




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p196 

196                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Assessment of Training Needs Among Dairy Cattle Farmers in Oyo 
State, Nigeria 

Popoola Moshood Abiola1, Ajani Adedayo Olumuyiwa1, Olaniyi Taiwo Anne1, Lamidi Lukuman Olalekan1, 
Hamzat Olatunji Alabi1, Taiwo Oludare Dominic1, Adesanlu Ayorinde Afolabi1 & Amao Adepeju Alaba1 

1 Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria 
Correspondence: Popoola Moshood Abiola, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor 
Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: herbyolar@gmail.com 
 
Received: April 21, 2020   Accepted: May 10, 2020   Online Published: May 15, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The training needs of dairy cattle farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria were assessed. A well-structured interview schedule 
was used to obtain information from 123 respondents. Data were collected on socio-economic characteristics of 
the respondents, their dairy cattle production enterprises and their training needs which were ascertained in six 
major areas of cattle production: feeding, breeding, healthcare, housing and management, marketing and finance, 
product preparation and processing. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and regression analysis using 
SPPS (V.21). Results revealed that most (30.1%) of the respondents were 24 – 29 years old, married, were male, 
had no formal education. Results also revealed that more than 90% of dairy cattle farmers perceived the training 
needs in feeding as most important. The training index in dairy farming indicated that majority (91.8%) of the 
farmers needed to be trained more on dairy cattle production and management. Based on the result of this study, 
it was concluded that breeding, feeding and health care were perceived as the “most needed” training by the 
respondents. Although, training need in marketing and finance, milk preparation and processing, as well as housing 
and management were also perceived as important. Furthermore age, sex, marital status, religion, education level, 
source of flock, purpose of production and breeds of cattle had a direct effect on training needs of the respondent 
while occupation, household, herd size, had an indirect effect on training need of the respondents.  
Keywords: Cattle, dairy farmers, production, training index, training needs 
1. Introduction 
Livestock industry accounts for 3.8 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); with the dairy sub-sector 
contributing 30 percent of this output (Njombe et al., 2010). Dairy sub-sector contribution is not only limited to 
its share to total GDP but also play other important roles such as improving food security and welfare, creating 
employment, generates reliable income to meet household livelihoods (Somda et al., 2005). FAO (2010) reported 
that dairy industry in Nigeria produces an estimate of 450, 000 tons of milk per annum. This production has been 
found to be inadequate to satisfy the dairy demands of Nigerians, FAO (2010), this is because the genotype of the 
African breeds of cattle can only produce an average milk of 1.27 litres per cow per day during the wet season and 
less than 0.36 during dry season (Yuan et al., 2010), whereas their counterparts in the European and American 
countries produce an average of 25 litres per day (Mallau-Aduli, et al., 2009).  
Nigeria is one of the leading countries in cattle production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Tibi and Aphunu (2010) reported 
that the country had over 14.73 million cattle consisting of 1.47 million milking cows and 13.26 million beef cattle. 
Less than 1% of this population is managed commercially, while about 99% is managed traditionally. Under the 
traditional system, there is the use of indigenous methods in all aspects of cattle production including health 
management (Mafimisebi et al. 2012). This tilt towards traditional management continues to have grave 
implications for commercialization of the production of cattle and cattle products as well as their prices in Nigeria 
(Abubakar and Garba, 2004).  
A farmer being a rational decision maker normally strives for a better standard of living and seeks ways of adopting 
new technologies to accomplish the set goals (Murai and Singh, 2011). Training in agricultural related practice 
improves farmers’ ability to acquire accurate information, evaluate new production processes, use improved 
husbandry practices and these benefits translate into adoption if a set of enabling factors and conditions exists to 
train the farmers (Adesina and Zinnah, 1993). Effective dissemination of improved dairy husbandry practices 



