




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p70 

70                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 

Grain Yield Performance and Parametric Stability Statistics of Tef 
{Eragrostis tef (Zucc) Trotter} Genotypes in Tigray, Ethiopia 

Chekole Nigus1, Yonas G/mariam1, Hailegbreal Kinfe2, Brhanu Melese1 & Ataklty Mekonen1      
1 Tigar Agricultural Research Institute, Axum Agricultural Research center, Axum, Ethiopia 
2 Tigar Agricultural Research Institute, Maytsebrie Agricultural Research center, Ethiopia 
Correspondence: Chekole Nigus, Tigar Agricultural Research Institute, Axum Agricultural Research center, P. O. 
Box. 230, Axum, Ethiopia. E-mail: chekolenigus@gmail.com 
 
Received: February 24, 2020   Accepted: March 27, 2020   Online Published: April 2, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The most constraints of tef productions are lodging, drought, low yield cultivars; insect and disease affected the 
growth of tef. These, factors causes inconsistence performance yield due to GEI. The objective was to evaluate tef 
genotypes on their yield performance, stability and parametric stability to select most independent and informative 
statistics method. The experiment was conducted at four locations for two seasons; with design of RCBD three 
replications, two standard checks and 19 tef genotypes. Data was collected on grain yield and analyzed by R 
software and STABILITYSOFT. The analysis of variance for the combined mean of grain yield showed that there 
was significance difference (P<0.001) between genotypes, environments and GEI. Yield performance was 
influenced by Environments and GEI. The mean grain yield of genotypes over GEI varies from 820.94kg/ha to 
2438.90kg/ha, while the genotype grain yield was ranged from 1382 to 1989kg/ha. G19, G17 and G6 were 
identified the higher grain yield performance over seven environments. Whereas, G8 and G11 were the lowest 
yielding tef genotypes. Nine parametric methods and GGE biplot were used to evaluate the stability of the 
genotypes. G19 was the most stable following G17 and would be grown for unfavorable growing environments. 
However, G6 was stable for favorable environmental condition. G19 and G17 had static stability and fitting for 
area faced with erratic rain fall. Even though, parametric stability did not show a positive and statistically 
significant correlation with mean yield the Mean variance component (θi) is selected with GGE biplot for 
evaluation of tef genotypes in the development of cultivar. Effective selection of variety would be best if mega-
environment, representative and discriminating testing areas are identified. 
Keywords: Genotype by environment interaction, tef yield Stability, stability parametric methods of tef 
1. Introduction 
Then national tef breeding program working on the development of high yielding varieties for wider adaptable, 
lodging tolerant, tolerant to low moisture stress, desirable grain quality (Kbebew et al. 2011) and introducing 
nontraditional areas of tef production. The development of tef variety for wider adaptable is a major interest and a 
challenging condition for breeders (Kassa et al. 2013). This challenge is due to the genotype by environment 
interaction (GEI) which causes limiting for identifying superior genotypes. GEI is the relative performance of 
genotypes varies from one environment to others (Y ali et al. 2004). Fluctuation in the performance yield reduced 
by classifying heterogeneous region into mega-environment (small region with homogeneous) to develop 
genotypes for specific location (Mohammadi et al. 2007) and selection of higher yielding and stabile genotypes 
across different environments (Eberhart and Russell 1966). Plant breeders test genotypes in multi environmental 
trial (MET) to solve the difficulty of selection on grain yield due to GEI (Ülker et al. 2006). Selection of genotype 
is valuable in plant breeding, when the environment is variable and unpredictable (Mohammadi et al. 2010).  
Due to the different factors the productivity of tef is low 17.5qt/ha (CSA 2018). The most constraints of tef 
production are lodging, drought, low yield cultivars; insect and currently different types of disease affected the 
growth of tef. Despite the national tef research program attend to develop up to 42 tef varieties (MoALR 2017), 
yet, from the released tef varieties achieved the potential yield of the crop. It shows there is higher difference 
between the potential of tef and the actual yield called yield gap which is less than half. This is due to the limitation 
of well performing and stable tef genotypes in wider areas of the region.  
 



