




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p217 

217                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Effect by Contact and Ingestion of Essential Oils of Pennyroyal: 
Mentha pulegium L.(Lamiaceae) on Juvenile of Calliptamus barbrus 

(Orthoptera: Calliptaminae)  
Moad Rouibah1, Rabah Bouredjoul2 & Salaheddine Kouahi3 

1 Department of Environment and agronomic sciences, Universty of Jijel, Algeria 
Correspondence: Moad Rouibah, 11rue Arid Seddik, Jijel 18000, Algeria. Tel: 213-558-314-082. E-mail: 
rouibahm@yahoo.com 
 
Received: May 1, 2020   Accepted: May 18, 2020   Online Published: May 21, 2020 
 
Abstract 
This work is a study on the action of essential oils (EOs)of Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium against two larvaeL2 and 
L3 of Calliptamus barbarus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The EOsare extracted by hydrodistillation protocol based on 
the use of a Clevenger. It should be noted that the yield of EOs obtained at the flowering stage (2.2%) is almost 
double that obtained at the foliage stage (1.2%).Gas Chromatography coupled to a mass spectrophometerGC-MS 
analysis revealed the presence of p-Menth-4 (8) -en-3-one, as the most frequently constituents of Mint, better 
known as Pulegone. 
We performed two ways of treatments: by contact and by alimentation (the duration of treatment is 3and 6 days 
respectively). 
By contact we have acquired a total mortality (100%) using the highest dose (48μl/ml) with a LD50 of 12.58 μl/ 
ml. In the opposite, by ingestion, the mortality rate obtained for the same dose was 80%while the LD50 was23.98 
μl/ ml.  
Using the letal doses, the comparative effect of contact and ingestion between the essential oils show that the 
action by contact is stronger and faster to enter in the insect via the cuticulethan that byingestion. Finally authors 
concluded that the results were very satisfactory. 
Keywords: Calliptamus barbarus, Mentapulegium, Essential oil, lethal dose, mortality 
1. Introduction 
Food security is based on the protection of crops from pests, including grasshoppers and locusts. In Algeria, 
Calliptamus barbarus (Orthoptera: Calliptaminae) is a potentially dangerous species especially during outbreaks, 
causing enormous damage. It is characterized by a chromatic polymorphism of the hind femora (femore red with 
three spots or orange with only one spot). It was found for two areas: Littoral region for the form with three femoral 
spots, and extremely semiarid and dry inhabitants for the form with only one femoral spot (Rouibah et al., 2019). 
In agriculture, the protection of crops against pests is achieved essentially through chemical way. This is based on 
the application of various phytosanitary products of synthesis (Regnault-Rogeret al.,2002). However, natural 
products are increasingly sought after for agriculture sustainable (Regnault-Roger et al., 2008), and this because 
of the negative impact of synthetic products on health and the environment. Currently one of the natural forms 
which aroused the interest of scientists is the use of biobesticide of vegetable origin based on the extraction of 
aqueous extracts and other natural essences. 
In order to control the larvae of C.barbarus, the choice was made on the Pennyroyal: Mentha pulegium(Lamiaceae). 
Pennyroyal is a plant of the Lamiaceae family, it is sometimes cultivated for these leaves. It is a perennial herb 
with a strong aromatic odor. The height is 15 to 4 cm, the flowers are pink. According to Benayad (2008) and 
Bouziane (2012), this plant is native to Europe and Asia Minor. It is found in almost all regions either in the 
spontaneous or cultivated state, but exists frequently in humid regions (Beloued, 2009).  
Several studies were realized on this plant in differents part of the world: Pinoet al. (1996) in Cuba, Marzouket al. 
(2008) in Tunisia, Chalchatand Maksimović (2000) in Ex Yougoslavia, Rocha et al. (2015) in Portugal, Abdelliet 
al. (20016) in Algeria and Casigliaet al. (2017) in Sicily (Italy). M. pulegium is known for its therapeutic virtues 
(Karousouet al., 2007), especially thanks to its essential oils. Pennyroyal also contains tannin and cellulose 



