




































Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p7 

7                           Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Soil Testing A Panacea to Crop Yield and Agricultural Sustainability – 
A Case for Farmers of South Eastern, Nigeria  

Nweke, I. A.1 

1 Department of Soil Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria 
Correspondence: Nweke I. A.,Department of Soil Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, 
Anambra state, Nigeria. Tel: 234-816-460-7354. E-mail: nweksoniyke@gmail.com/nwekesoniyke@gmail.com 
 
Received: March 7, 2020   Accepted: March 17, 2020   Online Published: March 25, 2020 
 
Abstract  
Increasing human population is closely related with the increasing demand of food and pressure on available land 
with the rising demand on fertilizer that has not been sustainable at the farmer’s level. This causes soil fertility 
decline, nutrient imbalance and low residual effect which are constraint affecting agricultural production in south 
eastern soils of Nigeria in particular and to large extent in tropical environment. Land available to be used for 
intensive crop production activities is limited and this demand for adequate soil testing that will x-ray the fertility 
status of the soil before crop planting. The characteristics and amount of nutrient elements of a soil and soil 
biodiversity is influenced by climatic conditions, erosion/leaching, drought, cultivation history/land use system, 
cropping history, kinds of pesticides/herbicides applied, type and methods of inorganic and organic fertilizer 
applied. Soil testing quantifies the total value of plant nutrient elements available in a sampled soil that will directly 
promote crop growth and yield. Due to its biophysical, biochemical, biological and physiochemical results, soil 
testing when appropriately interpreted and applied may be used effectively to promote sustainable crop production 
and environmental health in a tropical soil like south eastern, Nigeria. 
Keywords: soil analysis, soil sampling, depth, chemical nutrients, extraction of plant nutrient elements 
1. Introduction 
Green plants can exist and increase independently of any animal life. All that is required is a supply of water, 
carbon iv oxide (CO2) and several mineral elements to make the green plant in the presence of light a completely 
self-sufficient organism. Plants absorb mineral elements indiscriminately from soil medium, but the presence in a 
plant of any particular element does not of itself constitute proof that the element, is essential to its development. 
In addition the infertility problem of the soil such as an excessive salt content, acidity or basicity, toxic substance, 
disease organisms, low soil biodiversity, moisture  stress, impenetrable layers and extreme nutrients development 
and release in soil, climatic conditions, pest infestation  or damage and human error, exploitation of vegetation 
and bush burning, tillage and land use systems, high intensity rainfall coupled with erosive conditions, increase in 
population and urbanization, intensive agricultural activities on the available land all create different kinds of 
problems on the biological, biophysical, biochemical and physiochemical properties of the soil (Westerman, 1990, 
Edward, 1992, Samuel et al, 2003; Akirinde et al., 2005, Nweke 2018ab, 2019). 
In view of this, therefore, soil testing becomes paramount important in agricultural production for any farmer 
interested in getting better result in crop yield and increase in profit. Soil testing is merely done to improve growth 
and yields, evaluate crop quality, minimize disease and for evaluating the soil for reclamation, fertilizer/manure 
applications, or for other needed purposes or modifications (Fitts and Hanway, 1976, Edward, 1992). Hence, soil 
testing could be explained as any chemical, biological or physical measurement that is made on soil. In a restricted 
sense, it is a means of assessing the available nutrient status of a soil. While in a broader sense, soil testing includes: 
- evaluation, interpretation, and manure/fertilizer recommendation, based on the result of soil chemical analysis. 
Apart from chemical method of analyzing soil fertility, biological method also exist. Soil testing is very accurate 
when the field is appropriately sampled and can serve as transfer agent of field, green house, and laboratory 
research into relative productions for soil needs of lime, fertilizer or any other soil amendment before crops are 
planted. Farmers test soil to determine how much each nutrient is available for plant growth. From the result of 
soil testing, they will decide how much fertilizer or manure that will be applied to reach a sufficient level of each 
nutrient. In order words, farmers can use three methods to find out nutrient shortages in plants; 
 Soil testing 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 8 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

 Visual inspection of crops for deficiency signs may uncover clear shortages  
 Tissue testing that measures nutrients levels in plant tissue itself (Tisdale and Nelson 1963; Fitts and Hanway, 

