




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p28 

28                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Small-Scale Turkey Farming in Bangladesh: Farming Practices, 
Profitability and Supply Chain Mapping 

M A Rashid1, M Rasheduzzaman2, MSK Sarker1, S Faruque1, Md Salauddin Palash2 & NR Sarker1 

1 Poultry Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka-1341, 
Bangladesh 
2 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensing-2202, Bangladesh 
Correspondence: M. A. Rashid, SSO, Poultry Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research 
Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh. E-mail: marashid31@yahoo.com 
 
Received: May 17, 2020   Accepted: June 9, 2020   Online Published: July 16, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The study was conducted to know the existing turkey production system, supply chain mapping, and identifying 
the prospects and problems of turkey rearing in some selected areas of Bangladesh during October 2019 to 
December 2019. A total of 100 turkey raisers were surveyed following convenience method of sampling technique. 
The primary data were collected, analyzed accordingly and tabular presentation method was applied with the help 
of simple descriptive statistical measures e.g. frequency distributions, percentage, sum and means to illustrating 
the results. Profitability analysis was done on the basis of variable cost, fixed cost, return by using arithmetic 
means and percentages. The study revealed that 87 male and 13 female respondents were surveyed, of them cent 
percent found educated. About 56% turkey keeper’s main occupation was business, 27% service and 12% in 
farming while 88.57% involved with farming as secondary sources of income. Average landholding for homestead, 
cultivable and non-cultivable was 24.40, 129.71 and 29.47 decimal, respectively. About 59% farms started for 
commercial purpose, 32% for non-commercial purpose and 9% for both. About 60% respondents kept less than 
50 turkeys and only 2% kept 501-1000 turkeys. Among the surveyed farms55% stopped their operation and 45% 
farms found running their business. Among the running farms cent percent were small-scale group. The average 
feed intake was 192.13 grams per day per bird at 20 weeks of age. Turkey laid on an average 139 eggs a year 
irrespective of variety and for hatching poults, the fertility and hatchability rate found between 65 to 100% and 50 
to 90%, respectively. About 28% farmers experienced the deaths of turkey because of Cold, Pox, Ranikhet, Bird 
flu and unknown cases and 69.47% farmers took veterinary advice from Upazila Livestock Hospital and rest from 
other sources. Farmers to consumers were the most common and widely used marketing channel for egg, chick 
and adult turkey. The market intermediaries of turkey farm carried out different marketing functions e.g. buying 
and selling, pricing, transportation, sorting, distribution and market information. The average net return and 
benefit-cost ratio was BDT 127838.04 and 1.38, respectively for 50 turkeys per year. In the study, turkey rearing 
found some comparative benefit over chicken and ducks e.g. higher weight gain, forage eater, lower diseases rate 
and suitability for the country. The main problem of turkey rearing identified as market instability, lack of quality 
turkey feed, higher feed price, lack of proper marketing facility and training on turkey farming. In conclusion, the 
small-scale turkey farming could be a viable source of income for the rural people of Bangladesh after taking some 
remedial steps by the Government of Bangladesh for the aforesaid hindrances faced by the turkey farmers. 
Keywords: small-scale, turkey farming, profitability, supply chain, problems and prospects 
1. Introduction 
The livestock sector has been playing a vital role in the socio-economic development and contributing significantly 
to the overall agriculture sector in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Livestock sub-sector contributes 35 to 40% 
alone to overall agriculture sector and 1.53% of the total GDP (MOFL, 2019). It is labor intensive and fast income 
generating sector contributes significantly to poverty reduction as well as employment generation for the poor and 
marginal people. Already Bangladesh achieved self-sufficiency in meat production and very close to self-
sufficiency in egg production (DLS, 2019). The poultry population in Bangladesh is estimated at 258.22 million 
comprising 189.26 million chickens, 67.52 million ducks, and 1.44 million of turkeys (BBS, 2019). The poultry 
constitutes a major portion of animal protein source of the country. As an employment and income provider, 
poultry sector makes a significant effect to the livelihood assets of farm households. Thousands of smallholders 



