




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p148 

148                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Combined Effects of Vernalization and Gibberellic Acid on Quality 
Seed Production of Summer Onion (Allium cepa L.) 

Lamia Khatun1, Md. Rezaul Karim1, Fakhar Uddin Talukder2 & Md. Sohanur Rahman2 

1 Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 
2 Pest Management Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 
Correspondence: Lamia Khatun, Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-
2202, Bangladesh. E-mail: lamiarimi28@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 5, 2020   Accepted: September 4, 2020   Published: October 26, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vernalization and GA3 on seed yield and reproductive 
quality of summer onion. There were three vernalization treatments viz., no vernalization (control), vernalization 
at 5°C for 14 days and vernalization at 10°C for 14 days and four GA3 treatment viz., 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The 
two-factor experiment was conducted in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. 
Combination between vernalization and GA3 was significant on the parameters such as plant height, number of 
leaves plant-1, the highest number of flowering stalk, number of umbels plant-1, number of bud umbel-1, percent 
flowering at 45 and 60 DAP, number of seeds umbel-1, weight of seeds umbel-1, weight of seeds plant-1, weight of 
seeds plot-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, number of fruits umbel-1, percent of fruit set umbel-1and percent 
germination. Combined effect of vernalization & GA3 was considered the highest seed yield (280.42 kgha-1) was 
obtained from vernalization at 5°C for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3. The lowest values of all the parameters were 
recorded in the control treatment. No limitation is found in the present experiment.  Combined use of proper 
vernalization of mother bulb and suitable concentration of gibberellic acid can be one possible way to expand 
onion production during the summer.  
Keywords: vernalization, Gibberellic Acid, seed production, onion  
1. Introduction 
Vernalization is a proper process required for some definite plant species, e.g. onion (Allium cepa L.), to enter into 
the reproductive stage, through an introduction to low but non-freezing temperatures (Streck, 2003). Onion is a 
herbaceous biennial crop, and the temperature is an environmental factor that is a major controller of its 
development (Brewster, 1983, 1987; Rabinowitch, 1985). At the time of Onion development, there have a 
temperature function (Brewster, 1987). The expression of vegetative plants (after a juvenile stage which 
corresponds to a minimum 7-10 initiated leaves) or bulbs to low temperatures introduces flowering, which 
terminates the growth of the main axis (Rabinowitch, 1985). The outpouring to low temperatures either in natural 
winter or in artificial cold treatment which brings about the induction of flowering in plant species (e.g. onion) is 
called vernalization (Pinthus, 1985; Flood & Halloran, 1986). Vernalization of onion is an important research 
interest because of the need to induce flowering for seed production for breeding purposes in the shortest period 
(Brewster, 1987). Lack of cold temperatures to induce flowering is the main constrain to onion seed production in 
tropical countries (Kimani et al., 1994). The reaction of plants to vernalization is occurred by the combination of 
2 factors, the duration of the vernalization period and the temperature during the vernalization period (Hodges & 
Ritchie, 1991; Ritchie, 1991). Brewster (1987) processed data every day vernalization rate to temperature with a 
stepwise linear function. A step-wise function is not the most suitable response work as a temperature response 
function because biological systems seem to respond to temperature, continuously and smoothly rather than in a 
combination of linear functions that introduce sudden changes in the response (Shaykewich, 1995; Streck, 2002a). 
In the case of onion, a short duration cold treatment of 10 °C for 10 days enhances the seed yield (Yalamalle 2016). 
The inoculation of mycorrhizae and the application of humic substances can enhance bulb growth and quality 
(Sekara et al. 2017). The proper vernalization temperature of mother onion bulbs enhance early flowering and 
produces a higher yield of onion seed (Khokhar 2014). Vernalization of the bulb is required for flower initiation 
in onion (Brewster, 1994). The suitable vernalization temperature of the mother bulb incites early flowering and 
produces a better yield of seed (Jones and Mann, 1963). Gibberellins are one of the major regulators of plant 