1976). 
A soil test is normally performed early in the season to allow the farmer to supply the necessary nutrients before 
the crop are planted. Therefore, the objective of soil testing among others will include: 
a) to build or gain fertility status of a given field. 
b) to predict the profitability of obtaining profitable response to lime and fertilizer (or any other soil amendment) 
c) to evaluate the fertility status of soils 
d) to provide a basis for recommendations on the amount of lime and fertilizer to apply (Fitts and Hanway, 1976, 

Edward, 1992). 
The southeast farmers of Nigeria faces a horrendous challenges in their crop production activities following the 
nature of the soils of the area that are fragile in nature, acidic, prone to erosion menace due to high rainfall and 
temperature and are highly weathered. Hence the essence of good soil testing that will enable the farmer to track 
down the history of his soil/land and put the soil in proper use with less endangered to environmental degradation. 
The fact that most of these farmers are poor and uneducated compound the problem as this limit the practice and 
believe in the principles of soil testing as a means of improving their output and the life of their soils. Secondly 
they believe that the exercise is very costly and waste of resources thus the farmers abhors soil testing.  
Therefore this study tend to articulate research based approach to the management of south eastern soils of Nigeria 
for sustainable food production, income generation to the farmer and delivery of healthier food to the populace. 
At the same time to encourage the farmers, provide guide lines and procedures of soil analysis for them to achieve 
better results as soil laboratory and soil researchers is much in the area to assist them.  
2. Limitations of Soil Testing 
Soil analyses have several limitations to its use. For instance, we only measure the total amount of nutrients 
absorbed. Hence chemical analyses of the plants are helpful information in the overall evaluation of the soil 
conditions for plants growth over years of study. Weed competition, diseases, or poor management which affect 
the amounts of nutrients absorbed are not evaluated and plants are the final proof of what nutrients were or are 
available to the plant. Another limitation is by the time a plant can be tested it is usually too late to add fertilizer. 
Therefore, to predict the needed modifications of soils to allow optimum plant growth, soils are tested for pH, 
soluble salts, available nutrients, element toxicities and various other soil properties. Soil test however, is not 
remedy for all the soil problems. According to Miller and Donahue (1992) it will not answer the problem of 
unsatisfactory plant growth when the cause is dry weather, compacted soil, critically low or high temperatures, in 
adequate soil drainage or low oxygen in the root zone, improper placement of fertilizer, salt accumulation, plant 
diseases, toxic elements and insect damage, competition from weeds or tree roots or untimely operations. These 
limiting factors need to be verified before soil test can be interpreted at least for proper fertilizer or organic manure 
recommendation. For example poor growth in plants may be associated with several interacting and interrelated 
factors rather than a single one. Maize roots for example require high amount of soil oxygen before they can absorb 
potassium normally. Miller and Donahue (1992) reported that in wet soil the water displaces a large amount of 
oxygen and maize roots was unable to absorb sufficient potassium although the soil tests high in available 
potassium. In this situation, additional potassium inform of fertilizer was needed in order to produce high yields 
of maize. 
In like manner the work of Gingrich (1965) equally showed that when soil temperatures was 100C even on soils 
low in phosphorous there was no response to application of phosphorous fertilizer, but yield of  wheat were 
doubled on the same low phosphorous soil with application of 19.7kg/ha of phosphorous when soil temperature 
were maintained at 180C and 320C. This shows that even with good supply of soil potassium and phosphorous 
some factors such as excess soil moisture and low temperatures respectively in these examples may limit potassium 
and phosphorous absorption by the plants. The same kind of effect can as well occur in compacted soils due to 
restricted oxygen. In all in tempts and purposes chemical soil analysis is a valuable diagnostic technique for helping 
to control, manage and provide answers to complex soil and plant nutritional problems as well as environmental 
problems/challenges. This however should be supported with a thorough inventory of soil and cropping 
information and plant analysis. Obtaining soil samples that represent the field area adequately and submitting the 
samples to a competent and certified laboratory that will ensure accurate test results and fertilizer recommendations 
were applicable are key steps for valid soil chemical test or analysis.  