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through training is an important strategy for increasing adoption; it creates awareness and competence in the target 
audience about innovations (Thapa, 2003). 
Farmers’ training is a process of imparting specific skills to farmers that let them better perform their farm 
production activities and become more competent and proficient in doing their farm work (Imaita, 2013). Many 
studies have demonstrated high economic returns to investment in improved husbandry practices through 
extension and training despite the difficulty of isolating its impact on agricultural productivity and growth from 
other factors (Khan et al., 2009). According to FAO (2011) farmers’ training aims at communicating information, 
knowledge and skills, replacing old attitudes by new ones, exchanging opinions and experiences and reducing the 
amount of perceived complexity in a technology thereby creating a desired change. Effective dissemination of 
improved dairy husbandry practices through training is an important strategy for increasing adoption; it creates 
awareness and competence in the target audience about innovations (Thapa, 2003). 
According to Rivara et al (2004), good management practices in terms of adequate nutrition, disease prevention, 
control and breeding are essential for improved dairy production. Although the productivity of dairy in Nigeria is 
low there is ample opportunity for improvement which can be achieved through extension education and training 
of dairy farmers. However, such extension education and training can only be effective if the training needs of the 
dairy farmers are properly identified. Thus, this study sought to assess training needs among dairy cattle farmers 
in Oyo state, Nigeria. 
2. Method 
The study was conducted in Oyo State; it is located in the South-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It consists of 
33 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The State covers a land area of 28,454 square kilometers with a population 
of 5.6 million people NPC (2006) with climatic conditions that favour agriculture. The wet season is from April 
to October, with the mean temperature of 27°C. The dry season is between November and March. The mean annual 
rainfall is 1,194mm in the North and 1,264mm in the South. Within Oyo state, the Zebu cattle (White Fulani and 
other Zebu breeds) are herded in the lowlands, amidst land progressively used for crop production. The major 
crops grown in the state include cassava, maize, yam, sorghum, cocoa, cocoyam, melon, peppers, soybean and 
okro; major livestock reared in the state include; cattle, sheep, goat and poultry. 
A two-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study. The first stage involved purposive selection of nine 
local government areas (LGAs) where dairy farmers were predominant in the State. The areas are Ido, Iseyin, 
Lagelu, Saki, East, Saki West, Ibarapa East, Oyo West Itesiwaju, and Ogbomosho North. List of these farmers 
was generated in each of these LGA from their Associations (Miyyeti Allah Cattle Breeders Association - 
MACBAN). The second stage involved random selection of at least 10 members from the list in each of the LGA 
to give 123 respondents. A well-structured interview schedule was used to obtain information from these 
respondents. Data were collected on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, their dairy cattle 
production enterprises and training needs of farmers which were ascertained in six major areas viz., feeding, 
breeding, healthcare, housing and management, marketing and finance, product preparation and processing,. The 
areas were assessed on three point’s continuum which were: most important, important, and least important, with 
the scores of 3, 2 and 1, respectively as reported by Balaraju et al., (2004). The major areas were further classified 
into sub-areas and the training needs of dairy farmers were ascertained at three point continuum viz., most needed, 
needed and least needed, with the score of 3, 2 and 1, respectively (Balaraju et al., 2004).  
Frequency and percentage for each major area were calculated and ranking was done for each category based on 
the total weighted mean score. The summation of scores achieved by the respondents constituted the level of 
perceived training needs. The extent of training needs was calculated based on the “Training Need Index (TNI)” 
formula which was individually calculated on each sub-area. The summation of scores was further categorized as 
low, medium and high level training needs as perceived by the farmers. The total weighted mean score and TNI 
were calculated using the following formula: 

Total weighed mean score (TWMS) =  Total score obtained by each major area 
                                       Total number of respondent  
Training needs index (TNI) =       Total obtained score           x 100 
                 Maximum obtainable score                  (Balaraju et al., 2004)  
 
Data were subjected to Descriptive Statistics (Mean, Frequency and Percentage) and Regression Analysis using 
SPSS (V.21). 



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3. Results 
Table 1 shows the socio economic characteristics of dairy cattle farmers. Results revealed that most of the 
respondents were within the age range of 24-29 years (30.1%), followed by those within range of 30 – 34 years 
(19.5%) and the least were those who were within age of 20 – 24 years (18.7%) and those who were older than 35 
years (8.9%). Mean age of the respondents was 34.7 years. Majority of the respondents were male (51.2%) while 
48.8% were females. Most of them were married (56.7%). All of the respondents were Muslims with most (74%) 
having no formal education, 18.7% of them had primary education, few (6.5%) of the respondents had secondary 
education. The result of household size of respondents showed that majority of the respondents had household size 
between 6 – 9 members (47.2%), 26.0%  had household size of between 2-5 members, while 18.7% had household 
size of between 10-13 members, the least was obtained in those with household size greater than 13 members 
(8.1%). The mean household size was 17. The result further revealed that majority (52.0%) of the respondents 
earned more than N18,000 – N 23, 000 (52.0%) as income followed by those who earned between N24, 000 – 29, 
000  (21.1%), N 30, 000- 35, 000 (15.4%), and those that earn N35,000 – N40,000 (8.1%), the least were those 
who earned more than N40,000. 
 