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(Beloued, 2009). it's an excellent digestive, stimulates gastric secretions, reduces flatulence and can be used as an 
insecticide (Iserin, 2001 and Alloum (2007). 
The mechanisms by which bioactive substances of Pennyroyal act are little known, despite the studies devoted to 
them. According to Isman (2000), they are considered to be unique and that biopesticides based essential oils can 
be tools of choice in health management programs pest resistance to pesticides. Currently, essential oils hold an 
important place in the control systems, their role in the phytopharmaceutical research in certain countries of the 
world no longer needs to be demonstrated (Lahlou,2004). 
This work is a continuation of that already carried out by Rouibahet al. (2019) on the effect of the aqueous extracts 
of Harmal Peganumharmal (Zygophyllaceae) having given very good results on the larvae of C.barbarus. So we 
propose to evaluate the bioinsecticide activity of the essential oils of the leaves of Pennyroyal: Mentha pulegium 
L (Labiae) against the larva of this pest locust by two methods: the direct contact and their effect by alimentation. 
2. Material and Methods 
2.1 Material Used 
The plant and animal material (Figure 1, 2) used for this experiment, came from the Jijel region (North East of 
Algeria). This work was carried out at the zoology laboratory of the University of Jijel from april to may 2014. To 
rear the insects, a breeding cage of dimensions (30 x 20 x 20 cm) was used. Other materials like a manual sprayer, 
an analytical balance, a magnetic stirrer, an electric mixer, aluminum foil, cotton wool and Wattman paper n° 
3were also essential for carrying out this experiment. As reagents, mainly acetone and methanol have been used 
for the extraction of bioactive substances. As for the glassware, it is made up of a flask, petri boxes, beakers, test 
tubes, pipette, funnel, etc. 

                         
 

Figure 1. M. pulegium leaves and flowers     Figure 2. C. barbarus larvae 
The bioactive substances tested are the essential oils (EOs) extracted leaves of the Pennyroyal. The method of 
hydrodistillation has been adopted for the extraction of these essential oils. Once the substances are obtained, the 
yield is calculated, the chemical composition analyzed. Finally, the acridicidal effectis tested. 
 
2.2 Extraction of Essential Oils: Hydrodistillation Protocol 
Once collected, the leaves were first rinsed with distilled water and then dried in the shade for8 days. The purpose 
of the drying operation is especially to promote the inhibition of any enzymatic activity (Wichtl and Anton, 1991). 
Dried plants are ground using a blender until powders are obtained. 
The essential oils of Pennyroyal are obtained by hydrodistillation. It is a method based on 
the use of a Clevenger, using dried leaves with distilled water. This consists of a balloon heater, a glass balloon 
with distilled water and dried plants, a capacitor and a collector that receives the extracts from distillation (Figure3). 
The experimental hydrodistillation protocol employed here is that proposed by (Pavidaet al., 1976), with some 
modifications: 50 g instead of 100 and 700 ml of distilled water instead of 1400. According to (El Haib, 2011) the 
duration of a hydrodistillation can vary considerably. It can influence not only the yield but also the composition 



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of the extract. This operation was carried out for 3hours by boiling a mixture of 100 g of dried plant in 1400 ml of 
distilled water. The separation of essential oils is made in the florentine vase by means of the difference in density 
with distilled water. The oils thus obtained are stored at 4°C in hermetically sealed tubes covered with aluminum 
foil. 
2.3 Calculation of Yield and Analysis of Chemical Composition 
The oil yield is expressed as a percentage relative to the dry matter according to the following formula (Pavidaet 
al., 1976): 

Yield = Weight of extract (oil) / Weight of dry matter x 100 
The chemical composition of essential oils is analyzed using gas chromatography and an a polar capillary column 
Coupled to a Mass Spectrometer. A small amount of essential oil is injected into the GC column. The temperature 
conditions are different. The injection takes place at 250°C. The oven is carried out successively at 55°C for 3 min, 
120°C for 5 min and 180°C for 11 min. Finally, the interface is performed at 250°C. 
The chromatogram is coupled to a mass spectrum to identify the chemical compositions. On the other hand, the 
quantitative analysis is carried out using the retention index in the stationary phase. The result is represented in the 
form of graphs having several peaks. Each peak makes it possible to distinguish a chemical compound. The area 
of these peaks helps to quantify the percentages of the different constituents of EOs in relation to the total 
concentration of the constituents. 
2.4 Efficacy Tests 
Firstly, the C. barbarus larvae) were placed incages. The larvae were feed with wheat seedlings supplemented 
with bran (Benzara et al.,2010). These last were then isolated in batches of 10 individuals in insect boxes. The 
experimental conditions in the laboratory are the same as those in the field. Essential oils were powdered directly 
on insects for treatment by contact in captivity or mixed with food for treatment by ingestion. Note that the contact 
and ingestion method has already been used by Abdelliet al. (2016) against Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae).  
The following doses were prepared: 6, 12, 24and 48 μl of active substance per ml of diluent (distilled water and 
acetone). To confirm the biological tests, two controls are used. One negative (distilled water) and the other 
positive, an insecticide named (ACEPLAN 20). For it, 16 boxes of insects are used, one box per dose. 
For contact treatment, the mortality rate were read 1, 2 and 3 days after spraying the product. On the other hand, 
for treatment by ingestion, the results are read 2, 4 and 6 days after the application of the product, in order to allow 
the product to act well against insects. 
To calculate LD 50 (lethal dose to kill 50% of population), doses are converted to log doses and cumulative 
mortality in Probit (Table 3). The equation of the linear regression line is calculated from the data in Table 1. 
 