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along with large-scale commercial poultry producers supply the poultry meat and eggs for domestic consumption. 
It was reverse before 1990s, backyard poultry were the sources of 98% supply of poultry meat and eggs in the 
country and the rest 2% would come from commercial poultry (UNDP/FAO, 1983). In those days, per capita egg 
and meat consumption was very poor compare to the current situation. 
Turkeys are classed in the family of Phasianidae in the taxonomic order of Galliformes. The genus Meleagris is 
the only extant genus in the subfamily Meleagridinae. The species Meleagris gallopavo is used by humans for 
their meat (Crowe, 2006). They were first domesticated by the indigenous people of Mexico from at least 800 BC 
onwards. The birds were first taken to Spain about 1519AD, and reaching England in 1541AD. English colonists 
then introduced European-bred strains of the turkey to eastern North America in the 17th century. Until about 
1935, turkeys were bred mainly for their beautiful feathers not for meat, after which the breeding emphasis changed 
to their meat qualities (Hulet et al., 2004). 
There was no concrete data on turkey rearing history in Bangladesh, but a farmer stated that he started his farm in 
2014 with only 22 turkey birds brought from India (Siddiky, 2017). Farmers are rearing turkey with a limited prior 
experience and it is increasing gradually because of a gamey flavor of meat with lower fat content (Asaduzzaman, 
2017). Turkey farming is similar to other poultry birds farming like chickens, ducks, quails, etc. and very 
enjoyable (Chowdhury et al., 2004). Despite being priced steeply compared to other poultry products, the demand 
for turkey meat is increasing which has prompted various players to set up turkey rearing farms. Turkey production 
is an important and highly profitable agricultural industry with a rising global demand (Yakubu et al., 2013), and 
it is adaptable to a wide range of climatic conditions. Besbes (2009) reported that the worldwide poultry sector 
consists of chickens (63%), ducks (11%), geese (9%), turkeys (5%), pigeons (3%) and guinea fowls (3%). Turkey 
grows faster like broiler chickens and become suitable for slaughter purpose within a very short time. Turkey 
farming for meat production is very popular than egg production in Bangladesh (Siddiky, 2017). Turkey is more 
resistant to disease compared to other poultry species like chicken, duck, and quail. It has also been reported that 
mortality rate of turkey is very low compared to other poultry bird (Sampath, 2012). 
Turkey has some benefits compared to other poultries like chicken, duck, pigeon etc. but, facing problems of 
market demand instability, price volatility, lack of quality feed as well as higher feed price, and lack of proper 
marketing facility which reduce the pace of this sector significantly. Cost effective farming practices, efficient 
market information system and marketing channel can help turkey farmers to run the business with a reasonable 
margin of profits. The study was conducted aiming to know the existing turkey farming practices, status of the 
profitability and supply chain mapping that means how the turkey farmers transferred their produce to the end user. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Study Area 
Turkey farming is a new entrepreneurship in Bangladesh and the young entrepreneurs from different parts of 
Bangladesh are trying to adopt turkey farming. The density of turkey farms is not same in all regions. Therefore, 
areas were chosen based on the availability of turkey farming. Thus, appropriate farm households from five were 
selected. The selected areas were the Mymensingh, Gazipur, Narsingdi, Narayanganj and Dhaka districts of 
Bangladesh (Figure 1).  
2.2 Data 
Convenience method of sampling technique was followed where a total number of 100 turkey raisers were 
surveyed. The number of farms surveyed in the Mymensingh, Gazipur, Narsingdi, Narayanganj and Dhaka districts 
was 23, 20, 20, 24 and 13, respectively. Data were collected in the month of October to December 2019. A set of 
survey schedule was developed with necessary corrections and modifications. After the initial development of the 
interview schedule, pre-testing was done to make sure that the questions were neither difficult nor unanswerable 
for the respondents. The primary data were collected through face to face interview with the finalized questionnaire 
through personal visit to the houses of the farmers. Before beginning of the interview a brief introduction about 
the purpose of the study was given to the respondents. Then the questions were asked in easy and understandable 
language and the information was recorded on the survey schedule. 
 