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 9 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Soil test is grouped into four stages; 
1. Soil sampling 
2. Extracting and quantifying the available nutrients that is chemical analysis of soil 
3. Interpretation of the results 
4. Recommendations 
3. Soil Sampling 
Soil laboratories use the most modern testing method and tools and the material to be tested is the sample provided 
by the farmer. Therefore it means that the result will be no better than the sample itself. In view of this the field 
should be sampled in such a way that the chemical analysis of collected sample will reflect the field true nutrient 
status. Bearing in mind that soils are highly variable both horizontally and vertically and in nutrient content from 
location to location and from spot to spot. Though all the samples are not expected to yield the same result but 
rather have to reflect on the true variations within the field. Furthermore it is very important to provide a sample 
that will be a representative of the whole land about which information will be needed since it is not possible to 
test all the soil in the field. According to Miller and Donahue (1992) if the sample is to represent the top 30 cm 
take equal portions of soil from all of the that depth. Some soils of uneven relief and that have been graded and 
levelled may have different depths of top soil over much different sub soils such as dense clayey B horizons. The 
layers of soils with different colour should not be mixed as the lower 5-10 cm of a 30 cm deep core may be in 
quite different soil than the top part of the core. The sub samples from all parts of a uniform field (e.g. cultivation, 
history of land use system, cropping history etc) the sample is to represent can be mixed together to form a 
composite. The abnormal areas (e.g. depression, hill, valley, waterlog etc) in the field should be sampled separately 
though both should be sent for chemical analysis for comparison. This becomes necessary because samples 
properly taken to represent the field will lead to a desired result. While poorly taken samples not only will it be an 
economic waste but will cause disaster for the farmer to take wrong implementation on his farm activities. 
Therefore for the farmer to take wise action he should be guided on the fact that the land to be tested should be 
divided into sampling areas of uniform texture, topography, cropping, manure/fertilizer (organic or inorganic 
depending on the one in use by the farmer), cultivation and land use history. For example coarse textured field 
should be sampled separately from adjacent or a closed by fine textured field. Each soil type in this case becomes 
a sampling area. More so if a field received fertilizer or manure last year and half did not, each section should be 
sampled and tested separately. In such situation each composite sample can represent up to 1-5 ha (dependent on 
the hectares under production) to reduce cost for the farmer. The work of Shickluna (1981) emphasized that if 
topography, texture, structure, tillage, drainage, colour of top soil and management history are uniform throughout 
the field each composite sample can represent up to 5 ha. A soil map or soil survey report if available can be an 
advantage to the farmer as it can be used to determine boundaries and sampling areas within the field. This is one 
of the major problems of southeast farmers as they don’t have a soil survey report or soil maps of their soils thus 
more predicaments in assisting and proffering solution to their soil problems, documentation and tracking down 
the history of their soils. The frequency and depth of testing depend on the type of crop and cultural practice. For 
most annual crops sampling every two or three years should be adequate though this might have been when the 
farmer has understood his/her field needs. Intensive crops like vegetables and fruits benefit from annual sampling 
while greenhouse crops should be tested more often. For crops that occupy the soil longer than one season like 
permanent crops the soil should be tested before any of the crop is planted. Any change in the cropping practice 
should be preceded by soil testing. Though there is no standard depth for sampling soils, field or annual crops 
grown by conventional tillage used by virtually all the farmers in Nigeria, 0-25 cm of soil should be sampled. For 
the ridge or mound systems commonly practiced in south east, Nigeria samples should be removed from the sides 
of the ridges or mounds depending on the one practiced. While in no-tillage (Flat) practiced mostly in southern 
part of southeast and south-south, Nigeria samples should be collected from less than 10cm from the top soil. This 
is because the no tillage system permits an acid layer to form at the soil surface and this layer according to Scott 
and Hanway (1960); Fitts and Hanway (1976) can harm seed germination. Another important aspect in soil 
sampling is handling, crushing, mixing and sub-sampling of the sample prior to laboratory analyses. The soil 
sample should be properly dried, sieved, mixed and sub-sampled to obtain a representative of the soils in the field. 
This can be done by quarterly. 
However it has being shown that drying the soil samples cause changes in the properties of many soils and the 
dried sample may no longer be representative of the soil in the field. For instance potassium availability both to 
plants and to chemical extraction in the laboratory may be greatly increased or decreased by drying of some soils 
(Scott and Hanway 1960). The most general practice is to air-dry the soil samples after they have been taken and 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 10 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

