




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p230 

230                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Adaptation of Tef {Eragrostistef(Zucc) Trotter} Varieties for Early 
Maturing Types in Tigray  

Chekole Nigus1, Yonas G/Mariam1, Muez Mehari2 & Haftamu H/kiross1 

1 Tigari Agricultural Research Institute, Axum Agricultural Research center, Axum, Ethiopia 
2 Tigari Agricultural Research Institute, Alamata Agricultural Research center, Ethiopia 
Correspondence: Chekole Nigus, Tigari Agricultural Research Institute, Axum Agricultural Research center, P. O. 
Box. 230, Axum, Ethiopia. E-mail: chekolenigus@gmail.com 
 
Received: April 24, 2020   Accepted: May 10, 2020   Online Published: May 22, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Tef is the most important and wider adaptable cereal crop in Ethiopia. The most limiting tef productions are low 
yielding cultivars, biotic such as pest and diseases and abiotic such as drought, fertility depletion and inappropriate 
agronomic practice and difficulty nature of tef for mechanization. The objective of the study was to evaluate the 
adaptability of early maturing tef varieties. Tef varieties were evaluated for their earliness and adaptability at three 
locations and over two years. The trial included 8 varieties and one local check with the design of RCBD in three 
replications. The analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference (P<-0.001) between genotypes 
and locations for the days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, grain yield and (P<-0.05) for 
biomass yield. However, it does not provide evidence for interaction between the varieties and locations on all 
traits except for days to maturity. Simada was early maturing and well performing, following Boset. Therefore, 
cultivation of both varieties enhances the production of tef in the study areas and similar agro-ecologies. Allocation 
of varieties to their niche might increase the productivity of tef. In general, evaluation tef varieties in the right 
place and development of target variety for earliness and yield performance increase production in the region as 
well as the nation. Further work needed breeding to develop drought tolerant and higher yielding.  
Keywords: Adaptation, erratic rainfall, Early maturing and Tef  
1. Introduction 
Tef is the most important and wider adaptable cereal crop in Ethiopia. Tef is grown by more than 6.8 million 
households (CAS, 2018) with growing season rainfall of 450-550 mm (Ketema, 1993). It grows in various agro 
climatic condition from sea level to 3000meter above sea level and different types of edaphic factors thus from 
light sandy to heavy clay soil in variable fertility(Kebebew,2003). Tef has an advantage over the other cereal by 
generating and fulfilling nutritional needs (Assefa et al., 2015) and it is healthy food due to the grain is free of 
gluten (SpaenijDekking et al., 2005). The major features of the crop are resilience to drought and waterlogging 
problems, serves as a low-risk crop to replace long-maturing crops such as maize and sorghum, and no serious 
threats of pest and disease (Assefa et al., 2015). As result, the research institutes in Ethiopian needed to increase 
the productivity of tef per unit area.  
There are different types of tef production constraints in the nation. The most limiting tef productions are low 
yielding cultivars, biotic stress such as pest and diseases and abiotic stress drought (Assefa et al., 20111), fertility 
depletion and inappropriate agronomic practice (tef needs well prepared land for planting) and difficulty nature of 
tef for mechanization. The most yield-limiting factor is drought and it causes to reduce the yield 29 %(Mizan,2017), 
40 %(Mulu, 1993) and 77%(Abuhay, 2001). Even though, the production areas is the higher coverage, but the 
productivity is very low in nationwide and as well as in the Tigray region, 17.50qt/ha and 16qt/ha (CAS, 2019), 
respectively. The constraint being lower yielding cultivars are selection and development of tef variety is not 
appropriate niche and inadequate enhancement of yield. Therefore, identifying the right bottleneck of tef 
production leads to provide a solution.  
The wider adaptability of tef under different agro ecology is the reason why tef selective crop in nation and the 
region. Different authors reported that there is a statistically significance difference in phenological and yield and 
yield related traits of tef varieties/genotypes (Seyfu, 1993; Molla et al.,2012; Aliyi et al., 2016; Abebe and 
Wondwosen, 2017; Bakala et al., 2018). These authors determined the yield depends on the moisture availability 
for better yielding tef varieties. The most farmers selection criteria is higher yielding, early maturing and white 