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Figure 1. Selected areas for the study 
Source: Author’s preparation using Arc GIS 10, 2020 
 
2.3 Data Analysis 
Data were subjected to both descriptive statistics (such as mean, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics 
which is the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) coefficient PPMC to show the relationship between 
profit in turkey production and socioeconomic variables. Microsoft Excel 365 program was used to analyze the 
cross section data. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the existing turkey farming practices followed by the 
farmers and it provides valuable information about the nature of the particular group of individuals (Best and Kahn, 
2003). Profitability analysis was done on the basis of gross return, gross margins, net return and benefit-cost ratio. 



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Gross return is the monetary value of total gross output; the total value of sold out turkey was taken into account 
as benefits of the farms at the existing market price of turkey. Therefore, the formula is: GR =  ΣQtPt 
Where, GR = Gross Return;Qt= Totalturkeysold (kg/farm/year) and Pt= Price of turkey (BDT/kg). 
Gross margin was calculated by subtracting the total variable costs from the gross return, showed in thefollowing 
equation. GM =  GR −  ΣTVC 
Where, GM = Gross Margin; GR = Gross Return; and TVC = Total Variable Cost. 
Here, the following net return/profit equation was developed to assess the net return of the turkey farms. NR =  PtQt–  ΣTVC–  ΣTFC 

Where, NR= Net Return from turkey farming (BDT/year), Pt= Price of turkey (BDT/kg), Qt = Total turkey sold 
(kg/farm/year), TVC = Total Variable Cost, TFC = Total fixed cost. 
The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is a relative measure which is used to compare benefit per unit of cost. BCR was 
estimated as a ratio of gross returns to total costs. The formula of calculating BCR (undiscounted) is shown as 
below: 𝐵𝐶𝑅 = 𝐵𝑝𝑣𝐶𝑝𝑣 

Where, BCR=Benefit cost ratio, Bpv = Gross benefits/returns at present value, and Cpv = Total cost at present value. 

3. Results and Discussion 

3.1 Socioeconomic Profile of Turkey Farmers 
Majority (87%) of the respondents were male, which indicates agricultural farming in Bangladesh is dominant by 
the male farmers. The national literacy rate was 73.9% (BBS, 2018) that reflects in this study also; all turkey 
farmers were highly educated having graduation and above (40%), and secondary and higher secondary level of 
education (44%). It indicates educated farmers are taking the risk of new technology such as turkey farming 
(Wheeler, 2013). Table 1 also shows that turkey farming is doing by the business group of people (about 56 and 
88.57% respondents had the main and secondary occupation as business, respectively) rather traditional farm 
households. According to the farm household classification of Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), most 
of the turkey farmers (total land holding 183.82 decimals) were belong to the group of small-scale farmers (100 
decimals to 249 decimals, BBS, 2018). Having business is the main occupation of the turkey farmers squeezed the 
farming area of the respondents.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 1. Socioeconomic profile of the turkey farmers 
Variables Unit Category Value 
Gender of the respondents % Male 87 
  Female 13 
Level of education % Illiterate 0 
  Can read and write 1 
  Up to secondary level 15 
  SSC* 19 
  HSC** 25 
  Honors 30 
  Masters 10 
Main occupation % Business  56 
  Service 27 
  Farming 12 
  Housewife 2 
  Others 3 
Secondary occupation % Business  88 
  Service 9 
  Farming 2 
  Others 1 
Average family members No/family Adult male 2.33 
  Adult female 2.16 
  Male children 1.23 
  Female children 1.24 
  Total 5.75 
Average quantity of land holding Decimal Home purpose land 24.40 
  Cultivable land 129.71 
  Non-cultivable land 29.71 

Note: *Scholl Secondary Certificate (after 10 years of education), **Higher Secondary Certificate (after 12 years 
of education) 
 
3.2 Farming Practices of Turkey 
3.2.1 Reasons Behind the Initiatives 
At the beginning of turkey enterprises, price of adult turkey and poults were higher in Bangladesh in comparison 
to international market. The main reasons were: beginning stage of the turkey subsector, turkeys were sold for 
ornamental purposes while some buyer bought for farming as well as consumption purposes (Assaduzzaman, 
2017). Therefore, Figure 1 shows that majority of the farmers (71%) started their business for higher profit, 
followed by farming for loving to rear turkey (29%) because of beautiful looking and gamey flavor. 