extreme moist samples are sent to the laboratory where they are put in the cabinet where air is forced over them to 
increase the rate of drying. Avoid the use of sun or heat drying as this will falsely influence the result of certain 
elements/compounds except for soil nitrate test. After the air dry the samples can then be crushed and mixed. In 
sampling for greenhouse and container plants the soils should be sampled before planted to the crop. They then 
monitored periodically for any growth problem. In sampling for a crop of potted plants first any material on the 
soil surface should be removed and a core of soil is then taken. The core of soil should include soil from the top 
to the bottom of the pot or flat. Several containers should be sampled and tested. 
4. Depth to be Sampled 
Most often farmers are advised to collect a composite sample from a given area for sample field soil for chemical 
test. The purpose being to minimize the influence of micro-non uniformity (Reed et al.,1953), thorough 
examination should be made on the field to be sampled for differences in soil characteristics and past treatment. 
For example the following should be considered; topography of the field, texture, structure such as surface crusts 
or tillage pans, drainage, colour of top soil and past management. However where great variations in any of these 
features exist the field should be divided for taken a composite of sample from each predetermined area. A 
composite of sampling from two distinctly different areas is not representative of either area. A soil sample should 
be taken from each area that seems to have different fertility level. Most often the best way to achieve this 
uniformity is to use area soil survey report where it is available which is an excellent source of information about 
the kinds of soils in each field on a farm and should be sampling purposes. The number of borings recommended 
to make the composite sample ranges from 5 to 25 (Graham 1959; Iowa State Univ, Coop. Ext. Serv. 1963). In 
southeast, Nigeria 5-20 composite samples are recommended per hectare to address all abnormally of which range 
depends on the strength of the farmer’s pocket. Where each borings contributes equally to the composite sample, 
the analytical result provides an estimate of the mean fertility level of the area (Peck and Melsted 1973) the 
accuracy depends on the range of fertility in the area and the number of borings drawn for the composite. With 
regard to the depth to be sampled an experience has shown that there is no standard depth for sampling soils. 
Initially, soils are sampled to plough depth which was interpreted to be 15-20 cm deep (Miller and Donahue 1992). 
If possible it is advisable to sample different depths for different analysis though this is dependent on the farmer’s 
pocket (ability to offset the cost of analysis). For instance for salt problems the recommended depths may be 0-
10cm, for no-till field the sampling depths might be shallow, for nitrate measurements, two depths are 
recommended 0-30cm and 30-60cm, 60-90cm can also be sampled (Miller and Donahue 1992). For south eastern 
soils of Nigeria it is advisable that the farmer sampled 0-30cm as that will serve all the purpose needed to be 
addressed. However it is utmost important that the farmer sample the depth which is recommended by the 
laboratory that will analyze the samples of which most soil laboratory in south east in particular and Nigeria in 
general recommend from 0-25cm or 0-30cm depth for crop production activities. This is because its 
recommendation will be based on correlation studies using the soil depth they have recommended. In taking soil 
samples cost other than sampling number and quality usually determines the number to be sampled. Hence the 
idea of using one composite sample where uniformity in field exist avoid taken few sub samples and deeper soil 
depths as non-representative sample cannot result in accurate soil test assessment of that field. 
The commonly used sampling tools are augers, corers, shovel, trowels, soil tubers, jack knives etc but the 
commonly used tools in Nigeria are soil augers, corers and shovels. The most important factor in selecting a 
sampling tool is that it will obtain uniform cores and slices of equal volume to the desired depth at all spots in the 
composite area (Peck and Melsted 1973). Since good sampling is facilitated by proper equipment. Reed et al.(1993) 
described the characteristics of ideal sampling equipment as follows: 
1. Ability to take a small enough equal volume of soil from sampling site so that the composite sample will be 

of an appropriate size to process for analysis. 
2. Be easy to clean 
3. Be adaptable to dry sandy soil as well as to fairly moist sticky soil 
4. Be rust resistant and durably constructed to resist bending or breakage 
5. Be relatively easy to use and thus provide for fairly rapid sampling of a field. 
The more comprehensive the information provided the better will be the soil amendment or fertilizer 
recommendation interpreted from the soil analysis. Therefore, according to Miller and Donahue (1992), it was 
advised that the following should accompany the soil sample to the testing laboratory; 
 Information on previous crop grown 
 Crop (s) to be grown 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 11 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