Table 1. Socio- economic characteristics of the respondents 

Variables Frequency Percentage Mean 
Age (Years)    
<20 17 13.8  
20 – 24 11 8.9  
25 – 29 37 30.1 34.7 
30 – 34 24 19.5  
35 – 39 23 18.7  
>39 11 8.9  
Sex    
Male 63 51.2  
Female 60 48.8  
Marital Status    
Single 25 20.3  
Married 91 74.0  
Divorced 1 0.8  
Widowed 6 4.9  
Educational level    
No formal Education 91 74.0  
Primary education 23 18.7  
Secondary education 8 6.5  
Tertiary education 1 0.8  
House hold size    
2 – 5 32 26.0  
6 – 9  58 47.2  
10 – 13  23 18.7 17 
>13 10 8.1  
Income (#)    
18 – 23,000 64 52.0  
24 – 29,000 26 21.1  
30 – 35,000 19 15.4 17,700.89 
35 – 40,00 10 8.1  
40,000 6 3.2  

 
Dairy cattle production characteristics of the respondents are presented in Table 2. Results revealed the sources by 
which respondents got their cattle. These sources ranged from farm, Research Institutes and inheritance. The result 
revealed that more than half of the respondents got their cattle through inheritance (98.4%); few respondents also 
got their cattle from Research Institutes (0.8%) and farm (0.8%). The result showed that main purpose of cattle 
production among the respondent was for income generation (91.1%), while the least purpose of production of the 



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respondent was for consumption (8.9%). It was further shown that most of the respondents had between 16 – 20 
cattle (26.8%), 22.8% had greater than 49 cattle, 22.0% had 10-15 cattle, 12.2% had 28-33 cattle, 11.4% had 22-
27 cattle, while 4.9% had less than 10 cattle.  Majority (81.7%) of the respondents possess White Fulani cattle, 
5.0% of the respondent reared Red Bororo and White Fulani, 4.2% of the respondent owned White Fulani and 
Sokoto Gudhali.  
 
Table 2. Dairy cattle production characteristics of the respondents 

Variables Frequency Percentage Mean 
Sources of flock    
Farm 1 0.8  
Research institute 1 0.8  
Inherited 121 98.4  
Purpose of production    
Income generation 112 91.1  
Consumption 11 8.9  
Herd size    
Less than 10 6 4.9  
10 – 15  27 22.0  
16 – 20 33 26.8  
22 – 27 14 11.4 52 
28 – 33 15 12.2  
More than 49 28 22.8  
Breeds    
Red Bororo 2 1.7  
White Fulani 98 81.7  
Muturu 2 1.7  
Red Bororo and white Fulani 6 5.0  
White Fulani and Muturu 1 0.8  
White Fulani and Sokoto gudali 5 4.2  
White Fulani and Ndama 1 0.8  
Red Bororo, white Fulani and Ndama 5 4.2  

 
The training needs of farmers in major areas of dairy cattle production is presented in Table 3. Results revealed 
that almost all (90%) of dairy cattle farmers perceived the training needs in Feeding as most important followed 
by Breeding and Health care with ranks VII, VI and V respectively. Majority of farmers perception was between 
“Most important” to “Important” for the areas of Housing and Management, Marketing and Finance as well as 
milk Preparation and Processing. However, Housing and Management, Marketing and Finance as well as milk 
Preparation and Processing were ranked III, IV and II respectively. Majority of the farmers perceived training 
needs in Biosecurity as least important which was ranked I.  
 
Table 3. Training needs of farmers in major areas in dairy cattle production 

Variables MI (%) I (%) LI (%) TS TWMS Rank 
Breeding 117(95.1) 5(4.1) 1(0.8) 130 2.71 VI 
Feeding 121(98.4) 2(1.6) - 125 2.60 VII 
Healthcare 113(91.9) 10(8.1) - 131 2.73 V 
Housing and management 50(40.7) 54(43.9) 19(15.4) 215 4.53 III 
Marketing and finance 49(39.8) 71(57.7) 3(2.4) 200 4.30 IV 
Milking  and milk processing 44(35.8) 67(54.5) 12(9.7) 211 4.53 II 
Biosecurity 8(6.5) 7(5.7) 108(87.8) 346 6.61 I 

MI- most important, I- important, LI- least important, TS- total score, TWMS- total weighted mean score. 
 



