, the treatment was aired and thoroughly mixed with the soil sample in the 
plastic containers. Three (3) containers were used to inoculate Eudrilus eugeniae and another three containers were 
used to inoculate Irridodrilus sp five earthworms respectively were inoculated per container and the experiment 
lasted for three months before harvest.  
The treatment details are:- 
Ageratum + Soil - (AG) 
Ageratum + Soil + Eudrilus Eugeniae - (AE) 
Ageratum + Soil + Irridodrilus SP - (A1) 
Control Soil - (CO) 
After three (3) months inoculation, the worms were harvested by hand sorting and were weighed collectively per 
container. 



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2.6 Laboratory Analysis 
At the end of the study, soil samples were collected at two different spots in the container, bulked and used for 
physicochemical analysis. Also all analysis was carried out in three (3) replicates and averages with standard 
deviation adequately computed, recorded and tabulated in tables. 
2.7 Soil Acidity (H+ Al3+) 
Soil exchange acidity was analyzed electrically by a modified IN KCl displacement method of Mc lean (1965). 
2.8 Total Dissolved (Soluble) Cation 
The parameter was analyzed electronically using a digital conductivity meter on the soil: water ratio of 1: 2.5, 
while digital electrical meter was used to measure the net electrical charge. 
2.9 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined by the method of Nikol (1959) 
2.10 Base Saturation 

Base saturation (BS) was calculated using: 
% BS =TEB x 100 

CEC 
2.11 Dispersion Ratio 
Dispersion ratio was analyzed by determining the soil silt and clay percentage in soil treated with calgon and also 
with water according to modified method of Nkidi-Kizza et al. (1984). Pipette method was used for silt and clay 
percentage determination. Dispersion ratio was expressed in percentage as; 
 
 
High dispersion ratio implies greater soil erodibility. 
2.12 Date Analysis 
All analytical data were subjected to statistical studies; average and standard deviation were calculated according 
to Steel and Torrie (1980). 
3. Result 
3.1 Initial Soil Properties Before the Commencement of The Study 
The result of the Igbariam soil showed that the soil is of sandy clay loam textural class and acidic with a pH of 5.1 
and the electrical conductivity relatively high. 
 
Table 1. Some properties of Igbariam soil 

parameter value
Clay% 28.9±0.2
Silt%  4.2± 0.6
Sand%  66.9 ± 0.4
Textural class sandy clay loam
pH (H2o)  5.1 ± 0.1
Electrical conductivity µscm-1 105 ± 5

 
3.2 Effect of Ageratum Sp On the Biomass Survival of Eudrilus Eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp 
The result presented in Table 2 indicated that the rate of survival of earthworm in the composted ageratum was 
more on the Eudrilus eugeniae compared to Irridodrilus sp. Though the initial biomass of Irridodrilus sp indicated 
higher value but through the processes of incubation and culturing many of the Irridodrilus sp died leading to the 
loss of biomass value which resulted to zero survival.  
 
 



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Table 2. Effect of Ageratum sp on the biomass survival of Eudriluseugeniae and Irridodrilussp 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.3 Effect of Eudrilus Eugeniae and Irridodrilus Sp on Soil Properties 
The clay + silt content result varied among the treatment (Table 3). Higher value (31.1%) was recorded in ageratum 
treated soil compared to the other treatments, the result variation indicated AG > CO > AE > AI. Apart from 
Ageratum that showed alkaline pH with a value of 9.15, other treatments showed acid reaction. Electrical 
conductivity, CEC osmotic pressure, exchange acidity was recorded highest in AE, followed by AI of which the 
result variation of the four parameters showed AE > AI > AG > CO. The net electrical charge indicated negative 
for all the treatments.  
The result presented in Table 4 indicated base saturation (BS) value to be higher in AG relative to other treatments. 
AE recorded the highest value in soluble cation (Table 4) of which the percentage increase in value relative to AG 
and CO was 135.19% and 157.63% respectively. The recorded values for CEC and exchange acidity (EA) 
indicated AE and CO respectively to be higher relative to other treatments (Table 4). 
 
Table 3. Effect of Eudriluseugeniae and Irridodrilussp on soil physicochemical properties 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4. Effect of Eudrilus eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp on soil physicochemical properties 

Earthworms 
Specie/soil 
Treatment 

Cation exchange 
capacity(CEC) 
Meq/100g 

Exchange acidity
meq(0H)/100g 

Base
Saturation 
% 

Dissolved (soluble)
Cation 
meq/100g 

AE 28.0± 7.0 5.63±0.67 79.89±2.39 0.675±0.054 
AI 22.7±1.7 4.39±1.95 80.66±8.6 0.592±0.062 
AG 19.3±1.7 2.15±0.35 88.84±1.81 0.287±0.012 
CO 14.0±0.0 13.75±0.46 1.79±0.65 0.262±0.012 