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seed color(Molla et al.,2012). These works were evaluated different maturing tef varieties under different rainfall 
and humidity condition. We evaluated early maturing tef varieties under light and moisture stressed areas of the 
region. 
Selection of tef varieties with wider adaptable through early maturity and higher yielding in biomass and yield is 
the criteria in stressed areas. Adaptation is the survival value of an organism for it habitat (Wilsie, 1962). The 
adaptable for various factors might be expressed with different mechanism; these might be physiological by 
earliness and rolling their leaves escaped from deficit of moisture. Tef required days to physiological maturity 
from 60-140 days Assefa et al. (2001) this range is categorized in to three sets the first set is early set it ranges less 
than 80days and the intermediate also 80 to 95 days while the third group is late set more than 95 days(Tiruneh et 
al., 2000). As result, the broader genetic variability in maturity evaluation of early released tef varieties under 
moisture stressed areas leads to increase the production. Then, evaluation of the statistically significance difference 
for early maturing tef variety is important in advancing the yield.  
Furthermore, providing improved tef variety for tef growing farmer’s needs selection and evaluation of released 
tef varieties for adaptability. Farmers have a limitation in cultivating improved tef varieties, but also it grown under 
inappropriate niches. Even though the current production influenced by different factors and yielding 17.5qt/ha. 
However, the potential yield of tef is estimated more than 50 qt/ha as recorded per experimental plots (Tefera and 
Ketama, 2000). The purpose of the study was to evaluate tef varieties under moisture stress areas facing with early 
and late drought problems. Therefore, an evaluation of early maturing tef varieties for their adaptability can serve 
as an assessment of a mechanism to escape drought.  
The main contribution of this paper is to provide a best performing early maturing tef varieties and thereby to 
increase the production of tef in the region. The objective of the study was to evaluate the adaptability of early 
maturing tef varieties in the study area. 
2. Methodology 
The experiment was conducted at Axum and Alamata Agricultural Research center during the 2017/18 and 
2018/19 cropping season. Experiments venues were such that at the station of Ahiferom(dibdbo) with altitude of 
2021masl, latitude 14016’57.12’’ and longitude 39004’6.78’’ while the soil texture is loam. Whereas, the second 
substation was adwa (mayteum) having an altitude of 1887masl, latitude of1409’4.64’’ longitude, 38050’57.24’’ 
and loam soil texture. The third substation was Alamata(Kara-Adisho) altitude of 1550mals, latitude 12040’48’’, 
longitude 39041’06’’ the soil texture is loam. 
There was a failure at Ahiferom in the first year 2017/18 the data were only from Adwa and Alamata, while for 
the second season data were collected from all sites. The materials were including one local check and 8 varieties 
to evaluate their yield performance and adaptability. The experiment was laid out as RCBD design with three 
replication and plot size of 2mx2m=4m2 net harvestable plot size 3.2 m2, 0.2m between rows,0.5m between plots 
and 1m between replication spaced. Blended fertilizer was applied per the recommendation of the specific 
locations with rate of 100 kg/ha and while the urea was applied 100 kg/ha for all locations with split application. 
The first phase at early two weeks later after germination the second phase also applied near to heading of the crop. 
Whereas, all recommended agronomic management practice was applied.  
The following data were collected:-day to heading, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield 
and grain yield. Days to heading and Days to maturity were measured from date of planting to 50% heading and 
90% of physiological maturity respectively. Plant height measured from the ground to tip of the plant and panicle 
length was also from the base of the panicle to the tip of it. Whereas, the biomass yield and grain yield also weighed 
from the net harvestable plot area 3.2m2 by hand threshing and converted to hectare. 
 The data was subjected to analysis of variance by SAS software of version 9.1.3 (SAS, 2004) for days to maturity 
and grain yield and while the remained traits were analyzed by R software (Pinheiro, and Bate, 2000). The 
normality and homogeneity of the data was tested by shapiro.test(Patrick Royston, 1982) and levenes.Test(Wilcox, 
1989) respectively by R software. 
 
Table 1. List of tef pedigree and common name varieties and release of year  

S.no Pedigree  Varieties  Year of released  
1 (DZ-01-186 XDZ-01-566)T-4 Tseday 1984 

2 DZ-01-196 X DZ-Cr-37 Boset  2012 



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3 DZ-01-2785 X E. Pilosa(305)1998 Simada  2009 

