




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p205 

205                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Evaluation of the Cost of Production of Fish Clarias gariepinus 
Burchell, 1822 (Siluriformes, Clariidae) with Three Types of Food 

Based on Local Agricultural by-products in the Democratic Republic 
of Congo 

Victor Pwema Kiamfu1,2, Alex Mayoni Matondo2, Santos Kavumbu Mutanda1,2, Clément Munganga Kilingwa1,2, 
Nadine Bipendu Muamba3, Athanase Kusonika Ndamba4 & Willy Lusasi Swana1,2 

1 Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 
University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
3 Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa 
(UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
4 Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, 
University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
Correspondence: Willy Lusasi Swana, Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Department of 
Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), P.O Box 190 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic 
of Congo. Tel: 243-813-662-026. E-mail: willy.lusasi@unikin.ac.cd  
 
Received: April 4, 2020   Accepted: April 28, 2020   Online Published: May 19, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 is a catfish with high commercial value in the Democratic Republic of Congo 
and in several African countries. The breeding of this species is controlled, but Congolese fish farmers are 
confronted with the problem of a lack of compound feed in the form of granules. The recovery of local agricultural 
waste would be essential to fill this gap. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of three types of food 
based on local agricultural by-products on the growth of C. gariepinus. The 25%, 41% and 51% crude protein feed 
formulas were tested in duplicate for 96 days. Fry averaging 2.20±0.43 g were distributed in 6 closed-loop plastic 
containers. The fish were fed twice a day by hand. Weighing and measuring took place every 14 days. The results 
obtained show that the highest final average weight (g) and specific growth rate (%/d) (F = 2.87; p = 0.002) are 
obtained with food A1: 27.5±1.9 g and 0.25±0.15% /d respectively. It took 812.6 Congolese francs to develop 
food A1, 942.6 congolese francs to produce the A2 ration and 836.6 congolese francs to produce food A3. The A1 
ration is the one that gave a better compromise in price and quality by promoting fish growth at a lower cost (3.827 
congolese francs). 
Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, food, growth performance, food efficiency, economic approach. 
1. Introduction 
Fish remains one of the foodstuffs perfectly integrated into the diet in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It lends 
itself to a variety of culinary combinations, from the preparation of fresh or smoked fish in sauce to salted fish 
(Diayeno, 2016). It is one of the alternatives to solve the problem of malnutrition in the country because it contains 
proteins of high biological value and contains essential amino acids (Fiogbe et al., 2009) and essential fatty acids 
of the omega 3 and 6 category whose metabolic role is obvious (Mbadu et al., 2017). 
Today, more than 43% of the fish found on the world market come from fish farming, compared to only 9% in 
1980. Aquaculture continues to grow at a faster rate than all other sectors of food production of animal origin. This 
prodigious growth is the result of research and innovations in the control of farm management and especially in 
feed (Ouédraogo, 2014). 
Debates about the availability and use of feed for fish farming often focus on fish meal and fish oil. However, 
based on past trends and projections for the future, the sustainability and profitability of fish farming may benefit 
from a sustained supply of supplementary feeds, produced on an industrial scale as compound feeds in the form 
of pelleted feeds with an optimum protein content (FAO, 2012). 



