




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p115 

115                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Evaluation of Cane Genotypes Under Sprinkler Irrigation at Early 
Selection Stage for Tolerance to Sugarcane Streak Mosaic Virus 

(SCSMV) at Ferké Sugar Estates in Ivory Coast 
Crépin B. PÉNÉ1 & Yavo Y.M. BÉHOU2 

1 SUCAF-CI/SOMDIAA Group, Research & Development Department, Ivory Coast 
2 EDP/INP-HB, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast 
Correspondence: Crépin B. PÉNÉ, SUCAF-CI/SOMDIAA Group, Research & Development Department, 22 rue 
des Carrossiers, Treichville Zone 3, P.O. Box 1967 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast. Tel: 225-4783-1916. Email: 
bpene@sucafci.somdiaa.com/cbpene20@yahoo.com 
 
Received: April 3, 2020   Accepted: April 10, 2020   Online Published: April 16, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV) became the major endemic disease of economic importance in Ivorian 
sugar estates almost two years ago, which spreads very fast across plantations and varieties. The study aimed to 
determine resistant sugarcane genotypes against SCSMV in Ferké sugar estates. It involved five experiments 
conducted at first selection stage under sprinkler irrigation, following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) 
with 20 to 30 different genotypes, two check varieties included, all in 4 replicates. Experiments were planted in 
October or December 2018, and expected to be harvested in November/December 2019 and 2020 as plant cane 
and first ratoon, respectively. Disease incidence and severity across all experiments were determined at 3 to 4 
months, i.e. at early formative growth stage where symptoms due to SCSMV could be easily observed and 
recognized in the field. In each of the five selection trials conducted on both Ferké 1 & 2 sugar estates, highly 
significant differences in disease incidence and severity were observed between genotypes as well as crop cycles 
(plant cane and first ratoon). Except for one trial (B3-24 in Ferké 1), Genotype x crop cycle interactions were 
significant or highly significant, which showed that the majority of genotypes tested behaved differently from 
plant cane to first ratoon towards the disease. Particularly, the percentage of resistant genotypes decreased from 
50 to 3.4% whereas that of highly susceptible ones increased from 4.2 to 92.4%. This shows the level of challenge 
to be tackled in the control of SCSM disease through sugarcane breeding and selection. At the end of the current 
selection stage under way, i.e. after harvest of first ratoon, only the best yielding genotypes among the resistant 
ones will undergo the advanced selection stage. 
Keywords: natural infection, disease susceptibility, varietal resistance, growth stage, insect vector, yield loss, 
disease epidemiology.  
1. Introduction 
Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops grown in Ivory Coast, covering approximately 35,500 ha of land 
surface with an average yield of 70-75 t of cane/ha irrigated and rainfed crops combined. Sugarcane is mostly 
cultivated under irrigated conditions contributing to around 90% of Ivorian sugar production, i.e. about 200,000 
t/year provided from four different factories. 
Sugarcane streak mosaic (SCSM) is a newly emerging disease in the country, which has been infecting that crop 
since 2017. The virus was known about fifteen years ago in Asian and Latino American sugarcane producing 
countries where it was first reported in 2004 and 2005 respectively in Brazil (Gonçalves et al, 2004; Gonçalves et 
al, 2007a; Gonçalves et al, 2007b; Gonçalves et al, 2011; Gonçalves et al, 2012) and Java, Indonesia (Chatenet et 
al, 2005; Kristini et al, 2006). It was reported that at least two strains of SCSMV were infecting sugarcane in Asia 
(Putra et al, 2015a). SCSMV is a Poacevirus from the Potyviridae family, which is easily transmitted through plant 
extracts and vertically through sugarcane cuttings. It infects a limited species of Poaceae family such as sugarcane, 
sorghum, maize, Dacttyloctenium aegyptium, Pennisetum glaucum, Digitaria delilis as reported by several 
investigators (Hema et al, 2001; Xu et al, 2010; Putra & Damayanti, 2012; Putra et al, 2014). However, no insect 
vector of the pathogen was reported so far (Putra et al, 2015a, Addy et al, 2017). Several species of aphids have 
been tested including Aphis cracivora, Rhopalosiphum maidis and Ceratovacuna lanigera and it was reported that 