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Tef adapted to highly diverse climatic condition and soil types of the country (Ebba 1969). The optimum altitude 
ranges from 1700-2200 m and growing-season rainfall of 300 mm (Seyfu 1993). The Central Statistics Agency 
(CSA 2018) reported that the area covered by tef is more than 3 million hectare and 23.85% of the total land 
allocated to cereal crops. Tef has a plenty of merits; of them cope from erratic climate, generate house hold income 
(grain and straw), fulfill nutritional needs(Assefa et al. 2015), its grain is free of gluten (Spaenij-Dekking et al. 
2005) and it has relatively few disease and insect pest problems(Kebebew, 2009).  
Stability of yield is consistently performing genotypes over a range of environments (Heinrich et al., 1983). Stable 
genotype has a minimum interaction with environment caused by genetic traits (Eberhart and Russel 1966). 
Whereas, unstable genotypes had higher interaction due to the environmental factors (rain fall, temperature, soil 
type etc.) vary their performance per location and season. The stability of variety existed by three cases; with small 
variance among environments, parallel response of variety to mean response of all varieties in the trial and small 
residual MS from the regression (Binns and Lefkolitch 1985). As Kassa et al. (2013) report shows that there is a 
significance difference of environments and genotypes of tef. This reveal that the environments influence on tef 
genotypes diversely to express their performance and stability and tef genotypes which have higher grain yield 
and stabile (small variance of deviation) are responsive to favorable growing condition. 
Genotype performance would predicted their adaptability and stability through different method of evaluation 
because of there is different level of association between them (Silva and Duarte 2006; Roostaei et al. 2014). 
Therefore, a comparative study among the more widely used methods is important. From varies methodologies 
nine parametric and GGE biplot were selected to evaluate the adaptability and stability of method for the present 
study. These methods were regression coefficient (bi; Finlay and Wilkinson,1963), variance of deviation from the 
regression(S2di; Ebrehart and Russel 1966), Wricke’s ecovalence stability index(Wi2;Wricke 1962), Shukla’s 
stability variance(σi2;Shukla 1972), environmental coefficient of variance (CVi;Francis and Kannenberg 1978), 
Peterson’s mean variance component (θi;Plaisted and Peterson ,1959), Plaisted’s GE variance component 
(θi;Plaisted 1960), yield stability index(YSi; Kang 1991), AMMI stability value(ASV; Purchase et al. (2000) and 
GGE biplot (Yan et al.2010 and Mohammedi et al. 2010). The stability evaluation method grouped in to two 
concept of stability based on the discrimination and correlation analysis. These groups were static and dynamic 
stability (Mohammedi et al. 2010).  
Crossing of tef parent to produce recombinant inbred lines and evaluation of tef genotypes their yield performance 
and stability in multi-location trial (MET) is an important phenomenon. Due to the climatic fluctuation providing 
tef variety that has higher yielding and stable over the tested location per season is more necessary. Higher yielding 
and stable tef varieties increases the production and productivity of tef in the nation. The purpose of this study was 
to evaluate tef genotypes their yield performance, stability and parametric stability statistics for select the most 
independent and informative statistics method 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Description of the Study Areas  
Tef genotypes were selected for evaluation of their stability at Axum and Maytsebri Agricultural Research Center 
during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 cropping season at stations of these centers. The list of locations their names, 
coordination point, altitude and soil texture (Table 1). Except Selekhlekha all tested location were ranged in similar 
altitudes.  
  
Table 1. Lists of locations, their geographical coordination of each location and soil texture 

s.on Locations  Longitude  Latitude  Altitude(masl) Soil texture  
1 Hatsebo 380 46’17.403’’ 140 6’28.051’’ 2100 Clay loam  
2 Maysiye  380 36’41’’ 140 6’43’’ 2200 Sandclay loam 
3 N/adet(adeyselam) 380 38’18.366’’ 130 52’16.302’’ 2100 Slit loam  
4 Selekhlekha 380 16’45.768’’ 140 4’9.084’’ 1961 Loam  

 
2.2 Experimental Design and Materials  
The trial was conducted having nineteen recombinant inbred lines with two checks, standard and local. These 
recombinant lines were obtained from the national tef research program of preliminary yield trial (PVT) tested at 
our site (Hatsebo 2015/16). Consequently, lines which were higher in yield than the standard checks selected for 



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regional variety trial. The experiment was layout using RCBD design with three replication and plot size of 
2mx2m=4m2 with ten number of rows per plot and the net harvestable plot size 3.2 m2, 0.2m between rows,0.5m 
between plots and 1m between replication were spaced. The seed were sown by drilling in a row with hand. Type 
of fertilizer used and their application was: - blended fertilizer had applied per the blanket recommendation of the 
tested locations with rate of 100kg/ha while urea was applied 100kg/ha for all locations with split application. The 
first phase at early two weeks later after germination the second phase also applied near to heading of the crop. 
All recommended agronomic management practice was applied.  
 