Table 1. Logarithms of doses and Probit of cumulative mortality for the test of EOs by contact 

Dose (µl/ml) Log dose Cumulative mortality (%) Probit 
6 0,778 20 4,16 
12 1,079 30 4,48 
24 1,380 60 5,25 
48 1,681 100 8,1 

 



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Figure 3. Clevenger hydrodistillation assembly 

 
3. Results and Discussion 
3.1 Yield of Essential Oils 
Looking at figure 4, It should be noted that the yield obtained at the flowering stage (2.2%) is almost double that 
obtained at the leafing stage (1.2%) This confirms the fact that the essential oils content increased at the flowering 
state of Pennyroyal (Marzouket al., 2008). This result is almost similar to that obtained by Abdelliet al. (2016) in 
the region of Bouira (Algeria): 1.45 % or that of Stoyanovaet al. (2005) obtained by steam distillation in Bulgaria 
(1.48%). However our result is higher than that obtained by Rochaet al. (2015) in Portugal: 0.6 % or Chalchat and 
Maksimović (2000) who got only 0.2 %in flowering period in Ex Yoygoslavia. 
This can be explained by the climate and the nature of the soil specific to each region and its influence on the 
growth of the plant and therefore on the composition of essential oils without forgetting the extraction method 
used by each author. 

 

Pannier 

Collector 

Glass balloon  

Dried leaves 

Water outlet 

Balloon heater

Glassware 

Capacitor 



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Figure 4. Yield of essential oils of Pennyroyal 

 
3.2 Determination of Essential Oils Composition 
Chromatography analysis of the constituents of EOs of M.pulegium revealed a spectrum consisting of 
31components, with different concentrations from one component to another (Table2). The most dominant of these 
is p-Menth-4 (8) -en-3-one, better known as “Pulegone” with a rate of 84.11%. It is defined according to Larousse 
in 2014, as a monoterpene ketone C10H16O, contained in the essence of Pennyroyal and used in perfumery. 
Several studied showed that the quality and quantity of the constituents of Pennyroyal varies according to the 
sampling regions. For example, In Algeria Abdelliet al. (2016) found 39 compounds of which the overwhelming 
majority were pulegone (71%) and neo-menthol (11%). In Ex You go Slavia Chalchat and Maksimović (2000) 
have revealed the presence of 22 components whose 31 % are Menthone while the other important were pulegone 
and neomenthol with the same rate (14%). According to Rocha et al. (2015), in Portugal pulegone (61%) and 
menthone (20%) were the main EO constituents of this plant. For their part, Marzouket al. (2008) have identified 
the presence in Tunisia of 34 constituents. The majority of them were menthol (50%), but only 4% for pulegone 
(Marzouket al. 2008). 
 
Table 2. Chemical composition of essential oils of M. pulegium 

Peak N° Constituents                 Mean percentage  
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

Alpha-pinene 
Bicyclohexane 
Bicycloheptane 
Octanol 
Cyclobutane 
Octanol-acetate 
Cyclohexanone-menthan 
Cyclohexanone 
Benzofuran 
Cyclohexanone-trans 
Cyclohexanol 
Undectanene 

0.31 
0.06 
0.24 
1.55 
3.06 
0.05 
0.78 
0.38 
0.05 
0.94 
2.79 
0.10 



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13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

Pulegone 
Trymethylhept 
Octadienal 
Metoxy-venylphenol 
Bicyclo-trimethyl 
Copaene 
Octadien-acetate 
Cyclobuta 
Cyclohexane 
Caryophyllene 
Alpha-caryophyllene 
Cyclodecadiene methyl 
Benzene 
CyclodecadieneDimethyl 
Naphtalene 
Cycloproptrimethyl 
Cycloproptetramethyl 
Cadinol 
Hetoxyhexamethyl 