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they could not transmit the virus (Hema et al, 2001; Putra & Damayanti, 2012; Putra et al, 2014). It was reported 
that SCSMV could be detected using RT-PCR on sugarcane aphid colony (Melanaphis indosacchari), and still the 
mechanism of virus transmission needs to be studied so as to develop an integrated pest management strategy 
(Brown, 1997). 
Across Ivorian sugar estates, except for a limited number of varieties like M2593/92, M1400/86, SP70-1143, R584 
and R91-2021, all main cultivars were found moderately or highly susceptible to the disease. It is the case of 
varieties like FR80-69, R579, SP70-1006, SP71-1406, SP71-8210, SP81-3250, R573, R570, Co997 and R575. 
Cane and sugar yield losses due to SCSMV occurred in Zuénoula sugar estate in central Ivory Coast where the 
disease broke out in 2017 on variety R575, were estimated to 20 to 30% over the last two cropping seasons (2017-
18 and 2018-19). The disease expansion was so fast in Zuénoula plantations that 20% of land under cultivation 
with moderately or highly susceptible varieties were replanted every year instead of 10% as usual (Béhou & Péné, 
2019). The disease broke out in Ferké sugar estates of northern Ivory Coast in June 2018 on variety FR80-69, a 
highly susceptible one, and within 12 months, it has spread to all major varieties cultivated like R579, SP71-1406, 
SP70-1006 and SP71-8210, with a severity score of 2 or 3, 4 being the highest symptom level. Total cropped land 
concerned was estimated to 2000 ha, i.e. about 25%. The threat on sugar production was so crucial that a 
replantation strategy was planned to be implemented over the next three or four years. 
The study aimed to determine under irrigation resistant sugarcane genotypes of Reunion and Ivorian origin against 
SCSMV. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Site Characteristics 
The study was carried out on four sugarcane plantations (B3-13, B3-24, V4-43, V8-01) and an experimental station 
(P3-61), at Ferké 1 and Ferké 2 sugar estates, in northern Ivory Coast (9°20’ – 9°60’ N, 5°22’ – 5°40’ O, 325 m 
a.s.l.). The prevailing climate is tropical dry with two seasons: one, from November to April, is dry and the other, 
from May to October, is wet. The dry season is marked by the northern trade wind, which blows over mid-
November to late January. The rainfall pattern is unimodal with a focus on August and September which total 
amount of rainfall reaches almost half of the average annual rainfall (1200 mm) with an average daily temperature 
of 27 °C. Average maximum and minimum daily air temperatures are 32.5 and 21 °C, respectively.  To meet 
sugarcane crop water requirements, the total amount of irrigation water required reaches 700 mm/year (Konan et 
al, 2017a,b). Both Ferké sugar mill plantations cover around 15 500 ha with 10 000 ha under irrigation and 3 500 
ha of rainfed village plantations, lie mainly on shallow or moderately deep soils built up on granites. Main soil 
units encountered are ferralsols and temporally waterlogged soils in valley bottoms of Bandama and Lokpoho river 
basins with a sandy-clay texture. 
2.2 Experimental Design 
All experiments were carried out over 12 months as plant cane following a randomized complete block design 
(RCBD) with 20 to 30 cane genotypes and two commercial varieties as control (M2593/92 and R579), in 3 
replicates. Each sugar estate was equipped with a weather station where parameters required to determine crop 
ET0 like solar radiation, average daily air temperature, relative air moisture, and wind speed were measured. 
Rainfall data were recorded from different rain gauges L1-105, but also P3-61, V4-15 and V8-32 located close to 
Ferké 1 and Ferké 2 experiments, respectively.  Ferké 1 experiments were planted on October 25 and December 
11, 2018 were expected to be harvested 11 or 12 months later, i.e. in November or December 2019 and 2020, 
respectively, as plant cane and first ratoon. Those of Ferké 2 were planted on October 12, December 20 and 29, 
2018 and expected to be harvested in November or December 2019 and 2020, respectively. Each plot was 
composed of 5 dual rows of 5 m long with 0.50 m and 1.90 m of row spacings. Field management in terms of 
fertilizer and herbicide applications were done according to usual practices in commercial plantations. NKP 
fertilizer (16-8.5-23%) was applied mechanically at the routine rates of 500 kg/ha in rainfed plant cane. Pre-
emergence chemical weeding based on pendimethalin combined with clorimuron-ethyl (3.5 l/ha) was achieved 
mechanically two days after planting.  
2.3 Genotype Infections Investigated 
Three to four months after planting, all genotypes being tested were observed for symptom detection of SCMV 
(sugarcane streak mosaic Virus) under natural conditions. Ratings recorded were based on symptoms observed on 
sugarcane leaves. Four different levels of SCSM disease symptoms were as follows: (1) mild streak, (2) moderately 
streak, (3) high streak and (4) very high streak.  