Table 2. List of the pedigree for the tested genotypes and their source  
Pedigree  Source  Code Pedigree Source  code 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-9) DZARC G1 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-80) DZARC G12 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-13) DZARC G2 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-107 ) DZARC G13 

 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-18) DZARC G3 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-114 ) DZARC G14 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-23) DZARC G4 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-116) DZARC G15 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-24) DZARC G5 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-117 ) DZARC G16 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-30) DZARC G6 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-133 ) DZARC G17 

Dz-cr-387xkey-murri(RIL.133B)Kora DZARC G7 DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-60) DZARC G18 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-40) DZARC G8 DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-7) DZARC G19 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-106) DZARC G9 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-44) DZARC G20 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-48) DZARC G10 Local check AxARC G21 

DZ-Cr-387 X R\osea(RIL-71) DZARC G11    

DZARC=Debre Ziet Agricultural research center, AxARC= Axum Agricultural research Center G1=genotype 1 
etc…. 
 
2.3 Data Collection and Analysis of Variance  
Data collected on grain yield and was estimated in kg ha-1

 by converting the grain harvested per net harvestable 
plot to hectare. Combined analysis of variance for 21 tef genotypes in seven environments was computed to 
determine the effect of environment (E), genotypes (G) and their interaction for grain yield at the probability alpha 
level of 0.05 and the comparison mean difference was subjected by least significance difference (LSD). Analysis 
of variance assumptions normality was tested by Shapiro using the R software. Homogeneity of residual variance 
(MSE) was computed according to Cruz et al. (2004), when the ratio between the highest and lowest MSE was 
less than 7.  
Therefore, the data was subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compute significance difference of the 
source of variance in model by R software. The significance of G, E, and GEI effect was determined by probability 
value (P<0.001). Moreover, stability and adaptability of 21 tef genotypes were tested by GGE- biplot (Yan et al. 
2000) and nine parametric stability statistics. The model for the GGE bioplot was linear mixed model effect the 
genotype was considered as random effect while the environment was fixed effect. This model used a package to 
run was lme4 package (Chambers, John M. 2016). As Yan and Tinker, (2006) described the GGE biplot and 
stability analyze was R functions (commands) of the GGEBiplotGUI package. From the Biplot tools menu bar, 
select tester-center (G+GE), without any scaling and row metric preservation for mean performance and stability 
of genotypes was used. At mean Vs stability GGE biplot graph the projection vector length shows the magnitude 
of the stability (Yan et al., 2006) when the projection of the vector is perpendicular to the straight line of the 
average longer regardless of the direction this implies there is greater tendency of GEI and lower genotype stability 
(Bornhofen et al. 2017). The GGE biplot shows the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) derived from 
subjecting environment centered yield data to singular- value decomposition (Asio et al. 2007: Gabriel et al., 1971 
and Yan et al. 2000). The factor explained (%) for the genotypes by environment interaction was calculated, 
subtracting the sum square of residual from the total and sum square of the remained source of variation to divided 
by the total sum square multiplied by 100. The parametric stability statistics was analyzed by online tool 
http://mohsenyousefian.com/stability/ (Pour Aboughadareh et al. 2019). All the statistic parameter was detailed 
described see at appendix 1. The program calculates patterns of genotypes, based on each index and the result 