 When was the field last limed, manured or fertilized (type of lime, and manure) and rates of application 
 Depth of ploughing 
 Soil management practices to be adopted 
 Is the field well drained, intermediate or poor 
 The kind or type of irrigation, (fertilizer, or soil amendment) to be used 
 Other special problems such as temperature, hardpan, elevation etc, that may affect plant growth  
5. Chemical Analysis of Soil (Soil Testing) 
Many extracting solutions and procedures for removing nutrients from the soil have been proposed. But none 
remove exactly the same amount that plant roots obtain (Fitts and Hanway, 1976). One of the oldest methods of 
testing soil samples is by the use of chemical reaction that provides colour changes. The exact colour depends on 
the amount of available minerals in the soil. For pH test the colour depends on the soil pH. These simple chemical 
tests are easy to use but they are not reliable. Since the result are based on the technique of the tester and what 
he/she see. Moreover these tests may not provide an accurate measurement of the absorbed elements that affect 
plant growth like potential acidity and exchangeable potassium. Nevertheless such test can be useful in the field 
where one cannot drag equipment about or find a source of electricity. The above explained tests are however been 
largely replaced in laboratory testing or analysis by sophisticated modern instruments and tools such as the digital 
pH meter, atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), flame photometer, calorimeter, autoclave etc. These tools 
rapidly and accurately measure amounts of mineral in soil samples. Though the instruments are costly they greatly 
improve laboratory operations by allowing faster testing and greater reliability. Furthermore the introduction of 
atomic absorption instruments in laboratories creates a favourable condition for much greater research in the area 
of micronutrients use and extraction of micronutrients from soil (Fitts and Hanway 1976).  
Soil pH is one of the most enlightening attributes of a soil as it is one of the most effective indices for agricultural 
sustainability in humid tropical soils of southeast, Nigeria. The acidity, neutrality or basicity of a soil has much to 
do with the solubility of various compounds, the relative bonding of ions to exchange sites and the activity of 
various micro-organisms (Nweke and Nsoanya 2013). Soil pH can indicate something about percentage base 
saturation depending on the predominant clay type, the degree of dissociation of H-ions from cation exchange sites 
or the extent of H-ion formation by hydrolysis of Al (Mclean 1973). Since most of the plant essential elements in 
soil reach maximal or near maximal available of plant nutrients. The most common solution ratio used for 
measuring soil pH in soil testing is 1:1 (weight bases), though 1:2.5 and 1:10 ratio is also used quite often in soil 
test because 1:1 weight bases can lead to the closing of the membrane which can easily be cracked. Under normal 
circumstances the pH measured in water is always higher than the one measured in salt solution. The pH difference 
range from about 0.5-1.5 pH unit reason being that in measuring of soil pH it determine in most cases already 
dissociated H+ or Al3+ ion contained in the outer solution especially with water but with salt solution it determine 
not only the H+ ion of external solution but also those of internal solution 

         [Soil]H + K+ + Cl-  [Soil]K + H+ + Cl- 

In highly weathered tropical soils like the Alfisol, Oxisol and Ultisol (soils of south east, Nigeria) the reverse cases 
occur in many occasions especially with the B horizon of such soil. The soils are called ferrallitic or fersiallitic, 
the pH measured with salt solution is higher than those measured in water. 

        [Exchanger]OH + K+ + Cl-         [Exchanger]Cl + K+ + OH- 
In these highly weathered soils they have very low silicate to sesquioxide (SiO2/R2SO2) ratios. This phenomenon 
is caused by the fertility that in such highly weathered soils there is preponderance of positive charges on the soil 
surfaces for that reason they absorb a lot of anions instead of cations especially if the ratio is below 0.5 which is 
mostly found in B horizons of these soils. As a result of differences in cation contained in the soil the soil pH can 
vary from pH3-pH10 depending on soil condition, weather (climate) and cations present in the soil. As H+ ions are 
replaced by metallic cation in the process of soil development pH value increases but this increase in soil pH vary 
from cation to another depending on the extent of hydrolysis and dissociation. 

    [Exchanger]Me+ + H+ + OH-       [Exchanger]H + Me+ + OH- (Me is metallic from base) 
But in soils that are highly saturated with hydrogen ions (H+) some of the H+ ions can be replaced with equivalent 
amount of Al, Ca, or Na when this happen there will be a sequence where by hydrolysis increases in that order as 
a result of reduction in the binding power of the cation in the soil complex that is Al < Ca < Na (hydrolysis 
sequence) also the extent of dissociation originating from metallic bases (MeOH) increases because there is an 
increase in the OH group. This increase in the OH leads to an increase in the soil pH. The consequence of this 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 12 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