 
4. Discussion 
From the result of the study, it was evidence that the two earthworms responded differently to the ageratum 
(pesticide) treated soil. At the course of the study it was observed that the two earthworms penetrated promptly 
within the treated soil litter after inoculation and produced typical surface casts that are always used to assess 
adaptability and proliferation. The activity and cast production of the worms continued for the following 5 weeks 
during the 12 weeks of incubation period, however, after the 5 weeks, period the activity of the worms declined 
that led to 67% survival recorded by Eudriluus eugeniae and 0% by Irridodrilus sp. thus indicating that 
Eudriluseugeniae has greater resistance to the ageratum. The surviving Eudrilus eugeniae, however lost weight to 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

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an average of 27% indicating that AG is seemly toxic to both earthworms. Ageratum has antioxidant property and 
various phytochemical contents (Nageivellema et al., 2004). This problem results in the death of Irridodrilus sp 
and loss of weight on the survived Eudrilus eugeniae and that was because Eudrilus eugeniae noted to be tolerant 
to disturbances and harsh culture situations than most other earthworms may not possibly adapt (Nweke 2017). 
More so, they are superficial soil layer leaf litter decomposer they do not move deep into the soil where these toxic 
substance may have accumulated the more. 
Although the survival percentage of the two different earthworms in ageratum treated soil was poor, both 
earthworms ploughed the soil transforming it into a network of channels and burrows with water stable soil 
aggregates. Particularly is the bioremediation efficacy of both earthworms on soil physical properties as indicated 
by the clay + silt dispersion ratio, pig manure enhanced this property particularly with the worms. Clay + silt 
dispersion ratio is a good measure of erodibility and soil aggregate stability. The greater the index, the more 
dispersed the soil is that is the more erodible the soil will be. AG without earthworm inoculation exerted higher 
dispersion to the tune of 62% relative to the original soil, while both Eudrilus eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp 
inoculated ageratum treated soil addressed the AG dispersion effect thereby reduced soil dispersion ratio by 52% 
and 73% respectively of which Irridodrilus sp was efficient than Eudrilus eugeniae. In this regard AG produced 
alkalinisation effect by having a pH value of 9.15, this simple suggest that humus cementing agent in the treated 
soil must have been dissolved thereby releasing clay and silt primary particles as dispersed particles. It is 
noteworthy that both Eudrilus eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp reduced AG alkalinisation effect by bring the soil pH 
to 5.1 – 5.5 conducive for good aggregate stability as well as enhanced nutrient availability. Increased soil electrical 
conductivity and soluble cations recorded in the study with both earthworms is an evidence of greater 
mineralization and enhancement of biological activities induced by the earthworms. These observations are highly 
the enormous resourcefulness of Eudrilus eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp to promote soil conservation and soil 
productivity and erosion resistance, in this regard the role of both earthworms are crucial and indispensable. 
Earthworms enhance water intake and transmission through improvement of soil physical properties (Rombke et 
al., 2005; Sautter et al., 2006); their activities create favourable micro-environment for soil microbial activities 
composition and biomass (Hale et al., 2005, Jimens et al., 2006).  
The enhancement of CEC, soluble cation and base saturation by the worms in AG treated soil showed the 
indispensable role of the two earthworms in mobilizing AG organic matter and nutrient elements of which pig 
manure played a vital role. Eudrilus eugeniae and Irridodrilus sp enhanced soluble cation (nutrient availability) 
for over two fold increase while 100% and 67% increase in CEC respectively was observed. The contribution of 
AG treated soil in this regard was however, far less with 9% and 38% increase in soluble cation level and in CEC 
respectively. The super achievement of Eudrilus eugeniae with regard to CEC and release of soluble cation 
indicated Eudrilus eugeniae greater efficacy relative to Irridodrilus sp. This is in line with the inherent capability 
of Eudrilus eugeniae as efficient bio-degraders and nutrient releasers to produce high quality vermicompost rich 
in colloidal humus and can thrive in organic residue within or outside the soil (Nweke 2013). Higher CEC and 
available cation in Eudrilus eugeniae worked soil suggested greater level of high quality organic colloid ion 
exchanger produced by Eudrilus eugeniae from AG biofertilizer, together with increased base saturation registered 
in AG and the two earthworms relative to the original soil confirm the tremendous boost to soil productivity by 
the earthworms and AG biofertilizer. Despite the contributions of AG it still proved toxic to the earthworms this 
constraint further need to be addressed in order to optimize AG bio-fertilizer / pesticide potential. 
5. Conclusion 
The findings of this study have shown that the contributions of the earthworms are indispensable to the successes 
of Ageratum (natural biopesticide) to promote sustainable high soil productivity and soil conservation. 
Earthworm’s activity addresses AG dispersion effect and rendered the soil pH 5.1-5.5 about optimum for most 
nutrient availability, Though AG being a natural biopesticide was toxic to the worms by the virtue of their lost 
weight and survival rates proved good organic source for the management of soil CEC and soil erosion control. 
AG alone without earthworms may render the soil more erodible and too alkaline, but with earthworm inoculation 
it boosted the soil nutrient availability optimally. Thus AG needs to be modified in order to be optimized profitably 
and farmers are encouraged to under study this technology to discourage the use of chemical pesticides and 
fertilizers.  
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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