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Gradual decreasing of higher profit shaped the size of turkey farming. Figure 2 shows that small scale turkey 
farming (60%) is favorable to the farmers. In case of Sudan, Osama et al. (2013) also showed that 66.7% farmers 
raised less than 30 birds. Due policies are necessary to improve the situation where farmers can produce turkey 
with minimum production cost and sell them to the market with reasonable price. 
3.2.2 Turkey varieties  
The most commonly raised commercial varieties, also know as breed, are the American Black and White Holland 
in Bangladesh. These two breeds occupies the major share (67.98%) of rearing turkey by the farmers. American 
Black along with White Holland was dominant because of higher production rate (i.e. higher egg laid and faster 
weight than other varieties) in Bangladesh (Figure 3). About 55% respondents respond to American Black as best 
turkey variety in Sudan (Osama et al., 2013). Some other breeds such as Broad-Breasted Bronze, similar in size 
and conformation, is less popular because of a preference forblack and white feathering. However, a wide variety 
of hobby breeds e.g. Red Bourbon, Royal Palm, Beltsville Small White, Silver, Mixed and Quiled colored were 
also found in defferent parts of the study areas for personal recreation. While nice to look at, most of these hobby 
strains do not grow as fast and as efficiently as the commercial turkey strains (Hulet et al., 2004).  

 
Figure 3. Percentage of rearing turkey variety 

 
3.2.3 Ratio of Male and Female Turkey at Farm Level 
To ensure the better reproductive rates, appropriate ratio of male and female bird is a perquisite condition of 
successful farming, if not using the day old chick (DOC) for farming. Table 2 shows that the most used ratio of 

71

8
1

29

2
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Profitability Looking
beautiful

Tasty meat Love to rear Others

Pe
rc

en
ta

ge
 o

f r
es

po
nd

en
ts

33.09

0

34.89

14.03

3.6

4.68 6.83

1.08

White Holland
Beltsville small white
American Black
Royal Palm
Red Bourbon
Silver colored
Mixed colored
Quail colored

Figure 2. Category of rearing turkey farm 

60

18 20

2
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

<= 50 51-100 101-500 501-1000

Pe
rc

en
ta

ge
 o

f r
es

po
nd

en
ts

Number of rearing turkey

Figure 1. Reasons to start rearing turkey farm 



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male and female was 1:03 which is about 48.98%because of very much useful for better reproductive rates. It 
might be of 1.04 like Sudan where male and female ratio maintained at 1:046 (Osama et al., 2013). It depends on 
the farmers’ experience which combination is suitable for successful reproductive. Even though a good ratio of 
male and female has less productivity because of absence of frequent mating, heavyweight of male and disturbance 
during mating (Osama et al., 2013).  
 
Table 2. Ratio of male and female turkey at farm level 

Ratio of male and female Number Percentage 
1:01 4 4.08 
1:02 9 9.18 
1:03 48 48.98 
1:04 19 19.39 
1:05 15 15.31 
1:06 1 1.02 
1:07 1 1.02 
1:08 1 1.02 

 
3.2.4 Turkey Feed, Vaccine and Medicine Management 
Like broiler chicken, turkey requires high protein and other nutrients in their diets. Thus, feed cost represents halve 
to two-thirds of the total costs in a poultry production system (Mbanasor and Sampson, 2004), therefore it is 
necessary to identify the animals who eat less but perform at the same level as their contemporaries. Turkeys are 
good foragers and it could reduce feeding cost through obtain added nutrients from forage because they are better 
able to digest fiber due to larger microbial population in their digestive tracts (Brad et al., 2010). Figure 4 reveals 
that highest feed was required for a 20+ weeks aged chick who takes on an average 192.13 grams feed per day, 
followed by 10-20 weeks aged turkey who takes on an average 132.54 grams feed per day.There is no specific 
feeding standard for turkey. Farmers used to feed their turkey according to broiler and layer feeding manual 
(Rahabul, 2018). 