relation as a first approximation is that monovalent cations induce usually stronger pH increases than the divalent 
cations and the latter cause stronger pH increases than trivalent cations. In humid areas however soil pH are always 
measured both in water and salt solution but in the arid and semi-arid areas soil pH is advised to be measured only 
in water. The reason is that in the arid and semi-arid areas the soils are already saturated with salts. So there is no 
need to increase the salt solution. The pH measured in salt solution however, gives a more realistic value and do 
not fluctuate very much than soil pH measured in water. In other words the pH measured in water fluctuates very 
much. From the results of the analysis lime, Fertilizer or any other soil amendment of choice can be suggested for 
application. 
Phosphorous is washed from the sample with acid solution; the solution is then put in spectrometer this particular 
method measure soluble phosphorous only, while insoluble forms are not measured. The resulting value can be in 
available phosphorous indicates how much phosphorous is free for plant growth. In the case of potassium the 
sample is washed with the solution that replaces potash on the cation exchange sites. The resulting value indicates 
the exchangeable potassium the amount that is readily available for plant growth. The test for nitrogen is difficult 
to test accurately, so some laboratories base nitrogen needs on the amount of nitrogen stored in the soil organic 
matter, effect of last year’s crop, other cropping practices and the farmer’s production goals. Nitrate-nitrogen can 
however be carried over the year where leaching and denitrification are less. In this case test is valuable; the top 
6cm-9cm soil should be sampled for nitrates. Other important tests might include testing for soluble salts, cation 
exchange capacity (CEC), calcium, magnesium, sulphur and trace elements known to be problem in the area 
(Barber et al., 1961, Scott and Hanway, 1960, Hanway et al., 1962, Edward 1992, ETC 2008; Zhang et al., 2004; 
Nweke 2017). According to Brady and Weil (1999) it is advisable to send the sampled soils to laboratory located 
in the same region or location from which the soils are sampled (collected) they may have access to data correlating 
analytical results to plants responses on soils similar nature.  
6. Interpretation of Result  
Laboratory results are only reliable if they have been validated on soil similar to the one been sampled. The purpose 
of interpretation of data revolves on the purpose or objectives for which the information was collected. The result 
must be based on research about fertilization and nutrient levels on soils like the sampled soil. As differences in 
climate and crops exist farmer therefore should use local laboratory whose recommendations will be based on the 
local conditions, such laboratories may be associated with a university or a state agriculture experimentation station 
such as state agricultural development programmes (ADP) that exist in every state in south east, Nigeria. After 
analyzing the soil sample the laboratory issues a computer printed report (for those using computer). The report 
will include test results, interpretation of the results as well as fertilizer/manure and lime recommendations where 
necessary. Part of interpretation is to translate the raw numbers as low, medium or high. These numbers however 
vary from laboratory to laboratory. A low category may imply that a yield response to a high category is unlikely. 
It is through this that soil laboratory testers make their interpretation and recommendation to the farmers. 
7. Conclusion and Recommendation 
Soil test is a cost-effective and eco-friendly to the farmer with regard to soil management technology. The results 
generated from the field sampled and tested have many profound advantages when properly implemented over the 
non-sampled and untested field. The soil test result when implemented help to improve the physiochemical and 
biological properties of agricultural soil; it can act as a panacea for soil reclamation, enhancement of soil fertility 
and control of pathogens for sustainable agriculture. Finally it is advisable that a farmer samples his farm every 
year prior to planting so that over the years he can track his soil test level using chart to determine whether nutrient 
levels in his farm are being maintained, increased or depleted. 
Soil test interpretations help in determining the effectiveness and proper use of fertilizers, lime and other soil 
amendments. Soil testing is the best tool farmers will use to determine how much fertilizer is needed to avoid both 
under and over fertilization. The interpretations, however does not include rates, method, type or time of 
application of fertilizer, lime or manure. Neither does it tell the farmer the form of a nutrient that may be most 
desirable to apply. Nevertheless the information obtained from a soil fertility evaluation and improvement 
performance to a farmer is more than just whether or not a nutrient is below or above the supposed level in the 
soil. Rather it should as well instruct the farmer on the time, rates and method of application of the fertilizer, 
manure or lime. Therefore soil testing is extremely important to any farmer in making the decision as to which 
nutrients should be included in the fertilizer and lime inputs of his field. It is only on that basis will he maximize 
profit in his agricultural ventures. 
References 
Akinride, E., Bello, O. S., Ayegboyin, K. O., & Roh, I. (2005). Added benefits of combine organic and mineral 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 13 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

phosphate fertilizers applied to maize and melon J. Food Agric. Envt., 3, 75-80. 
Barber, S. A., Bray, R. J., Caldwell, A. C., Fox, R. L., Fried, M., Hanway, J. J., Hovland, D., Ketchson, J. W., 