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would present on excel of two separate sheets with naming of statistics and ranks including average grain yield, 
parametric and ranking of the genotypes per each statistic along and also Standard deviation (Aboughadareh et al. 
2019). The Pearson’s correlation was analyzed by SPSS software (SPSS In.2009).  
3. Results and Discussions  
3.1 Analysis of Variance  
The analysis of variance for the combined mean of grain yield showed that there was significance difference (P<-
0.001) between genotypes, environments and genotype by environment interaction (GEI)(Table 3). The statistical 
significance difference of genotypes and environments shows that there was variance in response of genotypes for 
grain yield performance whereas, the different environment also differently influencing the genotypes for their 
yield performance. Therefore, the variance performance of genotypes leads for plant breeders to select superior 
genotypes differently responding. However, environmental variance indicates assorting of tef genotypes through 
their stability and for specific adaptation. GEI reveal that, the performance of genotypes was not parallel over all 
testing environments. This indicates the substantial contribution of GEI in influencing the grain yield of tef 
genotypes (Kefyalew 1999). Then, the significance of GEI makes difficulty in selection of superior genotypes 
across environments (Hagos and Abay 2013; Bornhofen et al.,2017). Mohammedi et al. (2007) and Eberhart and 
Russel (1966) suggested for the minimization of GEI in selection of genotypes, creating homogeneous 
environment and development of stable genotypes. The presence of significance difference for genotypes, 
environments and GEI on tef was reported by (Jifar et al.,2019). The occurrence of significance difference on GEI 
helps to proceed for estimating phenotypic stability (Farshdar and Sutka 2006). Kassa et al. (2013) also reported 
that a significance difference between tef genotypes and genotype by interaction. The result was combined from 
the seven environments which missed from Maysiye at 2017/18 of cropping season due to the waterlogging 
problem at the site. 
The environmental effect was responsible for the total sum of squares (SS) of grain yield about (48.71%). While, 
the effect of genotypic was 13.60% and GEI was 37.68% of the total sum of square explained. The present finding 
shows a significant change on grain yield due to both environment and GEI effect. This implies that selection of 
genotypes on their performance of grain yield depends on environment and GEI. The larger variance of on the 
total sum square obtained from the environment and GEI might be; environment is combination of location and 
season. While, location is combination of different weather conditions effect, biotic and abiotic factors of the event. 
Mainly the climatic and soil fertility depletion might be causes to vary the responds of tef genotypes for yield. 
Moreover, phenotypic performance is not only influenced by environment rather the combination of both 
genotypic and phenotypic effect. Therefore, in addition to the environmental factors the genotypic by environment 
interaction causes differently responding tef genotypes for yield. This source of variance is expected when 
genotypes were conducted in multi-environmental trails (MET) through more seasons (Yan and Kang, 2003). 
The GEI mean of grain yield varied from 820.94kg/ha to 2438.96kg/ha(Table 5) while the genotype mean yield 
was varied from 1382.432 and 1989.697kg/ha(Table 4) with grand mean of 1698.20kg/ha. In the present study 
higher variance of grain yield in GEI shows that alteration of climatic factors mainly in rain fall, a black soil 
(Hatsebo) that causes low germination due to un appropriate compaction and moisture limitation. Whereas, the 
genotype mean variance might be due to the genetic makeup of the tef genotypes. Then, selection of tef genotypes 
with higher yielding and stable performance are important per the tested locations. Jifar et al. (2019) reported that 
the variability in grain yield performance is due to a large changeability in climatic and soil condition. Out of the 
21 tef genotypes three genotypes G19, G17 and G6 were identified with high grain yield performance across four 
locations.  
The first two principal components of the GGE biplot in this study explained 82.58% (Axis1=44.23% and 
Axis2=38.35%) of the total variance (Fig. 2). The GEI is stronger with presence of the crossover interaction (Yan 
and Tinker, 2006). There was a larger obtuse angle between selekhliha and Adet it is negatively correlated (Fig 2.) 
each other and causes to occur a crossover GEI (Fig 1). Association of the angle between genotypes and location 
with larger angle indicates there was interaction between the genotypes and locations. In addition to this alignment 
of genotypes on the bioplot: tef genotypes failed near the origins are well stable than the far apart one. The 
maximum numbers of genotypes were failed near the origin. The single arrowed line is the AEC abscissa; it points 
to higher mean yield across environments (Fig 3). As Yan et al. (2006) stated the performance genotypes with 
individual location, in the present finding shows G19 was the highest yielding genotype and also its angle and the 
locations shows less than 90° which implies genotype 19 and the location has positive correlation. Whereas, G8 
and G11 had an angle greater than 90° it indicates these genotypes were below the average. While the angle 
between G2 and the locations Hatsebo(Table 1) was about 90° meaning it was near the grand mean(fig 2). 