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growth and development which suppress the growth and promoting cell elongation and division (Olszewski et al., 
2002; Ubeda Tomas et al., 2009). It is well known that GA3 enhances plant growth and its accompanying 
metabolite production (Jones et al., 2009). The applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) on plants promote plant 
height and, secondarily, increase dry weight (Sharma et al. 1999). The effect of GA3 on onion seed production is 
characterized by an increase in the number of inflorescences per plant, and synchronization of pistillate & 
staminate patterns (Corgan and Montano 1975). Medium or large bulbs sprayed with Gibberellic acid at 50ppm 
provide significantly higher seed yield per hectare, germination, and vigor (Shaikh et al. 2002). Spraying of GA3 
on plants increased seed yield and quality parameters compared with controls (Rizk et al. 1996). One of the most 
important problems is the unavailability of good quality seeds due to a lack of cold temperatures for summer onion 
seed production. The proper vernalization temperature of the mother bulb stimulates early flowering and produces 
a heavier yield of seed (Jones and Mann, 1963). Plant growth regulators (e.g. gibberellic acid) are new generation 
agrochemicals and are expected to play an important role in overcoming the hurdles in the manifestation of 
biological yield. To meet up the demand for onion in Bangladesh, one possible solution is to expand onion 
production during the summer season. The present research work has been undertaken to find out the appropriate 
vernalized temperature with a proper dose of GA3 for obtaining a maximum yield of summer onion seed. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Experimental Site, Soil, Climate 
The present research work was conducted at the Horticultural Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, 
Mymensingh during the period from November 2017 to April 2018. The experimental area is located at 24°46’N 
latitude and 90°24’E longitude. The experimental area belongs to Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain under the AEZ 
number-9. The field was above inundation level and texturally silty loam with a pH value 6.8. The climate of the 
experimental area was sub-tropical, characterized by heavy or scanty rainfall.  
2.2 Experimental Material  
The bulbs (Different size graded) of summer onion variety BARI Piaz-3 were used in this study. These seed bulbs 
were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur. The distance maintained between the 
rows was 25 cm and between the plants was 20 cm and each unit plot accommodated 20 plants. 
2.3 Experimental Treatments  
The experiment had two factors. The levels of each factor were  
Factor A: Vernalization  
V0 =No vernalization, V1 =Vernalization at 5°C for 14 days, V2 =Vernalization at 10°C for 14 days 
Factor B: Concentrations of GA3 
G0 = 0 ppm, G1 = 50 ppm, G2 = 100 ppm, G3 = 150 ppm 
2.4 Design and Layout of the Experiment 
The two-factor experiment consisting of twelve treatment combinations was laid out in the Randomized Complete 
Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Thus in total 36 unit plots were obtained. The total area of this 
experiment was divided into three blocks and each blocks contained twelve plots. The treatment combinations 
were randomly placed to unit plots in each blocks. The size of each unit plot was 1m × 1m. The distance between 
the blocks was 75 cm and between the plots was 50 cm. 
2.5 Vernalization of Mother Bulbs  
Selected bulbs of the same size were put in white cotton cloth bags. Bulbs were then vernalized for 14 days in two 
different refrigerators calibrated at 5 °C and 10 °C. 
2.6 Planting of Bulbs in the Experimental Plot 
Bulbs were taken out from the refrigerators four hours prior to planting and then kept under ceiling fan for surface 
drying. The distance maintained between the row was 25 cm and between the plant was 20 cm. 
2.7 Preparation of GA3 Solution and Its Application 
Laboratory grade reagents were used to prepare 50, 100 and 150 ppm of GA3 solution. The stock solution of 1000 
ppm of GA3 was prepared by protein 1.0 gm. of GA3 into a conical flask. Then a little amount of ethyl alcohol 
(C2H5OH) was added into the conical flask. Then the flask was stirred for some time and exact volume in the 
volumetric flask was made up by adding distilled water with frequent stirring to have the desired 1L stock solution. 
The stock solution was then preserved in glass jars at low temperature in a refrigerator for preparing solutions of 