4 Ho-Cr-136 Amarach 2006 

5 DZ-01-146 Genet 2005 

6 Acc. 205953 Macharie 2007 

7 (DZ-Cr-387 RIL273) Lakech 2009 

8 (DZ-Cr-387 RIL127) Gemechus 2007 

9 Farmers cultivar  Local early   

 
3. Results and Discussion 
The analysis of variance shown that the varieties were statistically significant differed for all traits. This indicates 
that there is variance in earliness for heading and maturity, difference(P<0.01) and agronomic traits that is plant 
height and panicle length as well as higher and lower performance for biomass and grain yield of the tested tef 
varieties(P<0.05) Table 3. Therefore, the presence of the statistically significance difference leads for the selection 
tef variety having an advantage of early maturing and higher yielding in the moisture limiting areas of the region. 
In areas facing with moisture stress, cultivation of early heading and maturing tef varieties are important. In this 
research the shorter days to heading and days to maturity is Simada. Tef heading less than 39 days were grouped 
under the early heading category (Truneh et al., 2000). Confirming Tiruneh et al., reported Simada is the best 
variety for the production of tef in the study area. While, the longest days to heading and maturity is Lakech. Tef 
varieties headed and matured more than 44 days to heading and 90 days maturity are grouped in the late set (Truneh 
et al., 2000) which are not well adaptable for the study area. This causes to mature by forcing due to the early or 
late drought existing. In such condition, the grain filling is becoming influenced to be poor seed size and grain. 
The presence of variability between tef varieties helps for the choice early maturing and wider adaptable tef variety 
for the tested locations.  
Determining the correlation of agronomic traits for the grain yield of tef variety is an important ways to select tef 
varieties. The study shows that there was significance difference between the varieties in agronomic traits. 
Macharie and Genet measured a longer plant height and panicle length respectively. The longer plant height did 
not have a direct correlation to a longer panicle length. Even the yield also not associated with longer plant height 
and panicle length (Table. 3). However, the shorter plant height and panicle length was recorded on Simada. 
Moreover, the shorter length on plant height and panicle has a direct relationship to be weight the higher grain 
yield (Table 3). In contrast, to the potential tef variety, evaluation, which is the longer panicle length, has the higher 
yield, but the shorter panicle length recorded the higher yield in this research. The finding noted that the 
combination of earlier days to maturity and shorter plant height is a good trait for selection of tef variety for 
moisture stressed areas. The report of Mzan et al.,(2016) confirming with present finding in earliness has positively 
correlated with grain yield however, disagreed with this result longer plant height panicle length has lower yielding.  
In small scale farming system higher in biomass and grain yield of tef, varieties are required. The evaluated tef 
varieties were statistically significance difference with local check in biomass and grain yield. Boset was the higher 
biomass whereas; the lower biomass was obtained from Simada. Farmers, which are practicing the mixing farming 
system highly needs both biological yield and grain yield of tef variety. Thus, tef straw is the favorable feed for 
livestock’s in this farming system. The higher yielding tef variety from the evaluated for their adaptability was 
Simada following by Boset. Simada shows statistically significance difference in grain yield with local check and 
the higher yield of the tested tef varieties. The yield advantage of Simada over the local check was 18.80%. This 
might be due to presence of drought adaptation mechanism which is drought escaping, the variety matured before 
the drought occurred (Zerihun, 2016). Therefore, cultivation of Simada and Boset under the tested areas enhance 
the yield in both providing the food for human and feed for animals.  
Understanding the influence of varieties, location and their interaction between location and varieties on tef grain 
yield and adaptability is so vital. Tef varieties shows that a statistically significance difference on performance of 
the yield. This might be due to the phenologically variance in days to heading and maturity. The earlier the variety 
was the higher yielding in the tested locations. Except the days to maturity, not all traits had shown statistically 



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significance difference variety by locations interaction (VLI). Worku, (2018) proved out that days to maturity had 
a genotype by location interaction that the other triats. Moreover, locations were shown significantly differ for all 
measured traits. Even though there is difference in locations the variety by location, interaction did not 
demonstration statistically significant different, thus the average mean performance would be selected for the 
tested areas and similar agro-ecologies. The absence of variety by location interaction in grain yield indicated that 
varieties did not a differently response at different locations (Eberhart and Russel, 1966) and it has wider 
adaptability capacity in yield. So it makes easy to give a general recommendation of cultivars without loss of 
maximum yield (Cruz and Castodi, 1991). Therefore, varieties were selected by their average mean yield of 
location and season. As a result, of the present finding early maturing and well performing in biomass and grain 
yield of tef varieties were Simada and Boset.  
Moreover, location difference implies that the genotypes were exposed to diversified growth condition to evaluate 
their performance and stability. Kassa et al. (2006) reported that there is a presence of variability between tef 
genotypes and location tested. The significance interaction of varieties and location on days to maturity revealed 
that it might be due to the variability of rainfall over the tested locations and seasons. This difference of rainfall 
forced fluctuation of the maturity of varieties on the different environments (Table. 3). Then, selection early 
heading and maturing with combined of higher biomass and grain yield enhance the production of tef in moisture 
stress areas.  
In addition to this, the response of tef varieties per different locations varies in phenologically and yield and yield 
related traits (Table.2). The minimum yield of nine varieties over the tested location was record from Lakech 
(1084kg/ha) at Ahiferom. The reason why this variety was low yield might be the days to heading of that variety 
was very late than the others. As result, in moisture limiting and fertility depleted areas late heading varieties are 
faced a problem of maturing/grain filling in the right time and then become lower yielding. Whereas, the maximum 
yield also obtained at Alamata(2242.77kg/ha) from Simada. Whereas, Boset was expressed the performance on 
biomass and grain yield at Adwa while, Buni(local check) was earlier in maturity at Alamata (Table 2). 
  