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3.2 Stability Analysis 
The parametric stability statistics such as ASV, YSI, Wi, σi2, bi, θi and θ(i) indicated that G19 was the most stable 
genotype however, the CVi and S2di parameter resulted a genotype stability for G17 and G7 respectively(Table 
4.). Genotypes G19, G17, G12, G2, and G4 had the best static stability, however, G6, G9 and G11 were dynamic 
stability over the tested locations (fig.1.). This shown that, G19 was consistently performing across different 
environments. It also confirmed by the ranking of stability methods except the s²dᵢ, CVi, and θᵢ(Table 4.). Lin et 
al. (1986) and Lin and binns (1991) reported that S2di and CVi statistics are grouped under the same stability 
method. Therefore, G19 was evaluated its stability in Multi-location trail that is best strategy in the development 
of the variety. Hence, this genotypes was constantly achieved its grain yield in different environments it is so stable 
as stated by (Romagosa & Fox 1993). In general, genotypes categorized by dynamic stability are very important 
for the addition of the inputs (fertilizer and chemical ….. etc applications). While the static stability is useful for 
areas with erratic rain fall and affected by different edaphic factors (Annicchiarico 2002). This consistence stability 
of tef genotype performance might be due to the inheritance of the traits for stability.  
However, G8 and G11 were the lower yielding tef genotypes. Whereas, G20 was highly stable but, with low yield 
(Fig 3). Farmers under inadequate inputs and erratic rain fall prefer yield stability than increment (Bantayehu 2009). 
Therefore, selection of genotypes within higher yielding and stable is important for environment faced with 
moisture stressed areas of Tigray. Stable genotypes explained by parametric stability statistics when AMMI 
stability value (ASV), Yield stability index(YSI), mean variance component( θi) Shuklas’ stability variance( σi2), 
and GE variance component θ (i) were shown lower value and regression coefficient (bi) near a unit (Table 4.)The 
average rank values in table 4 indicated that G19 was scored lower value which means this method confirmed that 
genotype 19 is higher yielding and stable one. A genotype with lower Average Ranking value is selected as 
superior and stable genotypes (Pour Aboughadareh et al. 2019). The G19 shows that first ranked by five parametric 
stability methods, while the G7, G17 and G9 were ranked by s²dᵢ, CVi, and θᵢ, respectively.  
G19 was stable and high yielder following G17 in mean vs stability analysis of GGE bioplt(Fig 3). The single-
arrowed line is the AEC abscissa (or AEA); it points to higher mean yield across environments (GGE biolpot).The 
tef genotype which is at point and shorter projection from the AEC abscissa indicated the higher yielding and 
stable genotype (Yan and Tinker 2006; Frutos et al. 2014).Whereas, G9 shows that a longer projection and it was 
unstable genotype. In this study the GGE bio plot of stability was taken the genotype by location rather than the 
genotypes by environment. In agreement with Chandra et al.(1974) report the stability of genotypes was evaluated 
that the GE interaction with location is more important than GE interaction with years. There was a crossover 
performance of tef genotype over four locations and two seasons (Fig. 1). The crossover ranking implies that the 
GEI causes to vary in yield performance of the genotype in magnitude and direction (Bnrnn 1988). Mainly that 
showed the yield of the GxE interaction mean of the genotypes and G9 was the higher yield but the G8 was the 
lower yielding from the tested genotypes (Fig.3). Genotypes measured their stability on the static were the G19 
and G17 this implies that these tef genotypes were recommended for the unfavorable growing environments. 
However, G6 and G9 had dynamic stability this variety/genotype would be better to the favorable growing 
environment (Mohammadi et al. 2010). 
3.3 Association between Mean Yield and Parametric Stability  
Mean yield was not shown positively and statistically significance difference with all parametric stability statistics 
except the yield stability index ((YSI, r=-0.75**) which shown a statistically significance difference having a 
negative correlation (Table 7). Presence of association among parametric stability used to defines the 
discriminating ability among genotypes for stability (Duarte and Zimmermann, 2014). However, the finding 
indicated that all parametric stability did not have shown positive and significant correlation with mean yield. 
Parametric stability methods which are not significantly and positively correlated with yield belongs to the static 
stability while, methods correlated with mean yield also grouped with dynamic stability (Bornhofen et al. 2017). 
Therefore, As Bornhofen et al., reported these methods were recommended for use in selection of tef genotypes 
for static stable tef varieties. However, Khalili and Pour-Aboughadareh (2016) reported in double haploid of barley 
lines non-significant methods were not used for stability selection.  
The following parametric stability statistics shows a correlation with each other; ASV was positively and 
significantly with strong correlation of Wi2(r=0.829**), σi2(r=0.829**), and θi r=0.829**). Whereas, the Wi2, also 
associated with σi2(r=1.000**), CVi(r=0.73**) and θi(r=1.000**); σi2 was significantly correlated with 
CVi(r=0.73**) and θi(r=1.000**); bi was correlated with CVi(r=0.843**) and CVi was also correlated with 
θi(r=0.73**). Significant and high magnitude correlation coefficients indicate similarity in the ranking of 
genotypes (Sabaghnia et al. 2006). The Mean variance component (θi) was highly correlated with all parametric 



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stability except the yield stability index (YSI) and GE variance component {θ(i)}. Therefore, evaluating tef 
genotypes with this parametric stability is important including GGE biplot. The import of GGE biplot is uses for 
mixed models (Yang et al. 2099). 
 