Laughton, W. M., Lawton, K., Lipps, R. C., Olson, R. A., Pesek, J. T., Pretty, K., Reed, M., Smith, F.W. & 
Stickney, E. M. (1961). North Central Regional potassium studies: II. Greenhouse experiments with millet. 
North Central Regional Publication No. 123. Indiana Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bul. RB 717. 

Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (1999). The nature and properties of soils (12th ed). Prentice Hall Inc. N J pp 656-659. 
Edward, P. J. (1992). Soil Science and management (2nd ed). Pp. 275-284, Delmer publisher. 
Erosion Technology and Concentration (ETC). group communiqué May/June 2008 issue # 99, Ottawa Canada. 
Fitts, F. W., & Hanway, J. J. (1976). Prescribing soil and crop nutrient need. In: Fertilizer Technology and Use, Pp 

57-78. 
Gingrich, R. J. (1965). Effect of soil temperature on the response of winter wheat to phosphorous fertilization. 

Agronomy Journal, 57(1), 41-44. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1965.00021962005700010014x 
Graham, E. R. (1959). An explanation of theory and methods of soil testing, Missouri. Agric Expt. Sta. Bull., 734. 
Hanway, J. J. (1962). North Central Region Potassium studies with corn, North Cen. Pub. No 135, Ottawa Agric. 

Exp. Sta. Bull. 503. 
Iowa State University Cooperation Extension Services. (1963). Take a good soil sample pamphlet 287 (Rev).  
Mclean, E. O. (1973). Testing soils for pH and lime requirement in soil testing and plant analysis. In Leo M. Walsh, 

& James D. Beaton (Eds.), Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Madison Wisconsin USA. 
Miller, R. W., & Donahue, R. L. (1992). Soils, An introduction to soils and plant growth (6th ed). Prentice Hall 

Inc. Eaglewood Cliff NJ USA. 
Nweke, I. A., & Ilo, G. E. (2019). Cultivation and land use changes their implications in soil productivity 

management and crop yield J. Agriculture and Agribusiness, 4(1), 35-62. 
Nweke, I. A (2018a). Contrasting tillage systems and wood ash effect on soil chemical properties. British J. Environ. 

Sci., 7(1), 8-25.  
Nweke, I. A. & Nsoanya, L. N. (2013). Soil pH an indices for effective management of soils for crop production. 

Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(3), 132-134. 
Nweke, I. A. (2017). Influence of wood charcoal from chlorophera excels on soil properties and yield components 

of maize. Journal of Soil Science Environmental Management, 8(1), 11-16. 
https://doi.org/10.5897/JSSEM2015.0566 

Nweke, I. A. (2018b). The good, the bad and the ugly of tillage in agricultural sustainability- A review. Greener 
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8(9), 217-250. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2018.9.090618130 

Peck, T. R. & Melsted, S. W. (1973). Field sampling for soil testing, in soil testing and plant analysis, Leo M. 
Walsh and James D. Beaton (eds) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Madison Wisconsin USA. 

Read, I. F., Fitts, J. W., Hanway, J. J., Kanos, L.T, Mcgeorge, W. T., & Dean, L. A. (1953). Sampling soils for 
chemical tests Better Crops Plant Food, 37(8), 13-18. 

Schickluna, J. C. (1981). Sampling soils for fertilization and lime recommendations MSU Ag. Facts Ext. Bull. 
E498 Coop. Ext. Serv. Mich. State University East Lansing Mich. 1981. 

Scott, A. D., & Hanway, J. J. (1960). Factors influencing the changes in exchangeable soil potassium observed on 
dry org. Int. Congr. Soil Sci. Trans (7th ed). Madison Wise, 3, 72-79. 

Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. L., Beaton, J. D., & Havlin, J. L. (2003). Soil fertility and fertilizers (5th ed). Practice 
Hall New Delhi India. 