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Figure 1. Severity scale of SCSMV infection in sugarcane. Leaf 0 is asymptomatic and Leaf 4 very highly 

infected. Variety R579 leaves collected in Ferké. Scale adapted from Putra et al (2014). 
 

Disease incidence (Inc) is defined as the percentage of infected tillers, no matter the severity, over the total number 
of tillers observed within two central micro-plots made of one dual row of 5 m long with respect to each genotype 
and replication. 

                Inc (%) = (Nb of Infected tillers / Total Nb of tillers) x 100               (1) 
Disease incidence was classified as highly resistant or asymptomatic (0%), moderately resistant (<10%), 
susceptible ([10-40%[) and highly susceptible (≥40%). 
Disease severity (Sev) is defined as the average score or rating of infected tillers with respect to their severity over 
the total number of tillers observed within two central micro-plots made of one dual row of 5 m long (9.5 m²) with 
respect to each genotype and replication. 

Sev (-) = (N0x0 + N1x1 + N2x2 + N3x3 + N4x4)/(N0+N1+N2+N3+N4) = (N1x1 + N2x2 + N3x3 + 
N4x4)/(N0+N1+N2+N3+N4)             (2) 

Where N0: Nb of asymptomatic tillers; N1: Nb of mild streak tillers, N2: Nb of moderately streak tillers, N3: Nb of 
higly streak tillers, N4: Nb of very highly streak tillers. 
2.4 Statistical Analyses 
The quantitative data recorded in this study were subjected to the analysis of variance, using statistical procedures 
described by Gomez and Gomez (1984) and reported by Shitahum et al (2018) with the assistance of R software 
package version 3.5.2. Differences between means of treatments were determined from HSD’s test. 
3. Results and Discussion 
3.1 Climatic Conditions Over Plant Cane and First Ratoon Crop 
As expected, both experimental sites presented a similar rainfall patterns with a per-humid season taking place 
from June to October (Fig 1). The dry season which took place from November 2018 to May 2019, and from 
October 2019 to February 2020, was marked by irrigation applications.  
In Ferké 1 experiments, total rainfall and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) recorded across crop cycle gave 
1538.5 mm on average regarding two locations and 2188 mm, respectively. Total rainfall deficit over crop growing 
season from October 2018 to February 2020 gave 895-961 mm and the average daily temperature across crop 
cycle varied from 24.4 to 34.5 °C. 



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In Ferké 2 experiments, total precipitation and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) recorded across crop cycle gave 
1656 mm on average regarding three locations and 2075 mm, respectively. Total rainfall deficit obtained over crop 
growing season from October 2018 to February 2020 gave 904-958 mm whereas the average daily temperature 
across crop cycle varied from 24.7 to 30.5 °C.  

 
Figure 1a. Climate on Ferké 1 experimental sites (B3-

13/24). 

Figure 1b. Climate on Ferké 2 experimental site of P3-61. 

 
Figure 1c. Climate on Ferké 2 experimental site of V4-43. Figure 1d. Climate on Ferké 2 experimental site of V8-01 

Figure 1. Prevailing climate on Ferké 1 and Ferké 2 experimental sites in plant cane and first ratoon crop, Ivory 
Coast 