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desired concentrations. To prepare three concentrations of GA3 solution of 50,100 and 150 ppm; at first 50,100 
and 150 ml solution had taken from GA3 stock solution (1000 ppm) and then ware diluted to prepare 1 liter volume 
with the required amount of distilled water. The prepared solutions were sprayed over the plants in two times one 
at 30 and 50 days after planting (DAP). The solutions were sprayed as foliar spray with the help of hand sprayer. 
2.8 Harvesting 
Matured seed umbels were harvested in several installments when 10-20% of the capsules were splited and 
exposed their black seeds. Umbels were harvested with a small portion of flowering stalk in the morning to prevent 
shattering of seed. 
2.9 Postharvest Operation 
Harvested umbels were dried in open sunlight on brown paper for 4-5 days. Threshing was done manually, seed 
were cleaned and were dried again until they reached safe moisture content (Brewster, 1994). Seeds were then 
kept in polythene bag, which were kept in refrigerator at 8±10°C. 
2.10 Germination test 
Germination percentage of onion seed was recorded in the Postgraduate Laboratory of the Department of 
Horticulture, BAU, Mymensingh at ambient room temperature immediately after drying seeds with 3 replications. 
For each treatment 75 seeds were taken. It was performed following TP (top of paper) method and in sterile 
petridish (90 mm diameter). In each petridish 25 seeds were placed (for each replication) on three layer of tissue 
paper saturated with water. Germination data were collected at 7th day of testing.  
2.11 Data Collection 
Data were collected from selected plants in each unit plot. To avoid border effect with the highest precision six 
plants were selected randomly from each plot out of 30 discarding the outer two rows and outer plants of the 
middle lines. 
Plant height 
The height of plants was measured from ground level to the tip of the longest leaf. Average plant height was 
determined from selected plants at 20, 40 and 60 DAP in centimeter (cm). 
Number of leaves plant-1 
Number of leaves including green and dry from six selected plants were recorded at 20, 40 and 60 DAP. 
Height of flowering stalk 
It was measured from ground level to the tip of the scape before harvest, and the average was recorded in centimeter 
(cm) from selected plants. 
Number of umbels plant-1 
Average number of umbels per plant was recorded from randomly selected plants at full bloom stage. 
Number of fruits umbel-1 
Average number of seeded fruits per umbel was computed from randomly selected six sampled umbels, after 
harvesting. 
Number of bud umbel-1 
Average number of buds per umbel was computed from randomly selected six sampled umbels at maximum 
flowering stage and the average number was recorded. 
Percent flowering plants 
The number of plants flowered was conducted at 5 days interval from initiation to completion. Percentage was 
determined by the following formula: 

 

Percent flowering plants =   × 100 

 
   

No. of plants flowered 

Total no. of plants in the plot 



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Number of seeds umbel-1 
Average number of seeds per umbel was computed from randomly selected six sampled umbels at maximum 
flowering stage and the average number was recorded. 
Weight of seeds umbel-1 
Average weight of seed per umbel was determined in gram (g) from randomly selected 6 umbels.  
Weight of seeds plant-1 
It was recorded from randomly selected 6 plants and was expressed in gram (g). 
Weight of seeds plot-1 
Total amount of seeds for each plot were bulked and weighted in gram (g). 
Percent of fruit set umbel-1 
The average number of seeded fruits per umbel was recorded from randomly selected 6 sampled umbels after 
harvesting. Then it was counted per plot. Seeded fruits divided by no. of flowers per umbel were calculated as % 
fruit set. 
Number of umbels plot-1 
Average number of umbels per plot was determined from previously selected six plants. 
Yield of seeds plant-1 
The seed were collected, weighed and recorded from randomly selected six plants and the mean weight was 
expressed in gram (g). 
Yield of seeds plot-1 
Total amount of seeds for each plot was bulked, was weighed and was expressed in gram (g). 
Seed yield (kg ha-1) 
It was determined from conversion of the respective seed yield per plot to ha and was expressed in kg per ha. 
1000 seed weight 
For each plot 1000 seeds were counted and weighed by electric balance and was recorded in gram (g). 
Germination percentage 
The number of seeds germinated was recorded respectively for each petridish daily. Seeds were considered to have 
germinated when radical emerged about 2 mm from the seed. The germination percentage was determined by the 
following formula. 

Germination percentage =  × 100 
 

2.12 Statistical Analysis 
The collected data were statistically analyzed by the computer using statistical package programme MSTAT-C. 
The analysis of variance was performed by F variance test. The pair of comparisons were performed by Least 
Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% and 1% level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). 
3. Results 
3.1 Combined Effects of Vernalization and GA3 on Plant Height 
The interaction effect of vernalization and GA3 on the plant height of onion was found to be significant at 20 DAP, 
40 DAP and 60 DAP. The variation among the treatment combinations was significant. In general, plant height 
increased gradually with the advancement of time upto 60 DAP (Table 1). The highest plant (52.75 cm) at 60 DAP 
was recorded from the treatment combination of V1G2 (vernalization at 5°C with 100 ppm GA3) and 60 DAP the 
lowest height (40.80 cm) was recorded from the V2G0 treatment combination (Table 1).  
 