Table 1. The Combined mean performance of day to maturity and grain yield atthree locations in two growing 
seasons (Ahiferom. Alamata and Adwa and 2017/18 and 2018 

S.no Varieties  DH DM Ph  Pl Biom G Y(kg/ha) 
1 Tseday 

44.78f 
 
84.733c 94.73de 35.84de 7083.33bc 

 
1687.5cde 

2 Boset 50.44cd 84.60c 103.47bc 36.64cde 8333.33a 1945.8ab 
3 Simada 38.56g 81.66e 89.18e 34.8e 6875c  2074.4a 
4 Amarach 47.44e 83.80cd 100.33cd 35.89de 7083.33bc 1822.9abcd 
5 Genet 52.11bc 89.53b 108.49ab 44.067a 7083.33bc 1433.2e 
6 Macharie 51.33c 88.60b 111.267a 43.64a 6875c 1621.3de 
7 Lakech 56.87a 91.40a 109.02ab 39.6b 8055.56ab 1880.5abc 
8 Gemechus 53.89b 88.20b 105.93abc 39.156bc 7638.89abc 1737.2bcd 
9 Local early  49de 82.60de 104.02bc 38.64bcd 7291.67bc 1746.2bcd 
 Grand mean 49.29 86.125 102.9  38.7 7369  1772.092 
 CV% 4.56832 2.84342 5.805 7.7704 14.4362 19.80623 

 R –square  0.8725 0.9503 0.497973 0.417 0.6615 0.74806 
 Location  * *** *** ** ** *** 
 Varieties  2.1 **** 1.7796*** 5.65 *** 2.84 *** 1006.27* 255.05*** 
 Location X 

Varieties  
Ns *** Ns Ns Ns ns 

DH(days)=days to heading, PH(cm)=plant height, PL(cm)=panicle length, Biom(kg/ha)=biomass yield, 
DM(days)=days to maturity and GY(kg/ha)=grain yield, ns=non significance difference, * and*** signfi 
difference at P,-0.05 and P<-0.001 value  



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Table 2. The combined mean performance of days to heading (days), days to maturity (days), plant height (cm), 
panicle length (cm), biomass (kg/ha) and grain yield (kg/ha) for Adwa, Ahiferom and Alamata in 2017/18 and 
2018/19.NB:-for days heading, plant height, panicle length and biomass did not include from Alamata for both 
year and Ahiferom also missed from 2017/18 for traits 

s.no Varieties  Adwa  Ahiferom Adwa Ahiferom Adwa Ahiferom Adwa Ahiferom Adwa Ahiferom Alamata Adwa Ahiferom Alamata 

DH DH PH PH PL PL Biom Biom DM DM DM GY GY GY 

1 Tseday 

44.83 44.67 95.33 93.53 36.67 34.2 6354.17 8541.67 82.83 79 89.5 1744.58 1285.52 1831.38 

2 Boset 

51 49.33 105.1 100.13 36.5 36.93 7916.67 9166.67 86 81 85 2208.59 1224.06 2043.92 

3 Simada 

39.5 36.67 91.97 83.6 35.9 32.6 6250 8125 78.67 79 86 2016.3 1853.65 2242.77 

4 Amarach 

47.83 46.67 102.43 96.13 36.2 35.27 6979.17 7291.67 83.33 80.33 86 2097.45 1300.94 1809.25 

5 Genet 

51.5 53.33 111.37 102.73 44.03 44.13 6979.17 7291.67 90.33 85.33 90.83 1751.25 911.98 1375.67 

6 Macharie 

53.17 47.67 113.4 107 45.5 39.93 6458.33 7708.33 89.83 84.33 89.5 1927.4 1202.08 1524.73 

7 Lakech 

56.75 57 112.2 102.67 41.63 35.53 7395.83 9375 90.67 89.67 93 1848.7 1084.58 2118.52 

8 Gemechus 

53.83 54 109.8 98.2 40.4 36.67 6666.67 9583.33 87.83 84 91 1798.65 1263.44 1668.17 

9 Local early  

49.83 47.33 105.27 101.53 38.27 39.4 6562.5 8750 85 80 81.5 1816.35 1127.81 1877.04 

  
4. Summary and Conclusions 
Cultivation of early maturing and wider adaptable tef varieties are helpful to minimize a yield gap due to the 
presence of erratic rainfall in the study area. Allocation of variety at their right niche and application of appropriate 
agronomic practice might increase the productivity of tef. We recommend that from the present research finding 
Simada and Boset with appropriate agronomic practice for the tested and other similar agro-ecologies. Further 
work needed breeding to develop drought tolerant and higher yielding.  
Acknowledgement 
We wish to thank Agricultural Growth project (AGP –II) and Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Axum and 
Alamata centers allocating the budget to accomplish this activity and the staff of both centers.  
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    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