84.11 
0.02 
0.24 
0.09 
0.29 
0.05 
0.06 
0.07 
0.04 
0.94 
1.23 
1.30 
0.36 
0.17 
0.06 
0.027 
0.26 
0.07 
0.06 

 
3.3 Efficacy Tests 
The actions by contact and then by ingestion of the essential oil against juveniles of C. barbarusis presented 
separately. 
3.3.1 Effect by Contact 
The effct of M.pulegium EOs (Figure5) onthe larvae of C. barbarusresulted in a total mortality of 100% (more 
than thechemical insecticide) This mortality is obtained from the first day of treatment butwith a very high dose 
(48 μl /ml).  
In the opposite, the death rate was zero at lowest dose (6μl /ml) during the first day and caused low mortality in 
the following days (less than 20 %). Concerning the other doses (12 and 24μl /ml), we obtained an average effect 
on the larvae of C. barbarus (between 10 and 50%).  
 



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Figure 5. Contact effect of EOs 

 
The linear equation of dose-specific mortality rates obtained after 3 days of treatment is: y =1.9275x 
+9.1304(Figure6). The coefficient correlation r² is equal to 0.9924. It means that EOs treatment effect by contact 
of M. pulegium caused 99.24% of mortality in C.barbarus population. 

 

Figure 6. Linear regression line of mortality rates as a function of contact doses on C. barbarus for Eos 
 

For its part, the ANOVA test (Table 3) showed that there was a significant difference between the doses and 
mortality (P = 0.041 <0.05). As a result, the mortality is higher the higher the dose. 
The equation (y = 4.1827x + 0.3548) is shown in Figure7.This latter permit us to obtained a LD50 dose of 12.58 
μl / ml(Table 4). 
 
Table 3. Analysis of variance for EOs acting by contact 

Source of 
variations 

Sum of 
squares  

Degree of 
freedom 

Mean of 
squares 

F Probability Critical value 
for F 

Lignes 4450 3 1483,33333 9,67391304 0,04728943 9,27662815 
Colonnes 1800 1 1800 11,7391304 0,04165231 10,1279645 
Erreur 460 3 153,333333  
Total 6710 7         

 



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Figure 7. Determination of LD 50 for the test of Eos 
 
Table 4. Log dose and LD 50 dose 

Log dose Dose(µl/ml) 
1,1 12,58 
1, 38 23,98 

 
3.3.2 Effect by Ingestion 
Figure 8 showed that whatever the doses used, the mode of action by ingestion gave no results on the first two 
days. It produced a rate between 10 and 20% after four day of treatment. Then, mortality changed significantly on 
day 6, from 10% for the lowest dose (6µl/ml) to80% for the highest dose (48µl/ml, Figure 8).  
 

 
Figure 8. Ingestion Effect of EOs 

 



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For the alimentation test, the equation of the linear regression line is: y = 1.4928x + 13.913 with a correlation 
coefficient r²= 0.8622(Figure9). therefore 86,22% of the variation in mortality in the larval population of C. 
barbarus is due to the effect by ingestion of treatment with essential oils of Pennyroyal On the other hand, the 
ANOVA test revealed a probability P = 0.04 <0.05 (Table5). There is therefore a significant difference between 
the two factors. In consequence, the higher the dose, the greater the mortality rate. By the same way, to calculate 
the LD 50, doses are converted to log doses and cumulative mortality in Probit (Table 6). From the data of this 
table, the equation of the linear regression line equal toy=2.2791x+2.0879is calculated (Figure10). Thanks to table 
4 we obtained a LD50of 24μl/ml.  
 

 
Figure 9. Linear regression line of mortality rates as a function of doses by ingestion on C. barbarus for Eos 

 
Table 5. Analysis of variance for Eos acting by ingestion  

Source des 
variations 

Sum of 
squares 

Degree of 
freedom 

Mean of 
squares F Probability 

Critical value 
for F 

Lines 3400 3 1133,33333 10,9677419 0,03996068 9,27662815 
Columns 1250 1 1250 12,0967742 0,04011205 10,1279645 
Error 310 3 103,333333  
Total 4960 7         

 
Table 6. Logarithms of doses and Probit of cumulative mortality for the test by ingestion of EOs 

Dose (µl/ml) Log dose Cumulative mortality (%) Probit 
6 0,778 10 3,72 
12 1,079 40 4,75 
24 1,380 60 5,25 
48 1,681 80 5,84 

 



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Figure 10. Determination of LD 50 for the test by ingestion of Eos 