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Thus, it seems essential to valorise local agricultural by-products in order to offer Congolese fish farmers solutions 
adapted to the context of their farms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the production cost of Clarias gariepinus 
Burchell, 1822 fish (Siluriformes, Clariidae) by developing three types of feed based on local agricultural by-
products in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Specifically, it is a question of developing three types of feeds 
with different protein contents; evaluating the zootechnical parameters of the fish fed with the formulated feeds; 
evaluating the production cost of one kg of each type of feed; determining the production cost of one kg of fish 
with the three types of feeds and making simulations of financial profitability of the fish farming activity based on 
some local products and imported feeds. 
The value of this study is obvious because the profitability simulations for feed and fish production discussed in 
this study will guide fish farmers and fish entrepreneurs in this area to increase their revenue while minimizing 
expenses. 
2. Material and Methods 
2.1 Experimental Structure 
In the course of this study, six plastic bins (50 cm long, 38 cm wide and 30 cm deep with a capacity of 50 litres 
each and interconnected by P.V.C. pipes) were put into operation. These tanks are composed of a continuous water 
renewal system in a closed circuit. They are intended for fish farming tests at the Limnology, Hydrobiology and 
Aquaculture Laboratory (located at 4°25′07.374″ South, 15°18'31.588″ East and at an altitude of 464 m) of the 
Biology Department of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 
2.2 Origin of Fish 
Biological material consists of the fry of Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822. The fish were purchased from the 
hatchery Mont-Thabor located in the commune of Mont-Ngafula, Kindele district on the road from Kimwenza to 
Kinshasa. The fry were obtained by artificial reproduction according to the methodology described by Hogendoor 
(1980); Pham (1980); Viveen et al, (1985); De Graaf and Janssen (1996); Ducarme and Micha (2003). 
The fish had an average weight and initial mean size of 2.20±0.43 g and 62.16±2.00 mm respectively. A total of 
180 fry were tested. In the laboratory, the fry were acclimatised for 6 days in an above-ground circular tank with 
a capacity of 1.000 litres before being loaded into the test tanks. The choice of this fish species is justified in the 
sense that it is one of the fish species whose farming is perfectly controlled (Adouvi, 2013), this fish is one of the 
most sold in the markets of Kinshasa (Masua et al., 2020) and is prized by the majority of the congolese (Lusasi 
et al., 2019b).  
2.3 Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Water Used 
The dissolved oxygen (mg/L), temperature (°C), pH and conductivity (µS/cm)) of the water in the tanks used in 
this experiment were measured using an oximeter (brand VOLTCRAFT DO-100) and a multi-parameter probe 
(brand HANNA Combo HI 99 1300). The evaluation of these parameters was carried out during the control 
fisheries that took place every 14 days (Munganga et al., 2020). 
2.4 Fish Feeding 
Three different types of food (table 1) at 25.2%, 41.01% and 51% crude protein were made from local agricultural 
by-products (soybean and palm kernel meal, wheat bran, maize, cassava and fish flours) as well as palm oil and 
cooking salt. These ingredients were selected according to their availability on the local market, their selling price 
but also the crude natural protein content (Lusasi et al., 2019a). 
The fish were fed twice a day (9:00 am' and 3:00 pm') and the feed was distributed by hand. The daily amount of 
feed given to the fry corresponded to 10% of their total biomass as suggested by Lusasi et al., (2019a). After each 
control fishery, the amount of feed to be distributed in the days following these fisheries was adjusted according 
to the evolution of the average weight of fish. Feed A1 was distributed to the fish kept in tanks 1 and 2, fish reared 
in tanks 3 and 4 received feed A2 and feed A3 was intended for fish kept in tanks 5 and 6. Fry of Clarias gariepinus 
were tested in duplicate and the experiment lasted 96 days. 
 
Table 1. Centesimal composition of each type of food (N.P: natural protein) 

Ingredients Types of food 
A1 (%) A2 (%) A3 (%) 

Corn flour 0.45 0.2 0.9 
Cassava flour 0.1 0.02 0.3 



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Fish flour 13 39.0 8.4 
Soybean meal 24 7.2 - 
Wheat bran 1.5 1.8 3.4 
Palm kernel meal 1.9 2.85 12 
Total (%) of N.P in the ration 41 51.0 25 

 
2.5 Weighing and Measuring Fish 
A growth-monitoring fishery was scheduled every 15 days, during which the weight (g) of fish was taken using a 
Salter electronic scale (accuracy 0.1g) and the size was measured to the nearest 0.1g with a Digital Caliper 
electronic ichthyometer (Lusasi et al., 2019a). 
2.6 Zootechnical Parameters and Calculated Indices 
To estimate fish growth during the experiment and characterize the efficiency of use of the developed feed rations, 
the following zootechnical parameters and indices were calculated (Iga-Iga, 2008; Elegbe et al., 2015; Lusasi et 
al., 2019a): 

• TS = (Nf/Ni) x100                                                                  (1) 
TS (%): Survival rate, Nf: Final number of fish and Ni: Initial number of fish. 

• PM: PM = B/NP                                                                   (2) 
PM: Mean Weight (g), B: Biomass (g) and NP: Number of Fish. 

• GPM = Pmf-Pmi                                                                   (3) 
GPM: Average weight gain, Pmf: Average final weight of fish (g) and Pmi: Average initial weight of fish 
(g). 