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Presented in Table 4 are the training needs of farmers in different sub-areas of dairy cattle farming. Within the sub 
area of breeding, artificial insemination was ranked first, followed by estrous detection, heat detection and estrous 
cycle and time mating. With respect to feeding of dairy cattle; more than 40% of respondents perceived training 
as “needed” in all the five sub-areas of feeding. Majority (3.58%) of the respondents recognized mineral mixture 
supplementation as “most needed” followed by balance ration and its composition (3.16%) and feeding of different 
age group of the cattle (2.40%) with rank I, II, and III respectively. Result on dairy cattle health care indicated that 
more than half of the respondents recognized training needs in common disease and preventive measures (1.92%), 
vaccination (1.77%), improved health management (1.51%), ecto-parasites control (1.48%), deworming (1.27%) 
as “most needed” and were ranked as I, II, III, IV, and V.  
In dairy development programme; artificial insemination service ranked first, followed by use of reproductive 
technologies, ration formulation, modern branding, improvement of grazing management, improved milk yield, 
creep feed calves when pasture quality is poor, improved dairy production, modern means of animal identification, 
pregnancy diagnosis, and cross breeding. In housing and management; construction of low cost scientific housing 
ranked first, followed by manure management (rank II) and record keeping (rank III). Furthermore, care and 
management of productive animals, identification and isolation of sick animals were ranked IV and V respectively. 
For marketing and finance, majority of respondent (7.53%) determined training in banking and insurance as “most 
needed” followed by training needs in processing, sales of animal nutrition product, milking technology, storage 
of milk product, storage of milk, processing of milk for product with rank I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII respectively. 
 
Table 4. Training needs of farmers in different sub – areas of dairy cattle farming. 

Variables MN N LN TS TWMS Rank
Training Needs In Breeding (%)    
Selection of breeds 121(98.4) 2(1.6) - 125 2.66 VIII
Selection of breeding stock 75(61.0) 45(36.6) 3(2.4) 174 4.00 VI
Artificial insemination 1(0.8) 5(4.1) 117(95.1) 362 7.82 I
Identification of infertility in cattle 72(58.5) 51(41.5) - 174 4.03 V
Estrous detection 27(22.0) 86(69.9) 10(8.1) 229 5.48 II
Estrous cycle and time mating 74(60.2) 45(36.6) 4(3.3) 176 4.07 IV
Heat detection - 60(48.8) 1(0.8) 185 4.33 III
Pregnancy diagnosis 87(70.7) 3(28.35) 1(0.8) 160 3.62 VII
Training Needs In Feeding (%)    
Balance ration and its composition 14(114) 25(20.3) 84(68.3) 316 3.83 II
Feeding of different age group  29(236) 71(57.7) 23(18.7) 240 2.78 III
Nutritional management of breed problem 29(236) 79(64.2) 15(12.2) 232 2.63 IV
Importance of clean feed and water 115(93.5) 8(6.5) - 131 1.34 V
Mineral mixture supplementation 2(1.6) 7(5.7) 114(92.7) 358 4.41 I
Training Need In Health Care %    
Deworming 120(97.6) 2(1.6) 1(0.8) 127 2.00 V
Vaccination 80(65.0) 32(26.0) 11(8.9) 177 2.69 II
Ectoparasite control 99(80.5) 23(18.7) 1(0.8) 148 2.31 IV
Common disease and preventive measures 55(44.7) 64(52.0) 4(3.2) 192 3.00 I
Improved health management 96(78.0) 26(21.1) 1(0.8) 151 4.63 III
Dairy development programme    
Modern means of animal identification  85(69.1) 31(25.2) 7(5.7) 168 5.22 IX
Cross breeding to improve quality cattle 99(80.5) 23(18.7) 1(0.8) 148 4.44 XI
Artificial insemination service  2(1.6) 6(4.9) 115(93.5) 359 11.13 I
Improved milk hygiene 63(51.2) 60(48.8) 183 5.82 VI
Ration formulation 48(39.0) 54(43.9) 21(17.1) 282 8.99 III
Creep feed calves 76(61.8) 46(37.4) 1(0.8) 171 5.35 VII
Improved diary production 72(58.5) 45(36.6) 6(4.9) 168 5.27 VIII