 
According to (Benayad, 2008), essential oils of M. pulegium proved very effective against two Coleoptera species: 
the rice thistle Sitophilus oryzae (Curculionidae) and the grain capuchin Rhyzopertha dominica (Bostrichidae). 
Insect mortality was total, as early as 24 h after treatment, but at low doses (3 and 12 μl / ml, Benayad, 2008). The 
two experiments seem to be similar, except that to reach this 100%, the concentration used for the present work is 
higher (48 μl / ml). In all cases, these studies show that the EOs of this plant have an excellent insecticidal power 
both on the Coleoptera and on the Orthoptera. Against Tribolium castaneum(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), 
Karahacene (2015) obtained a total mortality after 12 h of treatment of the dried leaves but using inhalation way 
at the dose of 20 µl/ml for a LD50 of 7.05 µl/ml, therefore lower than that obtained by contact in our work (12.58 
µl/ml).Essential oils of pennyroyal also have a larvicidal action against mosquitoes Anophelesaegypti (Diptera: 
Culicidae) where Rochaet al. (2015), registered 100% mortality 48-h after treatment bycontact. 
by comparing the results obtained with the positive test we can say that the EOs gave more satisfaction by contact 
(100% of mortality) from the 1st day of treatment for the dose(48µl/ml), whereas by ingestion, the insecticide has 
shown more satisfaction. In fact, from the start (24h), it caused 80% mortality whereas to obtain this same rate 
with EOs, it was necessary to wait until the 6th day of treatment but having only used the highest dose (48µl / ml)  
3.3.3 Comparative Effect Between the Action by Contact and By Feeding 
Figure11showedthe results compared of the two modes of action. It should be noted that the effectiveness effect 
bycontact is stronger than by ingestion. This can be confirmed by the result obtained only after 3 days after 
treatment by contact (total mortality) greater than that obtained after 6 days by feeding 80% (Figure11).This 
difference in mortality time is interpreted among others by the difference between the faster mode of penetration 
by contact than by ingestion, the mode by ingestion being a physiological process requiring the intervention of 
enzymes thus asking the oils more time to be able to act. However, by looking at figure 11 we notice that the 2 
curves cross at the level of the 3rd dose, this means that used at 24μl /ml, the EOs cause the same effect on the 
larvae of C. barbarus by contact or by ingestion (same mortality rate: 60%) 
In contrast, Abdelliet al. (2016) believe that at low dose of EOs, the method by ingesting is more effective followed 
by inhalation method, while the process by contact is active only at higher doses.  
According to Chiasson and Beloin (2007), this difference can be explained by the direct action of the oils on the 
cuticle of insects and other soft-body Arthropods. It remains, however, to determine the mechanism by which these 
EOs degrade the external cuticle of certain insects and mites. The lipophilic nature of the essential oil can degrade 
the waxy layer and cause water losses (Ketohet al., 1998). For them, as regards ingestion, most of the time, the 
action of bioactive substances in EOs is generally due to inhibition of growth regulators in the treated insect. 



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Figure 11. Comparison between acridicidal effect by ingestion and by contact 

 
4. Conclusion 
In order to combat C. barbarus a potential pest of crops, essential oils have been extracted from leaves of 
Pennyroyal: M. pulegium. These substances have been applied as bioacridicides by contact and by ingestion against 
juveniles of this insect. The results recorded after the biological tests were very satisfactory. After treatment of the 
larvae, the best efficacy was obtained using contact at the dose of 48 μl / ml (total mortality after 3 days of 
treatment). This has even exceeded that of the chemical insecticide (Aceplan), with which the mortality rate is 
90%.  
It should be noted that the highest mortality rates are recorded with the highest doses either by ingestion (6 days) 
or by contact (3 days). Concerning lethal dose to kill 50 % of population 
It is to register a LD 50 of 12.58 μl / ml by contact and 23.98 μl / ml by ingestion.  
It should also be noted that these results are obtained with only the active ingredients without any adjuvant. It will 
be interesting to know what their effect will be by adding substances such as stabilizers, surfactants or other 
antioxidants and synergists.  
It would also be very interesting to study during a next work the effect of these same essential oils but this time on 
the adults of of C. barbarus to see if they will have the same effect as on the larvae of this species 
Finally we can conclude that the results obtained are very convincing given the performances obtained, it is true 
that at low doses the results are less satisfactory compared to the conventional use of the insecticide (Aceplan 20) 
in particular by oral route but compared to this the last of which the negative impact on health and the environment 
is no longer to demonstrate the use of essential oils as a biopesticide leaving no trace of residues is now becoming 
a necessity. 
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