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3.2 Cane Genotypes as Affected by SCSM Disease in FerkÉ 1 Experiments 
In both Ferké 1 trails (B3-13 and B3-24 field plots), highly significant differences (P<0.1) in disease incidence 
and severity were observed between genotypes as well as crop cycles (Table 1). Genotype x crop cycle interactions 
were significant or highly significant in B3-13 trial, while not significant in B3-24 trial. This shows that in B3-13 
trial, cane genotypes behaved differently from plant cane to first ratoon towards the disease. Particularly, many 
asymptomatic genotypes assumed to be tolerant or resistant in plant cane became susceptible in first ratoon. In 
contrast, for the B3-24 trial, genotypes tested behaved similarly over both crop cycles in terms of their ranking, 
although the disease symptoms worsened sometimes in first ratoon. 
High values of coefficient of variation determined in both experiments (70-87%) could be explained by natural 
infection of disease, although that one became endemic over the last two years in Ferké sugar estates. Similar 
values were reported in survey on major endemic diseases conducted in the same agro-ecology (Béhou & Péné, 
2018; 2019). 
 
Table 1. SCSM disease incidence and severity on cane genotypes at 3 months in plant cane and first ratoon 
regarding Ferké 1 experiments, Ivory Coast 

Ferké 1 Trial B3-13 Ferké 1 Trail B3-24 
Genotypes % Incidence Severity Genotypes % Incidence Severity
M2593-92 36.3bc 0.5bc M2593/92 31.9cd 0.3cd
RCI10/164 26.3de 0.3ef RCI11/1110 35.1bc 0.4bc
RCI11/163 47.8bc 0.5bc RCI11/1111 43.7ab 0.5ab
RCI11/167 41.5bc 0.4cd RCI11/1112 44.8ab 0.4ab
RCI11/168 41.4bc 0.4bc RCI11/1113 49.6ab 0.5ab
RCI11/169 40.8bc 0.4bc RCI11/1114 47.8ab 0.5ab
RCI11/170 24.4ed 0.2fg RCI12/1115 25.0de 0.3ef
RCI13/172 55.7ab 0.6bc RCI12/1116 27.5de 0.3de
RCI13/175 54.3ab 0.6bc RCI13/1117 31.6cd 0.3cd
RCI13/176 40.3 0.4cd RCI13/1118 55.9ab 0.6ab
RCI13/178 75.4a 0.9a RCI13/1119 39.4bc 0.4ab
RCI13/181 30.9 0.3de RCI13/1120 40.5ab 0.4ab
RCI13/182 42.5ab 0.7ab RCI13/1121 22.0f 0.2f
RCI13/183 19.3 0.2g RCI13/1122 36.4bc 0.4bc
RCI13/184 32.8 0.3de RCI13/1123 41.5ab 0.4ab
RCI13/185 44.9 0.5bc RCI13/1124 30.3cd 0.3cd
RCI13/186 58.3ab 0.6bc RCI13/197 22.6ef 0.2f
RCI14/158 38.4 0.4bc RCI13/198 52.4ab 0.6ab
RCI14/160 56.1ab 0.6bc RCI14/1100 52.2ab 0.5ab
RCI14/161 38.8 0.4cd RCI14/1101 44.5ab 0.5ab
   RCI14/1102 52.1ab 0.6ab
   RCI14/1103 61.0ab 0.6ab
   RCI14/1104 52.4ab 0.6ab
   RCI14/1105 49.0ab 0.5ab
   RCI14/1106 57.7ab 0.6ab
   RCI14/1107 47.4ab 0.5ab
   RCI14/1108 45.5ab 0.5ab
   RCI14/1109 43.5ab 0.4ab
   RCI14/1125 67.2a 0.7a
   RCI14/199 39.0bc 0.4ab
Replications ** ** Replications Ns Ns
Genotypes (G) *** *** Genotypes (G) ** **
Crop cycle (Y) *** *** Crop cycle (Y) *** ***
G x Y * ** G x Y Ns Ns
Mean 43.3 0.5 Mean 43.0 0.4
CV (%) 74.8 70.1 CV (%) 86.8 86.4
SD 32.4 0.3 SD 37.3 0.3



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3.3 Cane Genotypes as Affected by SCSM Disease at Three Months in Ferké 2 Experiments 
In the three trails of Ferké 2 location (P3-61, V4-43 and V8-01 field plots), highly significant differences (P<0.1) 
in disease incidence and severity were observed between genotypes as well as crop cycles (Table 2). Genotype x 
crop cycle interactions were significant in the P3-61 trial and highly significant in V4-43 and V8-01 trails. This 
corroborates the fact the majority of genotypes tested behaved differently from plant cane to first ratoon towards 
the disease. Particularly, many asymptomatic or moderately resistant genotypes in plant cane became susceptible 
or highly susceptible in first ratoon. Similarly to both Ferké 1 trails, high values of coefficient of variation 
determined in both experiments (78.5 - 101%) could be explained by natural infection of disease. 