 
Figure 4. Average feed taken compared to age of turkey 

 
Health management is a key to maintaining the health of turkey flock. Good sanitation, clean stock, clean premises, 
and elimination of other birds and animals that may carry disease organisms are important for maintaining a healthy 
flock (Hulet et al., 2004). Genetically, turkey is more resistant to diseases (such as Marek's and infectious 
bronchitis) than other poultries. Farmers mostly do vaccination only for new castle disease, fowl pox and fowl 
cholera. Jahan (2018) showed that 36.96% farmers had encountered diseases like New Castle, Fowl cholera, Fowl 
pox, Mycoplasmosisetc. Result shows that farmers encountered some deaths (28%) of turkey because of Cold, 
Pox, Ranikhet, Bird flu and unknown diseases in some cases. In that consideration, farmers took advice from 
various sources such as Upazila Livestock Hospital (69.47%), private clinic (4.21%), veterinary surgeon (2.11%) 

42.51
82.05

132.54

192.13

0-5 Week

5-10.0 Week

10-20.0 Week

20+ Week



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and remaining from other sources. To avoid the unanticipated deaths of turkey, farmers used different vaccine in 
the study areas with the consultation of veterinary doctors. Figure 5-9 shows the use of different vaccines by a 
different portion of farmers at different times.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
3.2.5 Turkey Egg Hatching 
No farmers used artificial insemination (AI) technique and even never heard about the technology used for turkey 
breeding. White turkey was developed for rapid growth which makes it different from their wild ancestors that 
they are unable to mate naturally because of their heavyweight and AI has become necessary (Anthony 2001). 
Table 3 shows that a turkey takes on an average 6.61 months for laying egg and produces 139 egg per year 

22.62%

77.38%

2-7 days

5-7 days and
15-25 days
(Twice)

52.54%

11.86%

5.08%

30.51%
2 Months

> 2 months

< 2 months

Adult aged

93.67%

5.06% 1.27%

1 Month

< 1 Month

> 2 Months

44.44%

22.22%

33.33% 15 days

20 days

30 days

Figure 6. Application time of RDV 
vaccine 

Figure 5. Application time of BCRDV 
vaccine 

Figure 7. Application time of Pox vaccine Figure 8. Application time of Gumboro 
vaccine 

41.18%

35.29%

23.53% 45 days

2 Months

> 2 Months

Figure 9. Application time of Cholera vaccine



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irrespective of variety. Majority of respondents (81.44%) incubated their egg through hen where average fertility 
rate is 81.12% and average hatchability rate is 73.95%. The hatchability rate is higher than average egg hatchability 
rate (52.85%) in Tamil Nadu, India (Anandh et al., 2012).  
 
Table 3. Information on hatching of eggs 

Items Average value Minimum Value Maximum 
Value 

Time required for egg laid (months) 6.61 5 12 
How many times a year (times) 6.36 3 8 
Number of egg per year 139 100 250 
Artificial insemination (%) 0 - - 
Average value of fertility rate (%) 81.12 65 100 

Average value of hatchability rate (%) 73.95 50 90 

Incubation of egg through hen (%) 81.44 - - 

Incubation of egg through Turkey (%) 2.06 - - 

Incubation of egg through both (%) 0.00 - - 

Don’t incubate the egg (%) 16.50 - - 
Having own incubator (%) 35 - - 
Average capacity in incubator (no.) 612.86 100 2000 