 

No. of seeds germinated 

No. of seeds set for germination 



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Table 1. Combined effects of vernalization and GA3 concentration on plant height of summer onion at different 
days after planting 

Treatment 
combination 

Plant height (cm) at 
Days after planting (DAP) 

20 40 60 
V0G0 11.33 32.83 41.85 
V0G1 11.83 34.33 44.67 
V0G2 14.50 44.00 50.00 
V0G3 14.17 39.67 46.75 
V1G0 20.50 37.67 42.33 
V1G1 20.83 41.50 46.80 
V1G2 23.17 45.33 52.75 
V1G3 21.17 43.50 49.00 
V2G0 16.83 34.33 40.80 
V2G1 16.91 37.33 45.72 
V2G2 19.50 44.83 49.58 
V2G3 18.67 43.17 48.30 
LSD0.05 0.39 0.75 0.65 
LSD0.01 0.53 1.02 0.89 
Level of 
significance 0.78** 5.63** 1.82** 

** = Significant at 1% level of probability. Vo, V1, and V2 indicates no vernalization, vernalization at 50c and 100c 
for 14 days respectively and G0, GI, G2, G3 indicates 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm respectively 
 
3.2 Combined Effect of Vernalization and GA3 on Number of Leaves Plant-1 
The combined effect of vernalization and GA3 on the number of leaves per plant was found to be significant at 
20,40 and 60 DAP. The variation among the treatment combinations was significant. At 60 DAP, the highest 
number of leaves (34.17) per plant was recorded from the treatment combinations of V1G2 (vernalization at 5°C 
for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3) while the lowest number of leaves (17.83) plant-1 was obtained from the V0G0 
treatment combinations (Table 2). 
 
Table 2. Combined effects of vernalization and GA3 concentration on number of leaves/plant of summer onion at 
different days after planting 

Treatment 
combination 

No. of leaves/plant at 
Days after planting (DAP) 

20 40 60 
V0G0 8.17 15.97 17.83 
V0G1 10.33 18.50 21.17 
V0G2 13.50 22.82 22.50 
V0G3 11.17 18.83 21.67 
V1G0 15.33 18.33 22.33 
V1G1 16.00 19.60 32.00 
V1G2 19.83 21.67 34.17 
V1G3 17.89 20.08 33.00 



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V2G0 14.50 17.06 18.33 
V2G1 15.67 18.93 22.83 
V2G2 17.67 21.50 32.33 
V2G3 16.67 19.77 30.17 
LSD0.05 0.64 0.66 0.74 
LSD0.01 0.87 0.90 1.00 
Level of 
significance 0.90** 1.83** 22.28** 

** = Significant at 1% level of probability. Here vo, v1, and v2 indicates no vernalization, vernalization at 50c and 
100c for 14 days respectively and G0, GI, G2, G3 indicates 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm respectively 
 
3.3 Combined Effect of Vernalization and GA3 on Percent Germination of Summer Onion 
The combined effect of vernalization and GA3 on the percent germination per plant was found to be significant. 
The variation among the treatment combinations was significant. The highest percent germination (74.00) was 
recorded from the treatment combinations of V1G2 (vernalization at 5°C for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3) while the 
lowest percent germination (48.00) was obtained from the V0G0 treatment combinations (Table 3). 
 
Table 3. Combined effects of vernalization and GA3 concentration on percent germination of summer onion 

Treatment combination Germination (%) 
V0G0 48.00 
V0G1 54.00 
V0G2 60.00 
V0G3 56.00 
V1G0 54.00 
V1G1 58.00 
V1G2 74.00 
V1G3 60.00 
V2G0 50.00 
V2G1 56.00 
V2G2 62.00 
V2G3 58.00 

LSD0.05 1.39 
LSD0.01 1.88 

Level of significance 22.67** 
** = Significant at 1% level of probability. Vo, V1, and V2 indicates no vernalization, vernalization at 50c and 100c 
for 14 days respectively and G0, GI, G2, G3 indicate 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm respectively 
 