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Uses of reproductive technologies  8(6.5) 32(26.0) 83(67.5) 321 10.17 II
Pregnancy diagnosis 63(51.2) 57(46.3) 17(13.8) 178 4.97 X
Improvement of grazing management  67(54.5) 52(42.3) 4(3.3) 183 5.83 V
Modern branding 64(52.0) 47(38.2) 12(9.8) 194 6.20 IV
Training Needs In Housing And Management    
Construction of low cost scientific housing 8(6.5) 35(28.5) 80(65.0) 318 4.01 I
Identification and isolation of sick animal 73(59.3) 43(35.0) 7(5.7) 180 1.99 V
Record keeping 38(30.9) 34(29.3) 49(9.8) 255 3.10 III
Manure management 7(5.7) 50(40.7) 64(52.0) 299 3.85 II
Care and management of productive animal. 63(51.2) 57(46.3) 17(13.8) 186 2.05 IV
Training Needs In Marketing And Finance (%)    
Sales of animal nutritionist product.  57(46.3) 49(39.8) 17(13.8) 197 3.44 III
Banking and insurance 63(51.2) 49(39.8) 11(8.9) 246 7.53 I
Training needs in processing 11(8.9) 111(90.2) 1(0.8) 238 4.35 II
Milking technology 54(43.9) 62(50.4) 7(5.7) 199 3.43 IV
Processing of milk for product 69(56.1) 45(36.6) 9(7.3) 186 3.13 VII
Storage of milk 63(51.2) 49(39.8) 11(8.9) 194 3.29 VI
Storage of milk product. 67(54.5) 35(28.5) 21(17.1) 200 3.36 V

MN- Most needed, N-Needed, LN- least needed, TS- Total Score, TWMS-Total Weighed Mean Score. 
 
Table 5 shows the training needs index of dairy cattle farmers. The training index in dairy farming indicated that 
almost all (91.8%) of the farmers needed to be trained more on dairy cattle production and management while few 
(8.4%) of the respondents had low level of training needs.  
 
Table 5. Training needs index of dairy cattle farmers 

Training need index (%) Frequency Percentage 
Low (<33.34 – 66.66) 10 8.4 
High (>66.67)  133 91.8 

 
Table 6 shows factors influencing training needs of dairy cattle production. Results revealed that age, source of 
flock inflow, purpose of production, flock size and breeds of cattle were significant (p > 0.05)factors influencing 
training needs of dairy cattle production of the respondent, while sex, marital status, religion, household size and 
income were not significant(p < 0.05) factors influencing training needs of dairy cattle production of the 
respondents. Also age, sex, marital status, religion, education level, source of flock inflow, purpose of production 
and breeds of cattle had positive direct effect on training needs of dairy cattle production of the respondents while 
occupation, household size, income had negative effect indirect effect on training needs of dairy cattle production 
of the respondents. The R2 was 0.511  
 
Table 6. Factors influencing training needs of dairy cattle production of the respondent. 
Variables B Std. Error t-value p-value 
Age 1.576 1.020 1.545 0.125 
Sex 0.909 1.450 0.371 0.711 
Marital status 1.377 2.195 0.627 0.532 
Occupation -1.343 1.739 -0.772 0.442 
Religion 5.776 10.444 0.553 0.581 
Educational level 2.976 1.534 1.942 0.055 



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Household size -2.291 1.510 -1.517 0.132 
Income -0.5947 1.347 -0.435 0.664 
Source of flock in flow 5.947 3.547 1.676 0.097 
Purpose of production 0.036 1.209 0.030 0.976 
Flock size -0.416 1.112 -0.374 0.709 
Breeds of cattle 6.023 7.325 0.822 0.413 
 R2 = 0.511    
 