 
3.3 Profitability of Turkey Farming 
The costs and returns and farm net return associated with turkey production in the study area are presented in Table 
4. All costs and returns were calculated in BDT per 50 turkeys per year. Cost of feeds (50.69%) constituted the 
highest share of the total cost. Like Bangladesh, cost of feed is the most important variable cost item in turkey 
production in Nigeria (Emmah, 2006; Mbanasor and Sampson, 2004). Feed cost is higher not only for turkey 
production, but for other poultry production also because of its higher price in the market as well as the quality of 
the feed is questionable to some extent also. The cost structure revealed that variable cost constituted almost all 
costs of the total cost of production of turkey enterprise. In case of calculating interest on operating capital, 
5%interest rate was considered. Generally, the depositor interest rate is around 5-7%depends on the duration of 
deposit scheme in Bangladesh. Fixed cost became very low because cheap materials were used for building houses 
for the birds and reused for many years. Fixed cost was calculated considering the depreciation cost (using the 
method of straight line) of the housing materials; considered salvage value as 10%of its starting value for 
calculating housing cost as depreciation.  
Turkey producers generated revenue through the sales of chicks, eggs and adult turkeys.  Results revealed that a 
typical farmer realized a net farm income of BDT 127,838 per 50 turkeys per year indicating that turkey production 
in the study area is profitable and most of the return (55.67%) comes from selling chick in this business (Table 4). 
It was confirmed by the measurement of BCR (1.38) which indicates that farmers get BDT 1.38 in benefits for 
investing BDT 1.00. Farmers preferred of rearing small flock size (7.26 no./batch) and the average age of turkey 
of being sold out from the farm when it weighs on an average 5.90 kilograms and the age of 6.30 weeks. Similar 
study was conducted in Nigeria and found that turkey is profitable provided the farming is efficiently managed 
(Oluyemi and Roberts, 2000; Emmah, 2006; Ironkwe and Akinola, 2010). 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 4. Profitability analysis for 50 turkeys in a year 
Cost Amount (BDT/50 

turkey/year) 
Percentage of total 

cost 
Variable cost   
Chick cost 51682.43 15.34 
Feed cost 170770.37 50.69 
Vaccine and medicine 16909. 98 5.02 
Others cost (current bills, watering cost, labor cost, 
marketing cost) 

79048.60 23.47 

Interest on operating capital 15920.57 4.73 
Fixed cost   
Housing cost (Depreciation) 2541.86 0.75 
Total cost (Variable cost + Fixed cost) 336873.31 

Return Amount (BDT/50 
turkey/year) 

Percentage of total 
return 

Chick/Poults 258712.87 55.67 
Egg 92716.80 19.95 
Adult turkey 113281.68 24.38 

Profitability analysis Amount (BDT/50 turkey/year) 
Gross return 464711.35 
Gross margin 130379.90 
Net return 127838.04 
BCR 1.38 

 
3.3.1 Correlation Analysis 
Seven socioeconomic variables (gender, education, occupation, location of farm, farm size, family members and 
years of experience) were considered to see the relationship with the profitability of turkey farming. Result 
revealed that only the variable farmer’s experiences of turkey farming has positive significant relationship with 
the profit in turkey farming (Table 5). This indicates that more experiences in turkey farming provide more profit 
from turkey production (Maikasuwa et al., 2014). 
 
Table 5. Pearson Product Moment correlation of the relationship between profit in turkey production and 
socioeconomic variables 

Variables r- value Decision 
Gender (X1) -0.141 Insignificant 
Educational level (X2) 0.156 Insignificant 
Occupation (X3) -0.027 Insignificant 
Location of farm (X4) 0.112 Insignificant 
Farm size (X5) 0.170 Insignificant 
Family members (X6) -0.127 Insignificant 
Year of experience (X7) 0.385 Significant 
 
 
 



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3.4 Supply Chain Mapping 
3.4.1 Selling of turkey Products 
Figure 10 shows that about 96.89, 98.53 and 97.92%adult turkey, chick/poults and eggs were sold out from farm 
respectively, since the marketing channel of turkey is not organized yet. It requires further demand development 
which will help reshape the marketing channel that will bring more value added products of turkey in near future. 
Emmah (2006) also found that sales were mainly done at the farm gates using a scale to weigh the adult and 
poults/chicks of turkey. The average selling price of matured and poults/chicks depend on the size, color, seasons 
and availability of turkey in study areas. 