 
Table 2. SCSM disease incidence and severity on cane genotypes in plant cane and first ratoon at 3 months 
regarding Ferké 2 experiments, Ivory Coast 

Ferké 2 Trial P3-61 Ferké 2 Trial V4-43 Ferké 2 Trial V8-01 
Genotypes Incid.(%) Severity Genotypes Incid.(%) Severity Genotypes Incid.(%) Severity
M2593/92 20.4cd 0.2 M2593/92 50.3 0.8 R579 53.5 0.7
RCI12/149 42.2 0.4 RCI11/112 32.5 0.3 RCI11/1128 59.4 0.7
RCI13/138 38.3 0.5 RCI11/134 38.1 0.5 RCI11/1129 55.4 0.6
RCI13/140 46.4 0.5 RCI11/135 26.1 0.3 RCI11/1146 58.9 0.6
RCI13/141 50.3 0.6 RCI11/162 45.0 0.5 RCI12/1130 60.8 1.0
RCI13/142 31.9 0.3 RCI11/165 58.5 0.7 RCI13/1131 61.6 0.7
RCI13/143 49.5 0.6 RCI11/166 54.6 0.7 RCI13/1132 2.3 0.0
RCI13/144 38.1 0.5 RCI11/190 57.2 0.8 RCI13/1133 72.9 0.8
RCI13/145 1.4 0.0 RCI12/191 47.1 0.6 RCI13/1134 54.5 0.6
RCI13/150 33.7 0.3 RCI12/192 12.6 0.1 RCI13/1135 70.6 0.8
RCI13/151 39.3 0.4 RCI13/110 33.6 0.4 RCI13/1136 40.2 0.4
RCI13/152 45.0 0.5 RCI13/13 37.4 0.4 RCI13/1148 58.7 0.8
RCI13/153 26.3 0.3 RCI13/139 32.0 0.3 RCI14/1126 66.5 0.9
RCI14/146 50.1 0.6 RCI13/16 3.5 0.0 RCI14/1127 55.2 0.7
RCI14/147 42.0 0.5 RCI13/173 51.0 0.8 RCI14/1137 53.3 0.7
RCI14/148 54.2 0.6 RCI13/174 54.6 0.9 RCI14/1138 53.5 0.9
RCI14/154 39.0 0.4 RCI13/177 64.6 1.1 RCI14/1139 48.1 0.7
RCI14/155 48.2 0.8 RCI13/179 66.6 0.8 RCI14/1140 49.2 0.5
RCI14/156 44.3 0.5 RCI13/180 59.8 1.0 RCI14/1141 48.6 0.5
RCI14/157 29.2 0.3 RCI13/187 2.2 0.0 RCI14/1142 52.1 0.7
   RCI13/193 35.4 0.4 RCI14/1143 57.3 0.8
   RCI13/194 17.3 0.2 RCI14/1144 57.2 0.9
   RCI13/195 48.2 0.6 RCI14/1145 36.6 0.4
   RCI13/196 43.5 0.5 RCI14/1147 52.5 0.7
   RCI14/111 36.3 0.4    
   RCI14/128 35.4 0.3    
   RCI14/159 24.5 0.3    
   RCI14/171 55.8 0.6    
   RCI14/188 47.7 0.5    
   RCI14/189 51.2 0.8    
Replications *** *** Replications Ns Ns Replications Ns Ns
Genotyp (G) *** *** Genotyp (G) *** *** Genotyp (G) *** ***
Crop cycle (Y) *** *** Crop cycle 

(Y) 
*** *** Crop cycle 

(Y) 
*** ***

G x Y * * G x Y *** *** G x Y *** ***
Mean 38.5 0.4 Mean 40.7 0.5 Mean 53.3 0.7
CV (%) 90.0 84.0 CV (%) 94.3 101.1 CV (%) 78.5 86.0
SD 34.6 0.3 SD 38.4 0.5 SD 41.8 0.6