Westerman, R. I. (Ed) (1990). Soil testing and Plant analysis (3rd ed). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison Wisconsin USA. 
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser3.3ed 

Zhang, J. Z., Robert, A. C., & Jian- Kang Z. (2004). From laboratory to field, using information from Arabidopsis 
to Engineer salt, cold and drought tolerance in crops. Plant Physiology, 135(2), 625- 621. 
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.040295 

 
 



as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol.2, No. 2; 2020 

 14 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
















<<
  /ASCII85EncodePages false
  /AllowTransparency false
  /AutoPositionEPSFiles true
  /AutoRotatePages /None
  /Binding /Left
  /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
  /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
  /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
  /CompatibilityLevel 1.4
  /CompressObjects /Tags
  /CompressPages true
  /ConvertImagesToIndexed true
  /PassThroughJPEGImages true
  /CreateJobTicket false
  /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
  /DetectBlends true
  /DetectCurves 0.0000
  /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
  /DoThumbnails false
  /EmbedAllFonts true
  /EmbedOpenType false
  /ParseICCProfilesInComments true
  /EmbedJobOptions true
  /DSCReportingLevel 0
  /EmitDSCWarnings false
  /EndPage -1
  /ImageMemory 1048576
  /LockDistillerParams false
  /MaxSubsetPct 100
  /Optimize true
  /OPM 1
  /ParseDSCComments true
  /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
  /PreserveCopyPage true
  /PreserveDICMYKValues true
  /PreserveEPSInfo true
  /PreserveFlatness true
  /PreserveHalftoneInfo false
  /PreserveOPIComments true
  /PreserveOverprintSettings true
  /StartPage 1
  /SubsetFonts true
  /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
  /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
  /UsePrologue false
  /ColorSettingsFile ()
  /AlwaysEmbed [ true
  ]
  /NeverEmbed [ true
  ]
  /AntiAliasColorImages false
  /CropColorImages true
  /ColorImageMinResolution 300
  /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleColorImages true
  /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /ColorImageResolution 300
  /ColorImageDepth -1
  /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
  /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeColorImages true
  /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterColorImages true
  /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /ColorACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /ColorImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasGrayImages false
  /CropGrayImages true
  /GrayImageMinResolution 300
  /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleGrayImages true
  /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /GrayImageResolution 300
  /GrayImageDepth -1
  /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
  /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeGrayImages true
  /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterGrayImages true
  /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /GrayACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /GrayImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasMonoImages false
  /CropMonoImages true
  /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
  /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleMonoImages true
  /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /MonoImageResolution 1200
  /MonoImageDepth -1
  /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeMonoImages true
  /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
  /MonoImageDict <<
    /K -1
  >>
  /AllowPSXObjects false
  /CheckCompliance [
    /None
  ]
  /PDFX1aCheck false
  /PDFX3Check false
  /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
  /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
  /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
  /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
  /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
  /PDFXOutputCondition ()
  /PDFXRegistryName ()
  /PDFXTrapped /False

  /CreateJDFFile false
  /Description <<
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
    /BGR <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>
    /CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
    /CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
    /CZE <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>
    /DAN <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>
    /DEU <FEFF00560065007200770065006e00640065006e0020005300690065002000640069006500730065002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670065006e0020007a0075006d002000450072007300740065006c006c0065006e00200076006f006e002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e002c00200076006f006e002000640065006e0065006e002000530069006500200068006f006300680077006500720074006900670065002000500072006500700072006500730073002d0044007200750063006b0065002000650072007a0065007500670065006e0020006d00f60063006800740065006e002e002000450072007300740065006c006c007400650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650020006b00f6006e006e0065006e0020006d006900740020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e0064002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0064006500720020006800f600680065007200200067006500f600660066006e00650074002000770065007200640065006e002e>
    /ESP <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>
    /ETI <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>
    /FRA <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>
    /GRE <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>
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
    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
    /HUN <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>
    /ITA <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>
    /JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
    /KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
    /LTH <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>
    /LVI <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>
    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
    /NOR <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>
    /POL <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>
    /PTB <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>
    /RUM <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>
    /RUS <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>
    /SKY <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>
    /SLV <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>
    /SUO <FEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002e>
    /SVE <FEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006f006d002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b006100700061002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400200073006f006d002000e400720020006c00e4006d0070006c0069006700610020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500740073006b00720069006600740020006d006500640020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e002000200053006b006100700061006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e00610073002000690020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00630068002000730065006e006100720065002e>
    /TUR <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>
    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