Figure 10. Selling turkey products by different way 
 
3.4.2 Supply Chain of Turkey Products 
Live bird transaction is very common using direct channel(farmers to consumer) or indirect channel(farmers to 
middlemen to consumer) where minimal food safety standards of veterinary inspection are implemented (Siddiky, 
2018). The available supply chains of turkey are: i) Farmer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer, ii) Farmer → 
Wholesaler → Hotels and Restaurant → Consumer, iii) Farmer → Wholesaler → Consumer, iv) Farmer → 
Retailer→ Consumer, v) Farmer → Consumer (Figure 11). Though all channels are not important to the farmers, 
considering the profit earning, the channel V that means selling from farm gate was the most important and used 
channel in the study areas.  
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 11. Marketing channel of turkey products 
 

96.89

3 0.11

98.53

1.47 0

97.92

1.08 0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

From Farm (%) From Market (%) Other way (%)

Adult Turkey

Chick

Egg

Farmer 

Consumer 

Wholesaler 

Hotel and 
Restaurant

Retailer 



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In addition, channel I, II and IV were also used for adult turkey selling. In case of chick/poults selling, channel I 
and IV were also used in some areas and channel III and IV were used egg selling. The market intermediaries of 
turkey supply chain carried out different marketing functions such as buying and selling, pricing, transportation, 
sorting, distribution, providing market information, etc. 
3.5 Problems and Prospects of Turkey Rearing 
Table 6 shows a wide range of problem were identified by the selected turkey farmers from the different parts of 
the country. Although the list of problems is long, but it is skewed to three problems such as market instability/price 
falls (29.13%), low feed quality and higher price (15.22%) and lack of proper marketing facility (10.87%). Farmers 
buy and sell turkey mainly through personal communication. Feed quality and market instability problems were 
the major problems opined by the turkey farmers in Nigeria and Sudan also (Peters et al.,1997; Osama et al., 2013). 
 
Table 6. Problem faced by farmers in rearing turkey 

Statements Response rate (%) 
Problems  
Market isn’t stable/price falls 29.13 
Feed problem/Lack of quality feed/feed cost is higher 15.22 
Lack of proper marketing facility 10.87 
Lack of medical facility/skilled personnel/veterinary service 7.83 
Lack of diseases controlling ability / huge death faced 5.65 
Inbreeding, fertility and incubation problem 5.22 
Lack of availability of customer for turkey 4.35 
Lack of advertisement or awareness program 3.48 
Lack of availability of training facility 3.48 
Faced huge loss 2.17 
Lack of pure breed in our country 3.04 
Financial inability to buy a turkey weight 3-8 kilograms 1.74 
No problem faced 4.35 
Others 3.48 
Prospects  
Production (weight) rate is comparatively higher 32.74 
Profitable business 10.71 
Superior meat and egg quality 10.12 
Diseases rate is lower comparatively 16.67 
Suitable for our country (natural feed, easy to rear, keep calm and looking 
beautiful) 

16.07 

Egg rate and price is comparatively higher 1.79 
No prospects at all 11.90 

 
The farmers found some criteria of turkey farming that have comparative benefits over other types of poultry 
farming like chicken, duck, quail, etc. Among the influencing criteria, higher weight rate, lower diseases rate, 
suitability for our country, profitable business, and superior egg and meat quality showed the greater extent of 
response rate. Some turkey farms stopped their activities because of market price instability during the recent time; 
and they were asked whether they are interested to re-open the farm again. Majority farmers (28%) of the shutdown 
farm opined that they yet wanted to expand and restart their business upon conditioning the stable market price 
and 7% wanted to restart in future upon the condition of getting loan. But the alarming fact is that about 39% 
respondents haven’t any future plan to re-open their farming activities.  
4. Conclusion 
There is a considerable scope of turkey rearing in Bangladesh, as turkey can be reared in free range farming system. 
It has a good prospects and new dimension in poultry sector. Suitability of climatic condition, availability of natural 
feed and manpower can make this sector profitable, especially for the poor and marginal farmers. Turkey farmers 
are facing some production and marketing related problems. Taking proper remedial steps, turkey rearing could 



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be a viable commercial enterprise which could play a significant role in poultry sector by supplying nutritious food, 
generating income, creating employment opportunities and thus improving the living standard of the rural people.  
Acknowledgements 
The authors gratefully acknowledged the cooperation of the District Livestock Officer, Upazila Livestock Officer 
and staffs under the Department of Livestock Services of respective areas and also the farmers for collecting data. 
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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
 
















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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