 
 
 



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3.4 Cane Genotypes Resistance or Susceptibility to SCSM Disease at Three Months 
3.4.1 Plant Cane 
Higher percentage of disease resistant genotypes were observed in V4-43 and P3-61 experiments conducted in 
Ferké 2 with 72 and 52%, respectively (Fig. 2). The lowest percentage of resistant genotypes was observed in B3-
13 experiment conducted in Ferké 1, with 37%. Highly susceptible genotypes were observed in B3-13 and V8-01 
experiments carried out in Ferké 1 and Ferké 2, respectively, with 16 and 9% of genotypes tested. 
Among all genotypes tested (N=119), 50.4% were resistant, 22.7% moderately resistant, 22.7% susceptible and 
4.2% highly susceptible (Fig. 3). About 5% of genotypes were asymptomatic and therefore supposed to be highly 
resistant, namely RCI12/1116, RCI13/145, RCI14/157, RCI12/192, RCI13/187 and RCI14/159 (Table 3). Their 
agronomic performances will be carefully checked across the selection process, as resistance to SCSMV became 
recently a top ranking criterion followed by sugar yield in Ferké sugar estates agro-ecology. Five genotypes, 
namely RCI13/172, RCI13/182, RCI13/178 RCI13/1135 and RCI13/1133, found highly susceptible alongside 
with susceptible and moderately resistant ones will therefore be eliminated in first ratoon after harvest for the 
advanced selection stage irrespective of their sugar yield performances and other agro-morphological traits like 
erect and self-defoliating stalks for easy mechanized green harvesting.  
Symptom observations in this study were made at three or four months, therefore at early grand growth stage of 
sugarcane where infection could be recognized visually without any virus detection equipment like ELISA chain 
(Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) or RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction). 
However, observations made later at that growth stage (5-9 months) and the formative growth stage (10-12 months) 
showed much higher values of disease severity ranging from 2 to 3 (-) on susceptible genotypes compared with 
0.1 to 0.5 (-) determined at early grand growth stage. That is why our suggestion would be to observe at 5-7 months, 
where sugarcane fields are still easily accessible for growth measurements and disease control. 

 
Figure 2. Sugarcane genotype resistance or susceptibility to SCSM disease in plant cane, at 3-4 months across 

field experiments carried out in plant crop at Ferké Sugar estates, Ivory Coast 
 



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Figure 3. Percentage of genotype resistant or susceptible to SCSM disease in plant cane at early selection stage at 

Ferké sugar estates, Ivory Coast 
 
Table 3. Resistant and highly susceptible cane genotypes to natural infection of SCSM disease in plant cane at 
Ferké sugar estates, Ivory Coast 

 Cane genotypes 
Field experiments Resistant  Highly susceptible 
 
B3-13/Ferké 1 

RCI11/170 ; RCI14/158  
RCI13/183 ; RCI13/184  
RCI11/163 ; RCI14/161 ; 
RCI10/164 

RCI13/172 ; RCI13/182 ; 
RCI13/178 
 

 
B3-24/Ferké 1 

RCI12/1116* ; RCI13/1121  
RCI14/1109 ; RCI14/1105 ; 
RCI14/1101 ; RCI13/1123 ; 
RCI13/1124 ; RCI13/1119 ; 
RCI13/197 ; RCI14/1108 ; 
RCI13/1117 ; RCI14/1107 

 
- 

 
P3-61/Ferké 2 

RCI13/145* ; RCI14/157* ; 
RCI14/147 ; RCI13/153 ; 
RCI13/151 ; RCI14/154 ; 
RCI13/144 ; RCI14/156 ; 
RCI13/138 ; RCI13/142 

 
- 

 
V4-43/Ferké 2 

RCI12/192* ; RCI13/187* ; 
RCI14/159*; RCI14/128 ; 
RCI13/13 ; RCI13/194 ; 
RCI13/139 ; RCI13/173 ; 
RCI11/135 - RCI13/16 ; 
RCI14/188 ; RCI13/110 ; 
RCI13/193 ; RCI11/162 ; 
RCI11/112 ; RCI12/191 ; 
RCI13/195 ; RCI14/189 ; 
RCI14/111 ; RCI11/134 ; 
RCI13/196 