Table 3. Combined analysis of variance for mean grain yield of 21 tef genotypes in two year and for four locations  

Sources  
DF  

Sum of 

 square  
Mean 
square 

F-
value 

P>F Explained SS 
(%) 

Coefficient of 
variance % 

Genotypes  20 8683673 434184 3.599 0.000 13.60 18.05 

Environment 6 31101186  5183531 42.976 0.000 48.71  

GxE 120 24059613 200497 1.666 0.0029 37.68   

Residuals 294 35460062 120612     

Total   99304534       

Grand mean(kg/ha)  1698.2      

NB- the DF =degree of freedom, the environment showed the 6 was one year data was missed  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Grain yield performances of tween one tef genotypes across four locations Ha=hatsebo,MY=Maysiye, 
N/ade=Naeder adet, Sel=Selekhelekha,) and two years showing the existence of relative changes in ranks (cross-

overs) due to genotype by environment interaction 

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

G1 G1
0

G1
1

G1
2

G1
3

G1
4

G1
5

G1
6

G1
7

G1
8

G1
9 G2 G2
0

G2
1 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9

yl
el

d9
kg

/h
a0

 

Tef genotypes 

The cross over 21 tef genotypes in two year over four locations 

N/adet

Hatsebo

Maysiye

Selekhlekha

Locations



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Figure 2. The GGE bioplot of the 21 tef genotypes describes the presence of GEI and relationship of genotype 

and locations for grain yield performance 

  
Figure 3. The average-environment coordination (AEC) view to show the mean grain yield performance and 

stability of the tef genotypes 
 
 
 
 

-1000 -500 0 500

-5
00

0
50

0
10

00

GGE Biplot

AXIS1 44.23 % 

A
X
IS

2 
38

.3
5 

%

G1

G10

G11

G12

G13

G14
G15

G16

G17

G18

G19
G2

G20

G21

G3

G4
G5

G6
G7

G8

G9

adi

Ha

MY

Sel

-500 0 500

-6
00

-4
00

-2
00

0
20

0
40

0
60

0

Mean vs. Stability

AXIS1 44.23 % 

AX
IS
2 
38

.3
5 
%

G1

G10

G11

G12

G13

G14
G15

G16

G17

G18

G19

G2

G20

G21

G3

G4

G5

G6
G7

G8

G9

adi

Ha

MY

Sel



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Table 4. Mean grain yield and ten parametric stability statistics measures for: 21 tef genotypes across seven 
environments    

Genotypes Codes  Yield mean(kg/ha) ASV YSI Wᵢ² σ²ᵢ s²dᵢ bᵢ CVi θ₍ᵢ₎ θᵢ AR 
Rank 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-9) G1 
1713.59cdefgh 23.44 25.00 132781.99 46457.04 14594.77 0.32 10.94 46806.88 47863.28 11.8 

11 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-13) G2 
1599.53efghi 26.39 34.00 117475.15 40817.68 8346.91 0.05 8.64 47088.84 45184.58 13.9 

16 

 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-18) G3 
1756.92bcdef 37.22 29.00 253487.03 90927.31 23540.69 -0.16 13.21 44583.36 68986.66 14.25 

7 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-23) G4 
1729.57bcdefg 18.62 20.00 57313.77 18652.95 2155.70 0.20 4.41 48197.08 34656.34 5.88 

9 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-24) G5 1672.84defgh 35.01 34.00 205416.35 73217.06 16419.46 -0.17 11.65 45468.87 60574.29 15.81 
15 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-30) G6 1863.97abc 25.19 19.00 105696.05 36478.01 1397.24 2.21 17.36 47305.83 43123.24 7.94 
3 

Kora G7 
1779.92bcde 16.00 11.00 62839.35 20688.70 1009.37 1.92 15.79 48095.29 35623.32 7.25 

6 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-40) G8 1382.43j 21.77 34.00 213144.30 76064.20 27634.06 1.55 24.33 45326.52 61926.68 16.31 
21 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-106) G9 
1691.55cdefgh 60.98 29.00 706676.04 257891.69 13642.69 4.05 35.04 36235.14 148294.74 17.75 

12 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-48) G10 1785.12bcde 7.14 9.00 39564.93 12113.91 5644.12 0.97 10.15 48524.03 31550.29 6.63 
5 

DZ-Cr-387 X R\osea(RIL-71) G11 1457.27ij 18.34 29.00 104255.44 35947.25 13353.40 1.40 18.51 47332.37 42871.13 14.38 
20 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-80) G12 1552.51ghij 10.74 24.00 18996.58 4536.10 1271.38 0.61 6.69 48902.92 27950.83 6.56 
18 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-107 ) G13 1587.98fghi 21.76 29.00 82793.72 28040.31 6478.35 1.75 17.79 47727.71 39115.33 12.25 
17 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-114 ) G14 1685.45cdefgh 8.36 17.00 37336.86 11293.04 4781.49 1.24 12.39 48565.08 31160.38 8.31 
14 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-116) G15 1795.26bcd 5.88 9.00 89432.06 30486.01 12300.41 0.78 11.36 47605.43 40277.04 10.31 
4 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-117 ) G16 1690.08cdefgh 21.29 24.00 122407.72 42634.94 14604.23 1.55 17.27 46997.98 46047.78 14.94 
13 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-133 ) G17 1903.28ab 24.85 19.00 99894.50 34340.60 1987.54 -0.14 3.74 47412.70 42107.97 8.19 
2 

DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-60) G18 1755.22bcdef 17.97 15.00 55113.61 17842.37 3312.95 1.70 14.90 48237.61 34271.31 6.88 
8 

DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-7) G19 1989.69a 4.89 2.00 13919.53 2665.60 1465.82 1.24 9.50 48996.45 27062.35 3.69 
1 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-44) G20 1729.04bcdefg 5.46 16.00 195002.62 69380.43 19081.67 0.03 12.40 45660.71 58751.89 14.56 
10 

Local check G21 
1541.061hij 24.78 34.00 93865.45 32119.36 2216.30 -0.09 4.73 47523.76 41052.88 11.88 

19 

ASV=AMMI stability value, YSI=yield stability index, Wi=Wricke’s ecovalence stability index, σ2i=Shukla’s 
stability variance S2di=deviation for the regression, bi=regression coefficient, CVi=environmental coefficient of 
variance, θ(i)=GE variance, θi=mean variance component AR=average rank 
 
Table 5. The mean yield performance of tween one tef genotypes across seven environments  

Genotypes  

Code  N/Adet 

  

Hatsebo 

  Maysiye 

Selekhilekha 

  

 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2010 2011 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-9) G1 1815.73 1909.06 1640.94 1649.69 1934.17 1789.44 1256.15 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-13) G2 1593.75 1785.73 1467.5 1749.9 1747.08 1806.2 1046.56 

 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-18) G3 1747.4 1665.42 2050.52 1899.38 1968.12 1750.46 1217.19 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-23) G4 1830 1511.25 1530.83 2026.56 1833.12 2414.54 960.73 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-24) G5 1900.1 1459.38 1604.79 2054.17 1848.85 1794.81 1047.81 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-30) G6 1889.17 1600.52 1413.12 1648.33 2246.15 2634.91 1615.62 

Kora G7 1681.67 1745.83 1959.06 1031.56 2165.73 2232.59 1643.02 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-40) G8 1530.62 1621.77 820.94 965.31 1572.29 2082.13 1083.96 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-106) G9 936.35 1409.38 1285.21 1382.19 2438.96 2323.52 2065.31 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-48) G10 1689.79 1452.4 1821.25 1766.77 2008.96 2551.3 1205.42 

DZ-Cr-387 X R\osea(RIL-71) G11 1375.52 1639.9 1057.92 1111.35 1594.48 2406.85 1014.9 



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DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-80) G12 1344.27 1641.04 1650 1399.58 1728.12 1992.31 1112.29 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-107 ) G13 1509.79 1529.06 1170.73 1336.98 1812.19 2517.59 1239.58 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-114 ) G14 1841.77 1627.08 1435.94 1384.9 1899.17 2386.3 1223.02 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-116) G15 1590.52 1480.42 1986.15 1597.92 1851.46 2425.37 1635 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-117 ) G16 1312.4 1524.9 1501.15 1534.06 1834.69 2502.87 1620.52 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-133 ) G17 1983.65 1774.48 2048.85 1926.46 1940.83 2504.44 1144.27 

DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-60) G18 1697.71 1682.71 1629.17 1278.54 2008.33 2511.02 1479.06 

DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-7) G19 1673.44 1997.5 1996.98 1810.73 2260.31 2356.11 1832.81 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-44) G20 1619.27 1654.58 1794.69 1511.35 1513.96 2498.24 1511.25 

Local check G21 1581.25 1572.92 1703.23 1451.98 1598.85 1506.59 1372.6 

 
Table 6. Ranks of genotypes for mean yield and phenotypic stability measures in 21 tef genotypes 

Genotype Code  Wᵢ² σ²ᵢ s²dᵢ CVi θ₍ᵢ₎ θᵢ rASV rYSI 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-9) G1 16 16 16 8 16 6 14 11 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-13) G2 14 14 12 5 14 8 18 16 

 DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-18) G3 20 20 20 13 20 2 20 9 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-23) G4 6 6 6 2 6 16 10 10 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-24) G5 18 18 18 10 18 4 19 15 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-30) G6 13 13 3 17 13 9 17 2 