• CIJ = (Pf-Pi)/DE                                                                   (4) 
CIJ: Individual Daily Growth (g/d), Pf: Final Weight (g), Pi: Initial Weight (g) and DE: Breeding Duration 
(d).  

• CI = QASI/GPM                                                                   (5)    
CI: Consumption Index, QASI: Quantity of Dry Food Ingested and GMC: Body Mass Gain (g). 

2.7 Evaluation of the Production Cost of Fish Feed Rations 
The purchase price of a given ingredient in a kilogram of feed is obtained by multiplying the price of one kilogram 
of that ingredient by its incorporation rate divided by 100. The total production price of one kilogram of a feed 
ration is the sum of the purchase prices of each ingredient that makes up the ration (Ouédraogo, 2014; Elegbe et 
al., 2015; Lusasi et al., 2019a). 
2.8 Estimated Cost of Feed to Produce One Kilogram of Fish  
The feed cost of producing one kilogram of fish is estimated by multiplying the price of one kilogram of feed by 
the consumption index (Diayeno, 2016; Lusasi et al., 2019a). 
2.9 Data analysis and Statistical Processing 
The values obtained on the physico-chemical parameters of the waters used, the weight and linear growth, the 
survival rate and the weight gain of the fish were encoded on the Excel 2013 spreadsheet and then processed with 
Origin 6.1 and SPSS 20.1 software. Data related to zootechnical fish parameters were compared by analysis of 
variance with a one factor (ANOVA 1) to estimate the performance of the developed feed rations at the 5% 
significance level. 
3. Results  
3.1 Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water 
The variation in the different physico-chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen (mg/L), temperature (°C), pH and 
conductivity (µS/cm)) of the waters used for the fish farming experimented in this study is shown in table 2 below.  
 
 
 



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Table 2. Physico-chemical parameters of the waters contained in the experimental tanks (Max: maximum; Min: 
minimum; Moy: average) 

Bins Dissolved oxygen 
(mg/L) Temperature (°C) pH Conductivity (µS/cm) 

 Max Min Moy Max Min Moy Max Min Moy Max Min Moy 
A1 6.1 3.8 5.18±0.73 28.5 26.3 27.8±0.59 6.15 4.97 5.84±0.39 197 93 148.16±42.16
A2 6.7 5.2 5.95±0.4 27.8 25.9 27.8±0.62 6.85 5.13 6.29±0.36 201 98 150.83±42.16
A3 6.2 5.3 5.78±0.37 27.8 25.6 27.8±0.62 6.16 5.12 6.03±0.23 203 93 151.83±45.5

 
The results in table 2 show that, on average, dissolved oxygen during the experiment ranged from 5.18±0.73 to 
5.95±0.4 mg/L and, on average, remained within the range conducive to the growth of the experimental poisons. 
The average temperature of all treatments met the requirement (or 27.8±0.62 °C) of the desired values for good 
growth of Clarias gariepinus poisons in livestock. The pH showed slightly acidic values (tank A1: 5.84±0.39; tank 
A2: 6.29±0.36 and tank A3: 6.03±0.23), but could not disturb the growth of fish. The conductivity of the water 
varies between 148.16±42.16 and 151.83±45.5 µS/cm. 
3.2 Zootechnical Parameters of Fish 
Table 3 summarizes the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fry fed with the experimental feeds for 96 days. 
 
Table 3. Growth performance of fry of Clarias gariepinus after 96 days (TS: Survival rate (%); Pmi: Initial average 
weight (g); Pmf: Final average weight (g); Tmi: Initial average size (mm); Tmf: Final average size (mm); TCS: 
Specific growth rate (%/d); Gpm: Average weight gain (g/d) and CI: Consumption index) 

Types of food Ts Pmi Pmf Tmi Tmf Gpm TCS CI 

A1 13.33±4.03 3.00±1.20 27.5±1.9 63.1 ±2.02 138.65±6.67 24.52±2.58 0.25±0.15 4.71±0.36

A2 70.00±3.87 2.20±0.43 11.6±0.95 62.16±2.00 94.10±4.18 9.40±0.86 0.09±0.21 11.39±2.46

A3 73.3 ±2.5 2.80±0.77 9.2±0.41 65.90±2.26 75.00 ±3.14 6.41±0.64 0.06±0.2 18.12±3.83
 
3.2.1 Survival Rate 
The survival rate is 73.3 ±2.5% in fish fed the A3 diet, 70.00±3.87% in fry fed the A2 diet and 13.33±4.03% in 
fish fed the 1 diet. Analysis of variance (significance level 5%) indicates that fish survival rates vary significantly 
(F = 5.61; p = 0.01) depending on feed type (figure 1). 