 
 
- 

 RCI13/1136 ; RCI13/1132 ;  



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V8-01/Ferké 2 RCI14/1140 ; RCI14/1141 ; 
RCI14/1139 ; RCI14/1142 ; 
RCI14/1138 ; RCI14/1137 ; 
RCI14/1145 ; RCI14/1147 

RCI13/1135 ; RCI13/1133 
 

*: asymptomatic genotypes (n=6) 
 
3.4.2 First Ratoon Crop 
In the first ratoon crop, higher percentage of highly susceptible genotypes to SCSM disease (86-95.7%) were 
observed in all experiments conducted in both sugar estates (Fig. 3). Percentage of resistant genotypes observed 
in Ferké 2 ranged from 4.3 to 6.9% while none of them was observed in both Ferké 1 trials. That of susceptible 
genotypes ranged from 5.3 to 6.9% observed in both Ferké 1 trials as well as V4-43 trail of Ferké 2. In total, about 
92% of genotypes tested were highly susceptible whereas 4.2 and 3.4% were susceptible and resistant, respectively 
(Fig 4, table 4). 

 
Figure 3. Sugarcane genotype resistance or susceptibility to SCSM disease in first ratoon crop at 3-4 months, 

across experiments carried out in plant crop at Ferké Sugar estates, Ivory Coast 

 



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Figure 4. Percentage of genotype resistant or susceptible to SCSM disease in first ratonn crop at early selection 

stage at Ferké sugar estates, Ivory Coast 
 
Table 4. Resistant and highly susceptible cane genotypes to natural infection of SCSM disease in first ratoon crop 
at Ferké sugar estates, Ivory Coast 

 Cane genotypes 
Field experiments Resistant  Highly susceptible 
 
B3-13/Ferké 1 

 
- 

RCI10/164 - RCI11/163 - 
RCI11/167 - RCI11/168 - 
RCI11/169 - RCI11/170 - 
RCI13/172 - RCI13/175 - 
RCI13/176 - RCI13/178 - 
RCI13/181 - RCI13/182 - 
RCI13/184 - RCI13/185 - 
RCI13/186 - RCI14/158 - 
RCI14/160      -  
RCI14/161 

 
B3-24/Ferké 1 

 
- 

RCI13/1121 - RCI13/1122 - 
RCI13/1117 - RCI13/1124 - 
RCI12/1116 - RCI11/1110 - 
RCI11/1112 - RCI13/1120 - 
RCI14/199 - RCI13/1119 - 
RCI11/1111 - RCI13/1123 - 
RCI14/1108 - RCI14/1109 - 
RCI11/1113 - RCI14/1101 - 
RCI14/1107 - RCI11/1114 - 
RCI13/198 - RCI14/1102 - 
RCI14/1100 - RCI14/1104 - 
RCI13/1118 - RCI14/1103 - 



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RCI14/1105 - RCI14/1106 - 
RCI14/1125 

 
P3-61/Ferké 2 

 
RCI13/145 

RCI13/150 - RCI13/153 - 
RCI13/142 - RCI14/157 - 
RCI12/149 - RCI14/146 - 
RCI13/138 - RCI13/144 - 
RCI14/154 - RCI13/151 - 
RCI13/143 - RCI13/152 - 
RCI14/155 - RCI14/148 - 
RCI13/140 - RCI14/156 - 
RCI14/147      -  
RCI13/141 

 
V4-43/Ferké 2 

 
RCI13/16; RCI13/187 

RCI11/135 - RCI14/159 - 
RCI11/112 - RCI13/110 - 
RCI13/139 - RCI14/111 - 
RCI13/193 - RCI11/134 - 
RCI14/128 - RCI13/13 - 
RCI13/196 - RCI11/162 - 
RCI12/191 - RCI11/190 - 
RCI13/195 - RCI11/165 - 
RCI13/180 - RCI14/188 - 
RCI14/189 - RCI13/177 - 
RCI13/174 - RCI11/166 - 
RCI14/171 - RCI13/173 - 
RCI13/179 