3.4 Combined Effect of Vernalization and GA3 on Flowers and Seed Characters at 60 DAP 
There was a significant variation in respect of height of flowering stalk, highest percent flowering, number of 
umbels plant-1, number of flowers plant-1, number of seeds umbel-1, number of fruits umbel-1 at 60 DAP due to 
different levels of vernalization and GA3. The longest flowering stalk (86.92cm) was found in the plots which 
received 5°C vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 while the shortest (61.00cm) was recorded in the plant 
that received no vernalization and no GA3. The highest percent flowering (82.40) was found in the plots which 
received 5°C vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 while the lowest (71.65) was recorded in the plant that 
received no vernalization and no GA3. The maximum number of umbels plant-1, number of flowers umbel-1 (7.70, 
263.57) was found in the plant that received 5°C vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 and minimum (4.19, 
168.50) was observed respectively in the plant that received no vernalization and no GA3. The maximum number 
of seeds umbel-1, number of fruits umbel-1 (320.50, 100.00) was found in the plant that received 5°C vernalization 
for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 and minimum (198.00, 67.85) was observed respectively in the plant that received 
no vernalization and no GA3 (Table 4). 



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Table 4. Combined effects of vernalization and GA3 concentration on quality seed production of summer onion 
Treatment 
combination 

Height of 
flowering stalk 

Highest 
percent 
flowering 

No. of 
umbels/ 
plant 

No. of 
flowers/umbel 

No. of 
seeds/ 
umbel 

No. of 
fruits/ 
umbel 

V0G0 61.00 71.65 4.19 168.50 198.00 67.85 
V0G1 63.31 72.68 4.68 193.60 210.50 75.67 
V0G2 73.50 75.88 6.03 222.75 230.24 85.71 
V0G3 70.00 73.89 5.50 205.40 219.75 80.61 
V1G0 72.67 76.90 5.15 212.67 231.75 75.67 
V1G1 77.99 78.71 6.73 225.57 253.80 86.67 
V1G2 86.92 82.40 7.70 263.57 320.50 100.00 
V1G3 78.22 80.37 7.25 245.74 287.50 90.60 
V2G0 69.33 73.55 4.66 179.00 220.50 71.67 
V2G1 74.50 75.66 5.20 210.50 237.50 80.67 
V2G2 79.50 79.33 6.87 237.50 275.67 90.47 
V2G3 76.61 76.28 6.23 219.37 250.67 86.67 
LSD0.05 0.86 0.55 0.18 6.90 8.90 1.88 
LSD0.01 1.17 0.75 0.24 9.37 12.09 2.55 
Level of 
significance 9.65** 0.52** 0.22** 46.42* 501.65** 7.50** 

** = Significant at 1% level of probability, * = Significant at 5% level of probability. Vo, V1, and V2 indicates no 
vernalization, vernalization at 50c and 100c for 14 days respectively and G0, GI, G2, G3 indicate 0 ppm, 50 ppm, 
100 ppm and 150 ppm respectively. 
 
3.5 Combined Effect of Vernalization and GA3 at 60 DAP 
There was a significant variation in respect of number of fruits plant-1, percent fruits, weight of seeds umbel-1, 
1000 seeds weight, weight of seeds plant-1, weight of seeds plot-1 and seed yield due to different levels of 
vernalization and GA3. The highest number of fruits plant-1 (770.13) was found in the plots which received 5°C 
vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 while the minimum (284.16) was recorded in the plant that received 
no vernalization and no GA3. The highest percent fruits set (41.97) was found in the plots which received 5°C 
vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 while the lowest (38.40) was recorded in the plant that received no 
vernalization and no GA3.  The maximum weight of seeds umbel-1 (1.22g) was found in the plant that received 
5°C vernalization for 14 days with 150 ppm GA3 and minimum (0.31) was found in the plant having no 
vernalization and no GA3. The maximum 1000 seeds weight (3.10 g) was found in the plant that received 5°C 
vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 and minimum (2.10 g) was observed in the plant that received no 
vernalization and no GA3. The maximum weight of seeds/ plant (7.29 g) and weight of seeds/ plot (66.68 g) was 
found in the plant that received 5°C vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 and minimum 1.84 g & 16.82 g 
was found in control respectively (Table 5). 
 