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Figure 1. Variation in fish survival rates by feed type 

 
3.2.2 Average Final Weight 
The weight growth curves maintained an upward trend during the test. The highest value (or 27.5±1.9 g) was 
recorded in fish receiving feed A1, followed by fish receiving feed A2 (or 11.6±0.95 g) and the lowest value was 
recorded in fish receiving feed A3 (or 9.2±0.41 g). Analysis of variance shows a significant difference between 
the rations at the 5% significance level (F = 48.48; p = 0.001). The paired multiple comparison test (LSD = 0.67) 
indicates that feed A1 has a more significant influence on fry weight than feed A2, which in turn has a significant 
impact on the same parameter as feed A3 (figure 2). 

A1 A2 A3
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Fi
sh

 s
ur

vi
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l r
at

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(%

)

Types of food



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Figure 2. Evolution of the average weight (g) of fish according to the types of food 

 
3.2.3 Final Average Size 
The final average size of fish varies according to the type of food. Analysis of variance indicates a significant 
difference between rations (F = 600.98; p = 0.039), the LSD test (0.66) shows that the A1 ration had a more 
significant effect on linear fish growth (ranging from 63.1±2.02 to 138.6±6.67 mm) than the A2 ration (ranging 
from 62.16±2.00 to 94.10±4.18 mm), which significantly influenced fry size than the A3 ration (ranging from 
65.90±2.26 to 75.00±3.14 mm) (figure 3). 

0 20 40 60 80 100
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Va
ria

tio
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in
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ei
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g)

 o
f f

is
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Breeding duration (days)

 A1
 A2
 A3



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Figure 3. Variation in average size (mm) of fish according to feed types 

 
3.2.4 Average Weight Gain 
The weight gain of farmed fish has evolved with the types of feed distributed. Analysis of variance (F = 2.87; p = 
0.002) shows that feed A1 significantly influenced fish weight gain (or 24.52±2.58 g/d) followed by feed A2 (or 
9.40±0.86 g/d) and feed A3 resulted in low weight gain (or 6.41±0.64 g/d) 5 (figure 4). 

 
Figure 4. Variation in weight gain (g) of fish in relation to feed types 

0 20 40 60 80 100
60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Va
ria

tio
n 

in
 a

ve
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 fi

sh
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iz
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(m
m

) 

Breeding duration (days)

 A1
 A2
 A3

A1 A2 A3
0

5

10

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25

Va
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tio
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in
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ei
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t g
ai

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(g

) o
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Types of food



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3.2.5 Specific Growth Rate 
With regard to the specific growth rate, the feed rations developed differed significantly (F = 3.21; p = 0.001); 
feed A1 had a favourable effect on this parameter (or 0.25±0.15%/d) compared to feed A2 (or 0.09±0.21%/d), 
which in turn had a significantly greater influence on fish growth than feed A3 (or 0.06±0.2%/d) (figure 5). 

 
Figure 5. Variation in specific growth rate of fish by feed type 

 
3.2.6 Consumption Index 
The index of food consumption by fish varies very significantly by food type (F = 71.861; p = 0.001). With the 
critical value of 0.05%, the fish fed with food A3 are those that recorded a high value (or 18.12±3.83) of this 
parameter followed by those fed with food A2 (or 11.39±2.46). Fish fed food A1 recorded the lowest value (or 
4.71±0.36) of feed conversion efficiency (figure 6). 

A1 A2 A3
0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

Sp
ec

ifi
c 

gr
ow

th
 ra

te
 o

f f
is

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(%

) 

Types of food



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Figure 6. Varation of the consumption index according to type of food 

 
3.3. Economic Aspects of Fish Feed  
3.3.1 Price Per Kilogram of Food Developed 
The price in Congolese Francs (CF) of production of one kilogram of each type of food is given in table 4. 
 