 
V8-01/Ferké 2 

 
RCI13/1132 

RCI14/1145 - RCI13/1136 - 
RCI13/1134 - RCI14/1139 - 
RCI14/1141 - RCI14/1144 - 
RCI13/1133 - RCI14/1140 - 
RCI11/1128 - RCI14/1147 - 
RCI11/1129 - RCI14/1142 - 
RCI14/1143 - RCI14/1137 - 
RCI14/1126 - RCI11/1146 - 
RCI12/1130 - RCI13/1131 - 
RCI13/1135 - RCI13/1148 - 
RCI14/1127     -  
RCI14/1138 

 
3.5 Disease Epidemiology 
Some weed species like Rottboellia exaltata L, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Imperata cilyndrica, Pennisetum 
pupureum, Paspalum spp., Bracharia moliniformis and Panucum repens, as well as cereal crops like maize (Zea 
mays L) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are respectively highly endemic and commonly cultivated across Ivorian 
sugar estates. Several investigators reported that they were host plants for SCSMV (Putra et al, 2014; Prabowo et 
al, 2014).  
Although investigations were made on suspected insect vectors of the disease like Ceratovacum lanigera Zeh., 
Rhopalosiphum maydis, Saccharicocus sacchari Cock., and Melanaphis sacchari Zeh. (a sugarcane aphid) 
(Damayanti & Putra, 2011; Putra & Damayanti, 2012; Béhou & Péné, 2018), no evidence of disease transmission 
from a vector was made to our knowledge. 
Under Ivorian field conditions, two insect species (Locris rubra and L. maculate) were suspected as possible 
SCSMV vectors. They were frequently observed on susceptible varieties namely R579, SP81-3250, and R570. 
Beside them, numerous possible vectors used to be observed on leaves of susceptible varieties such as Zonecerus 
variegatus, Paracinema tricolor, Stenohippus aequus, Oxya hyla and Conocephalus longipennis. In addition to 
the fact that SCSM disease is spread very fast, similarly to the case of rice yellow mottle virus, it could be 
hypothesized that a complex biocenosis of pests could be possible vectors of the disease (Koudamiloro et al, 2015). 



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SCSMV constitutes a great challenge for geneticists, breeders, pathologists, agronomists as well as cane growers. 
In the sense that it is not eliminated by hot water treatment (HWT), in contrast to most economically important 
diseases in sugarcane frequent in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere like leaf scald (Xanthomonas albinineans), 
smut (Sporisorium scitamineum), yellow leaf disease (SCYLD), orange rust (Puccinia kuehnii), RSD (Leifsonia 
xyli subsp. Xyli), and brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala). Other challenges lie in the fact that no insect vector 
of SCSMV is formally identified yet, its transmission mechanism from vector to crop being still unknown and it 
spreads very fast across sugarcane fields and varieties, with significant yield reduction as reported in Brazil, 
Indonesia and Ivory Coast (Gonçalves et al, 2007b; Magarey et al, 2018; Béhou & Péné, 2019. Prophylactic 
measures based on agricultural practices regarding sanitation of planting and harvesting tools or machinery as well 
as search for resistant cane varieties must be given a top priority. In this regard, sugarcane selection starting from 
true seed constitutes a great opportunity to broaden the genetic diversity of plant material being tested in line of 
SCSMV thread. This program is being under way since 2014-15 in Ivory Coast, and much earlier in Senegal and 
some Central African countries (Cameroon, Tchad and Congo), in collaboration with R&D institutes like eRcane 
(Reunion Island) and MSIRI (Mauritius).  
4. Conclusions  
In each of the five selection trails conducted on both Ferké 1 & 2 sugar estates, highly significant differences in 
disease incidence and severity were observed between genotypes as well as crop cycles (plant cane and first ratoon). 
Except for one trial (B3-24 in Ferké 1), Genotype x crop cycle interactions were significant or highly significant, 
which showed that the majority of genotypes tested behaved differently from plant cane to first ratoon towards the 
disease. Particularly, the percentage of resistant genotypes decreased from 50 to 3.4% whereas that of highly 
susceptible ones increased from 4.2 to 92.4%. This shows the level of challenge to be tackled in the control of 
SCSM disease through sugarcane breeding and selection. At the end of the current selection stage under way, i.e. 
after harvest of first ratoon, only the best yielding genotypes among the resistant ones will undergo the advanced 
selection stage. 
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
















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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