4. Discussion 
Training needs among dairy farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria were assessed in this study. Result of age of respondents 
implies that majority of the respondent were still in their economically active ages. This agrees with the report of 
Popoola et al (2017) and it is an indication that agricultural production, particularly livestock production is a 
profession that is practiced by people of different age groups. Majority of the respondents were male, this is due 
to the fact that there is gender dimension to cattle production in Nigeria such that Nigerian pastoralists who are 
majorly Fulani tribe believe that large animals like cattle are can only be handled by men while small animals like 
sheep, goat, chicken are meant to be managed by women. Most of them were married; this is expected with result 
obtained for their age. The level of education of the respondents implies that majority of them cannot read and 
write; this may hinder better communication as well as adoption of innovations as reported by Asanwana, (2001); 
Popoola et al., (2017). Household size is an important variable that determines the total household food 
requirement and thus, affect per capita food consumption and household food security. The result of household 
size of respondents showed that majority of the respondents had household size between 6 – 9 members and the 
mean household size was 17. This result agrees with result of Adebisi et al. (2020) who also reported higher high 
members as the modal family size among households. The result further revealed that majority (52.0%) of the 
respondents earned more than N18,000 – N 23, 000 (52.0%) as income followed by those who earned between 
N24, 000 – 29, 000 (21.1%), N 30, 000- 35, 000 (15.4%), and those that earn N35,000 – N40,000 (8.1%), the least 
were those who earned more than N40,000. Differences in the income generated could be related to number of 
animals (herd size) possess by individuals. 
Respondents obtained their cattle from different sources, these sources ranged from farm, research institute and 
inheritance. More than half of the respondents got their cattle through inheritance which implies that that cattle 
production is a means of lineage and succession business among the respondents who are largely Fulani pastoralists. 
The respondents raise their cattle for various purposes which range from income generation, meat production, milk 
production, consumption and as socio-cultural status; result of this study revealed that majority of respondents 
raised their cattle primarily for income generation. It was further shown that most of the respondents had between 
16 – 20 cattle, followed by those who have more than 49 cattle; this implies that the difference in the number of 
cattle possess by individuals could be responsible for the differences in the income generated by the respondents. 
White Fulani is the breed of cattle mostly possessed by the respondents; this may because White Fulani is a cattle 
breed raised for dual purpose (milk and beef). 
The training needs of farmers in major areas of dairy cattle production indicated their areas of priority in terms of 
training. Result revealed that majority of the farmers’ perception was “most important” for areas of breeding, 
feeding and healthcare, while their perception for areas like housing and management, marketing and finance, 
milking and milk processing were between “most important” and “important”. However, the perception of most 
of the dairy farmers on biosecurity was “least important”. The result obtained for training needs of farmers in areas 
of Feeding, Breeding and Healthcare disagreed with the report of Tekale et al. (2013) who ranked Healthcare, 
Feeding and Marketing as I, II, and III respectively. In a study conducted on goat farmers, Mohan et al. (2006) 
reported similar findings. 
The training needs of farmers in different sub-areas of dairy cattle farming was assessed which were determined 
in major areas of production such a s breeding, feeding, healthcare, dairy development programme, housing and 
management, marketing and finance. Within the sub area of breeding, artificial insemination was ranked first, 
followed by estrous detection, heat detection and estrous cycle and time mating. Artificial insemination was ranked 
first among the sub-areas where the training was needed because of inadequate technical know-how among the 
farmers. Result obtained from the respondents on sub-areas of dairy cattle healthcare indicated that respondent 
really needed training in all aspects of healthcare of their animals. In a similar study on small ruminants, Chah et 



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al., (2013) reported that majority of the farmers perceived training needs on common disease and preventive 
measures were the most needed. Respondents indicated high training needs in improved and assisted reproductive 
technologies of cattle production so as to improve the qualities of their cattle.  
The overall involvement index of respondents was used as an indication of extent training needs of dairy cattle 
farmers. The index scores of Balaraju et al, (2014) was adopted which was ranged and scored as follows: index 
scores of range 0 – 33.33% which implies low training needs by the farmers; 34.33 – 66.66% implies medium 
training needs by the farmers and greater than 66.66% implies high training needs by the respondents. The overall 
training index in dairy farming indicated that majority of the farmers needed to be trained more on dairy cattle 
production and management. Similar findings were reported by Tekale et al., (2013); Chauhan and Kshirsagar 
(2012). 
Result of factors influencing training needs of dairy cattle production revealed positive regression coefficient for 
age, sex, marital status, religion, educational level, sources of cattle, and purpose of cattle production and breeds 
of cattle raised by respondents. This implies that as the values of any of these variables increase, the extent of 
training needs of the dairy farmers will also increase. However there were negative regression coefficient for 
household size, income and flock size. This implies that increase in any of these variables will lead to decrease in 
extent of training needs by the respondents. The R2 was 0.511 indicating that about 51.1% of the extent of training 
needs of respondents in dairy cattle production was explained by influence of their cattle production characteristics. 
5. Conclusion  
Based on the result of this study, it was concluded that breeding, feeding and health care were perceived as the 
“most needed” training by the respondents. Although, training need in marketing and finance, milk preparation 
and processing, as well as housing and management were also perceived as important. Furthermore age, sex, 
marital status, religion, education level, source of flock flow, purpose of production and breeds of cattle had a 
direct effect on training needs of the respondent while occupation, household, flock size, had an indirect effect on 
training need of the respondents. It is therefore recommended that there is need for establishment of famers’ 
training Institute specifically for dairy production to assess the training needs of dairy farmers’ holistically. 
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