Table 4. Cost (FC) of producing one kilogram of the different types of food developed (1 USD = 1.750 CF) 

Ingredients  Price (FC) Types of food 
 A1 A2 A3 
Corn flour  800 800 x 5/100 = 40 800 x 2/100 = 16 800 x 10/100 = 80 
Cassava flour 800 800 x 5/100 = 40 800 x 1/100 = 80 800 x 10/100 = 80 

Wheat bran 200 200 x 10/100 = 20 200 x 12/100 = 24 200 x 17/100 = 34 

Palm kernel meal 1.000 1.000 x 10/100 = 100 1.000 x 15/100 = 150 1.000 x 50/100 = 500
Fish flour 1.000 1.000 x 20/100 = 200 1.000 x 50/100 = 500 1.000 x 13/100 = 130

Soybean meal 800 800 x 50/100 = 400 800 x 20/100 = 160 - 

Palm oil 600 600 x 1.6/100 = 9.6 600 x 1.6/100 = 9.6 600 x 1.6/100 = 9.6 
Kitchen salt 500 500 x 0.6/100 = 3 500 x 0.6/100 = 3 500 x 0.6/100 = 3 

Total price in CF 812.6 942.6 836.6 

From the data in Table 4 above, it takes 942.6 CF to make one kilogram of food A2, 836.6 CF to develop one 
kilogram of food A3 and 812.6 CF to produce one kilogram of food A1. 
 

  

A1 A2 A3
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

C
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
In

de
x

Types of food



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3.3.2 Cost of Producing One Kilogram of Fish With Different Feed Types 
The price in CF of producing one kilogram of fish with the different types of feed rations formulated is given in 
table 5 below. 
 
Table 5. Production cost in CF of one kilogram of fish with the feed produced (CF = Congolese Franc; CI = 
Consumption Index) 

 

 
 

According to the information in Table 5, it is necessary to spend 15.159 CF to produce one kilogram of fish with 
feed A3 while it is necessary to spend 10.736 CF to produce one kilogram of fish with feed A2 and 3.827 CF to 
have one kilogram of fish with feed A1. 
4. Discussion 
The physico-chemical parameters of the waters remained within the range of optimal values recommended for the 
rearing of Clarias gariepinus fish. Average dissolved oxygen concentrations varied between 5.18 and 5.95 mg/L 
in the ponds. These levels are higher than the 3 mg/L indicated by Viveen et al., (1985); Baras and Jobling (2002), 
which are favourable for the growth of fingerlings of C. gariepinus. The hydrogen potential varied between 4.97 
and 6.85 during the experiment. The pH values found in this study are thought to be due to the alkalinity of the 
water coming from the taps. In fact, these values are at the lower limit of the optimal limit (6.5 to 8) favourable to 
good growth of Clarias (Kanangire, 2001; Adouvi, 2013). The temperature was relatively high in all the basins 
and varied globally between 25.6 and 28.5 °C throughout the experiment and is comparable to that reported by 
Franco et al., (2017) (or between 24 and 35 °C), who stipulate that the optimum temperature for the growth of C. 
gariepinus is between 26 and 30 °C. 
With regard to the zootechnical parameters of the fish reared, the survival rate of the fish varied significantly 
depending on the type of feed. It was high in treatments A3 (or 73.3±2.5%) and A2 (or 70.00±3.87%) and lower 
in treatment A1 (or 13.33±4.03%). These rates remain low compared to those obtained by Elegbe et al., (2015) (or 
80 and 87.78%) at the end of the trial in Clarias gariepinus fry. The recorded mortalities could be explained by 
the stress related to fish handling during control fisheries but also to the period prior to the acclimatization of the 
fry (Ouédraogo, 2014); Soumaïla et al., (2016). The final average weight of fish also varied according to the types 
of food. The highest value (or 27.5±1.9 g) was recorded in fish fed with food A1. For this parameter, these results 
are higher than those obtained by de Ducarme and Micha (2003) (or 1.4 to 4.6 g) on the intensive production 
technique of African catfish, C. gariepinus. Diayeno (2016) developed a feed for the larviculture of C. gariepinus 
and noted a lower weight growth (or R1: 0.03±0.00 to 10.99±0.33 g, R2: 0.03±0.00 to 9.38±0.32 g and R3: 
0.03±0.00 to 7.91±0.01 g). The performance of food A1 would be due to the combination of the ingredients used 
to develop this food because variations in the digestibility of a food also depend on the nutritional quality of the 
ingredients and their rate of incorporation (Elegbe et al., 2015; Lusasi et al., 2019a). The best specific growth rate 
of fish was obtained in fish fed with feed A1 (or 0.25±0.15%/d) prepared with soybean meal and the lowest are 
those obtained with feeds A2 (or 0.09±0.21%/d) and A3 (or 0.06±0.2%/d) in which soybean was partially replaced 
respectively by fish meal and palm kernel meal which influenced the efficiency of these feeds (Otchoumou et al., 
2011). The observations made are close to those noted by Gandaho (2007) (or 0.19%/d) who developed feed 
rations with the leaves of Moringa oleifera to improve the growth of C. gariepinus. On the other hand, these values 
remain below 1.67±0.23%/d and 1.88±0.03%/d obtained by Elegbe et al., (2015) on the co-crop of Clarias 
gariepinus-Oreochromis niloticus in Benin. 
The production price of one kilogram of a feed ration varies from one food to another. The results obtained showed 
that feed A2 is the most expensive (or 942.6 CF) followed by feed A3 (or 836.6 CF) and feed A1 is the least 
expensive (or 812.6 CF). However, Lusasi et al., (2019a) reveal that in Kinshasa markets in the Democratic 
Republic of Congo, imported food costs 67.500 CF per kilogram and another food that can be ordered from France 
or Belgium would cost up to 185.000 CF per kilogram. Iga-Iga (2008) has also made the same observation and 
confirms that it is preferable to rely on local agricultural by-products rich in animal and vegetable protein to 
formulate feed for farmed fish in order to minimize production costs. Indeed, it has been shown that it is less 