Table 5. Combined effects of vernalization and GA3 concentration on quality seed production of summer onion 

Treatment 
combination 

No. of fruits/ 
plant 

% Fruit 
set 

Weight of 
seeds/ umbel 

(g) 

1000 seed 
Wt (g) 

Weight of 
seeds/ plant 

(g) 

Weight of 
seeds/ plot (g)

V0G0 284.16 38.40 0.31 2.10 1.84 16.82 
V0G1 354.13 38.75 0.42 2.24 2.51 22.92 
V0G2 516.85 39.42 0.50 2.61 3.00 27.43 
V0G3 443.34 39.20 0.46 2.37 2.76 25.23 
V1G0 389.72 39.37 0.95 2.30 5.67 51.84 



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V1G1 583.33 40.33 1.01 2.52 6.08 55.62 
V1G2 770.13 41.97 1.13 3.10 7.29 66.68 
V1G3 656.95 41.67 1.22 2.75 6.77 61.90 
V2G0 333.99 38.67 0.59 2.15 3.51 32.09 
V2G1 419.35 39.19 0.63 2.31 3.75 34.29 
V2G2 621.53 40.22 0.78 2.75 4.67 42.70 
V2G3 540.03 39.61 0.70 2.49 4.22 38.58 

LSD0.05 20.62 0.47 0.05 0.08 0.15 2.96 
LSD0.01 28.02 0.64 0.07 0.10 0.21 4.02 
Level of 

significance 3616.03** 0.50** 0.01** 0.01** 0.21** 83.57** 

** = Significant at 1% l evel of probability, * = Significant at 5% level of probability.  Vo, V1, and V2 indicates 
no vernalization,vernalization at  50c and 100c for 14 days  respectively and G0, GI, G2, G3 indicate 0 ppm, 50 
ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm respectively.   
 
3.6 Combined Effect of Vernalization and GA3 on Seed Yield 
The combined effect of vernalization and GA3 on seed yield. The highest seed yield (280.42 kg ha-1) was found 
in the plots which received 5°C vernalization for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3 while the lowest seed yield (70.75 
kg ha-1) was recorded in the plant that received no vernalization with no GA3 (Fig. 1). 

 
Figure 1. Combined effects of vernalization and GA3 concentration on quality seed production of summer onion. 

Vo, V1, & V2 indicates no vernalization, vernalization at 50C and 100C for 14 days respectively and G0, GI, G2, 
G3 indicate 0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm respectively 

 
4. Discussion 
Data were collected from six randomly selected plants and seed yield was recorded from all plants of unit plots. 
Observations were made on plant height, number of leaves plant-1, percent germination, height of flowering stalk, 
highest percent flowering, number of umbels plant-1, number of flowers plant-1, number of seeds umbel-1, number 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

V0G
0

V0G
1

V0G
2

V0G
3

V1G
0

V1G
1

V1G
2

V1G
3

V2G
0

V2G
1

V2G
2

V2G
3

Treatment combination

Se
ed

 y
ie

ld
 (k

g/
ha

)