Kora G7 7 7 1 15 7 15 7 4 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-40) G8 19 19 21 20 19 3 13 21 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-106) G9 21 21 15 21 21 1 21 8 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-48) G10 4 4 10 7 4 18 4 5 

DZ-Cr-387 X R\osea(RIL-71) G11 12 12 14 19 12 10 9 20 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-80) G12 2 2 2 4 2 20 6 18 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-107 ) G13 8 8 11 18 8 14 12 17 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-114 ) G14 3 3 9 11 3 19 5 12 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-116) G15 9 9 13 9 9 13 3 6 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-117 ) G16 15 15 17 16 15 7 11 13 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-133 ) G17 11 11 5 1 11 11 16 3 

DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-60) G18 5 5 8 14 5 17 8 7 

DZ-Cr-387 X Alba(RIL-7) G19 1 1 4 6 1 21 1 1 

DZ-Cr-387 X Rosea(RIL-44) G20 17 17 19 12 17 5 2 14 

Local check G21 10 10 7 3 10 12 15 19 

Wi2=Wricke’s stability index, σ²ᵢ =Shula’s ecovalence stability index, s²dᵢ=deviation from the regression, 
CVi=environmental coefficient of variance, θ₍ᵢ₎=GE mean variance, θᵢ =mean variance component, SD=standard 
deviation, rASV=rank of AMMI stability value,  rYSI=rank of yield stability index and RS=rank sum  
 
Table 7. Pearsons correlation coefficient among grain yield, stability parameters for 21 tef genotypes across seven 
environments at Tigray regional state 

  yield ASV YSI Wᵢ² σ²ᵢ s²dᵢ bᵢ CVi θ₍ᵢ₎ θᵢ 

Yield 1 -0.156 -.750** -0.13 -0.13 -0.41 -0.012 -0.266 0.13 -0.13

ASV  1 .640** .829** .829** 0.3 0.323 .532* -.829** .829**



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YSI  1 0.403 0.403 .451* -0.116 0.228 -0.403 0.403

Wᵢ²   1 1.000** .495* .477* .732** -1.000** 1.000**

σ²ᵢ    1 .495* .477* .732** -1.000** 1.000**

s²dᵢ   1 -0.067 .454* -.495* .495*

bᵢ   1 .843** -.477* .477*

CVi    1 -.732** .732**

θ₍ᵢ₎    1 -1.00**

θᵢ     1

ASV= AMMI stability value, YSI= yield stability index,Wi2=Wricke’s stability index, σ²ᵢ =Shula’s ecovalence 
stability index, s²dᵢ=deviation from the regression, CVi=environmental coefficient of variance, θ₍ᵢ₎=GE mean 
variance and  θᵢ =mean variance component  
 
4. Conclusion 
The combined analysis of multi-environmental trail shows significance difference within the genotypes, 
environments and genotypes by environments interaction. Yield was varied due to the higher source of variation 
of environment and the interaction of genotype by environment. The GEI also shows there is inconsistence of 
genotype performance across the tested environments. In addition to this stability of tef genotypes were evaluated 
through the static and dynamic stability. Therefore, G19 and G17 were the best static stable tef genotypes and 
these are suited for the unfavorable environments. This is fitting for the testing areas, which is faced to fluctuation 
of climatic condition and fertility depletion. But, G6 was the dynamic stable and better to grow in the favorable 
environments. The association of mean yield and parametric stability statistics do not shown a statistically 
significance difference except for YSI with negatively correlated. According to the GGE bioplot G19 was stable 
and selected for the national variety releasing committee. The Mean variance component (θi) was highly correlated 
with all parametric stability except the yield stability index (YSI) and GE variance component {θ(i)}.Therefore, 
this method combined with GGE bioplot is good for development of tef variety.  
Finally, this research finding recommended that G19 was the most stable followed by G17 and these were the 
promising tef genotype with high yield performance. Moreover, use of the evaluation method GGE bio plot is 
better for the evaluation of tef genotypes for the development of cultivar. However, the higher yielding and 
dynamic stable tef was G6; this genotype could be grows in the potential tef growing area of Ethiopia. To increase 
the effectiveness of the plant breeders during selection of the genotype and reducing cost as well as to increase or 
decrease testing year and location the following situation should fulfill. That is identifying meg-environments, 
discriminant locations, representativeness of location and ideal testing location and genotype are the important 
criteria for plant breeding program. 
Acknowledgments 
We wish to thank Tigray Agricultural Research Institute Axum and Maytsebri centers allocating the budget to 
accomplish this activity and the staff of both centers of Axum and Maytsebri center as well as the tef national 
coordinators debre Zeit Agricultural research Center providing the recombinant tef lines.  
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