Types of food Price (CF) CI Cost (FC) of fish production 
A1 812.6 4.71 3.827  
A2 942.6 11.39 10.736 
A3 836.6 18.12 15.159 



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expensive to produce one kilogram of fish with feed A1 (or 3.827 CF) than with feed A2 (or 10.736 CF) and feed 
A3 (or 15.159 CF). These results do not agree with those obtained by Iga-Iga (2008) who developed two feed 
rations for Oreochromis niloticus based on local inputs in Gabon. According to the results reported by the latter 
author, it is necessary to spend 257 FCFA (equivalent to 675 FCFA) to produce one kilogram of fish with ration 
1, and producing one kilogram of fish with ration 2 will cost 300.3 FCFA (equivalent to 810 FCFA). Elegbe et al., 
(2015) also pointed out that the production cost of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus raised in co-
culture is lower with the local feed produced in Benin (830.4 FCFA equivalent to 2.035 FCFA) than with the 
imported feed (911.4 FCFA equivalent to 2.530 FCFA). Lusasi et al., (2019a) made the same observations by 
developing four feed rations based on local animal and plant by-products for the breeding of Distichodus maculatus 
in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 
5. Conclusion 
Faced with the constraints linked to the lack of compound feeds in the form of granules faced by congolese fish 
farmers, we developed three types of feeds based on local agricultural by-products to test the cost of producing 
Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 fish using these feeds. The results obtained indicated that the highest final 
average weight (g) of fish and specific growth rate (%/d) were obtained with feed A1 (or 27.5±1.9 g and 
0.25±0.15%/d respectively) containing 41% crude protein. Analysis of the economic approach to the feed rations 
developed revealed that there is a considerable difference in the production price of one kilogram of feed and fish 
with the three types of formulated feeds. With reference to the growth performance of the fish studied, feed A1 
therefore presented the best compromise between price and quality by covering the nutritional requirements of the 
farmed fish in the best and cheapest way. These results confirm the economic and technical interest in using local 
agricultural by-products for the profitability of congolese fish farming. 
Acknowledgements 
We thank the persons in charge of the Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture of the Department 
of Biology of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Kinshasa for the material placed at our disposal as well 
as Mr Léon BWAMAYAMA for having facilitated the acquisition of the fry of Clarias gariepinus, biological 
support of this study. 
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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