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of fruits umbel-1 at 60 DAP number of fruits plant-1, percent fruits, weight of seeds umbel-1, 1000 seeds weight, 
weight of seeds plant-1, weight of seeds plot-1 and seed yield. The collected data were statistically analyzed and 
the means were compared with LSD values. 
The treatment combination of vernalization at 5°Cfor 14 days with the 100 ppm GA3 gave the highest values of 
plant height at 60 DAP (52.75 cm), the maximum number of leaves (34.17), the maximum germination at (74.00 
percent), height of flowering stalk (86.92), highest  percent flowering (82.40), number of umbels plant-1 (7.70), 
number of flowers plant-1 (263.57), number of seeds umbel-1 (320.50), number of fruits umbel-1 (100.00), number 
of fruits plant-1 (770.13), percent fruits (41.97), weight of seeds umbel-1 (1.13), 1000 seeds weight (3.10), weight 
of seeds plant-1 (7.29), weight of seeds plot-1 (66.68) and seed yield (280.42) were observed with the vernalization 
at 5°C for 14 days and 100 ppm GA3. Whereas the lowest values of all other parameters were found in the 
vernalization control with 100 ppm GA3 treatment. A combination of Vernalization at 5°C for 14 days and 100 
ppm GA3 considerably helped to produce early flowering and good quality heavier onion seed yield. Usually, a 
flowering stalk may consist of 50 to 2000 flowers (Jones and Mann, 1963). 
Muthamia (1994), Khokhar (2009) proves that cold treatment enhances scape emergence. The emergence and 
differentiation of scape depend on temperature (Zemah et a., 2001). Vernalization treatment mostly alters the 
source-sink relation in favor of reproductive growth (Linwattana et al., 1997). According to (Streck, 2003), the 
temperature reaction of vernalization in onion (Allium cepa L.) was described as having cardinal temperatures of 
0 °C, 10 °C, 16 °C. The observed vernalization response to the temperature of various onion cultivars and the 
temperature response curve predicted with the beta function. The observed data proved a maximum response in 
the range of 9-12 °C and a reduction when temperature departs from optimum temperature. A higher proportion 
of scape emergence and greater uniformity in floral initiation was observed when at 10 °C increased as the length 
of vernalization (D’Angelo and Goldman 2019).  In the case of onion, a comparison of the cardinal temperatures 
for vernalization (0 °C, 10 °C, 16 °C) with other species gives some similarities and differences. The cardinal 
temperatures for vernalization in carrot are -1, 6.5, and 16ºC (Atherthon et al., 1990), in lily, are 0, 5, and 21ºC 
(Roh & Wilkins, 1977; Roh, 1985; Holcomb & Berghage, 2001); in calabrese is -2.8, 15.8, and 23.6ºC (Wurr et 
al., 1995); and in winter wheat are -1.3, 4.9, and 15.7ºC (Porter & Gawith, 1999). Vernalization treatment of 10 
0C for 10 days is effective in enhancing the seed yield in onion (Yalamalle 2016). Low temperatures exposure (in 
natural or artificial conditions) that causes induction of flowering is called vernalization (Lee et al., 2013; Thomas 
and Vince-Prue, 1997) Due to incomplete vernalization seed yield will be poor (Voss et al., 2013). The increase 
in yield could be characterized by the more number of flowers in vernalized plants. The results are similar to the 
previous findings of Msika et al. (1997); Khokhar (2009). According to (Brewster, 1994) at the time of thermo 
phase the onion seed crop apart from temperature, high concentration of soluble carbohydrates is an important 
factor enhancing flowering in onion and bulbing of Alliums. Benkeblia et al. (2004) noticed that the higher activity 
of soluble invertase, glucose, sucrose, and fructose levels in onion bulbs stored at 10 °C than those stored at 20 °C. 
Vernalization helped in the conversion of complex sugars in the bulbs to simple sugars which were deliberately 
available for transition to reproductive growth. These increased in number of flowers and the increase of seed yield 
subsequently (Yalamalle 2016). Flowering in bolting resistant cultivars can be particularly difficult and large bulb 
size or long treatment at low temperature may be required (Shishido and Saito 1977). The optimum duration to 
completely vernalize onion cultivars at low temperatures (3 to 11° C) is in the range of 7 to 90 days (Woodbury 
1950; Kruzhilin and Shvedskaya 1962; Rabinowitch 1985; Pike 1986; Bertaud, 1988; Peters, 1990; Rabinowitch, 
1990). The seed stalk elongation rate was increased by higher temperatures and long photoperiods (Brewester, 
1982 and Brewester 1987). The variation in the results of seed stalk length during both seasons could be 
characterized by the effect of the environment, because the genotypes used were identical (Elsiddig et al., 2015). 
Geetharani et al., 2008 noticed that 100 ppm GA3 spray increased the flowering by 47%.  Naamni et al. (1980) 
& Looper and Waller (1982) investigated that 30–40% increase in seed yield due to GA3 application. A better part 
of the plants with GA3 treatment exhibited stunted growth and were chlorotic in appearance shows the toxic effect 
mostly due to high dosage (Yalamalle 2016). Vernalization of bulbs (cultivar -Texas Early Grano) at 4-5° C for 
180 days with the application of GA3 at the rate of 600 ppm for seed production is suitable under Gezira state 
(Sudan) conditions (Elsiddig et al., 2015). GA3 increased the number of flowers per plant, length of flower stalks, 
and seed yield per plant. The highest seed yield was achieved with the application of GA3 at 75 ppm (Bhople et 
al., 1999). Without vernalization, application of GA3 singly, all the concentrations tested failed to induce flowering 
of onion (cultivar - Texas Early Grano) when planted offseason but it accelerated the effect of vernalization on 
bolting and seed production (Elsiddig et al., 2015). 
 
 



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5. Conclusion 
To obtain the highest seed yield and quality seeds of summer onion the combination of vernalization at 5°C for 14 
days and 100 ppm GA₃ may be suggested to Mymensingh region. This experiment may be repeated under different 
agro-climatic regions of Bangladesh. 
Acknowledgement 
The author takes an opportunity to express thier gratefulness to Ministry of Science and Technology, The People’s 
Republic of Bangladesh for awarding the National Science and Technology (NST) Fellowship which had the 
financial contribution on the successful completion of this research and thesis work  
Conflict of interest 
The authors have no conflict of interest to report 
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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /TUR <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>
    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

