




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p304 

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Effect of Different Fertilization Rates on Cyanogen and Foliage and 
Tuber Yields of Cassava 

Yin Yin Kyawt1, Achara Lukkananukool2, Win Mi Htwe3 & Min Aung1 
1 Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar 
2 Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King 
Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand 
3 Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar 
Correspondence: Yin Yin Kyawt, Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw, 
15013, Myanmar. E-mail: dr.yinyinkyawt81@gmail.com  

 
Received: May 26, 2020   Accepted: June 21, 2020   Online Published: June 23, 2020 
 
Abstract 
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different fertilization rates on the cyanogen and yields 
of cassava foliage and tuber. Nine fertilization rates, three nitrogen and potassium levels (N: 0, 50, 100 kg/ha and 
K: 0, 100, 250 kg/ha, respectively) with constant phosphorus level (P: 50 kg/ha) (F-0:N0-P50-K0, F-1:N0-P50-K100, 
F-2:N0-P50-K250, F-3:N50-P50-K0, F-4:N50-P50-K100, F-5:N50-P50-K250, F-6:N100-P50-K0, F-7:N100-P50-K100, F-8:N100-
P50-K250), were applied in the randomized completely block design. After one year experiment, cassava foliage and 
tuber were harvested, and determined the yields and cyanogen (HCNp) content. The lowest (P < 0.05) HCNp 
contents and the highest (P < 0.05) foliage, tuber and protein yields were observed in cassava applied with F-4 
(N50-P50-K100) and F-5 (N50-P50-K250) in compare with other fertilization rates. Regarding growth characteristics, 
the plant height (P < 0.05) was also highest in cassava fertilized by F-4 (N50-P50-K100) and F-5 (N50-P50-K250), 
whereas the leaf numbers per plant and branches number per plant were highest in cassava applied with F-5 (N50-
P50-K250) and F-7 (N100-P50-K100), respectively. It could be recommended that the nitrogen (N: 50 kg/ha) and 
potassium (K: 100-250 kg/ha) should be used to reduce cyanogen contents for safe utilization and increased 
cassava foliage and tuber yields. 
Keywords: Cassava, nitrogen, potassium, HCNp, yield 
1. Introduction 
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is one of the important crops in tropical regions of the world and cassava 
tubers are very rich in carbohydrates, a major source of energy. It has been reported that cassava can produce the 
highest carbohydrate (calorie/ha/day) compared to other staple crops such as rice, wheat, maize and sorghum 
(Okigbo, 2001). Cassava tubers are used as human food, animal feed and industrial raw material (Nambisan, 2010). 
Cassava leaves, a by-product after cassava tuber harvest are generally rich in crude protein (CP), minerals, vitamin 
B1, B2, C and carotenes (Eggum, 1970). However, the major constraint with the use of cassava foliage as animal 
feed is the risk of hydrocyanic acid potential (HCNp) toxicity (Gomez et al., 1980). Surprisingly, despite its 
availability and high CP content, there was little interest until recently to utilize fresh cassava foliage in ruminant 
feeding. This reluctance is probably related to the possibilities of cyanide toxicity. 
To achieve the yield potential of cassava, good soil fertility and adequate fertilization are essential (Gomez et al., 
1980). The major nutrients required by cassava for optimum top growth and tuber yields are nitrogen (N) and 
potassium (K). Cassava plant is well adapted to low levels of available phosphorus (P) but requires fairly high 
levels of N and K, especially when grown for many years on the same plot or continuously cultivated plots (Ayoola 
and Makinde, 2007). Adequate K levels in soil stimulate response to N fertilizers but the excess amount of both 
nutrients leads to luxuriant growth at the expense of tuber formation (Onwueme and Charles, 1994). Howler (1985) 
reported that the application of K increases starch content and decreases HCNp level. On the other hand, the 
application of increases N level progressively increases the HCNp content (Sher et al., 2012). Hence, the need to 
upgrade the existing fertilizer recommendations in sustainable cassava production is imperative. However, suitable 
fertilizer use with minimum polluting effects on the environment should be the major rule. For most crops, the 
best fertilizer types, rates and time of application were not known and this constituted a major constraint to fertilizer 
use in the country (Sarfo et al., 1998). Several studies have documented the proximate composition, amino acid 



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profile (Rogers and Milner, 1963), and mineral content of cassava foliage (Ravindran et al., 1982), but in none 
was the HCNp content elucidated in relation to the different rates of fertilizer (N-K). Few published reports focus 
on agronomic management or cultivation practices for optimizing cassava foliage together with tuber production. 
Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of different fertilization rates on the 
cyanogen and yields of cassava foliage and tuber. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Experimental Location and Climate Condition 
This experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. The 
climate data during experimental period (Figure 1) were obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. 

 
Figure 1. Climate data (rainfall and mean temperature) during experimental period 

 
2.2 Land Preparation 
Pre-treatment soil samples for soil analysis were taken before land preparation and fertilizer treatment. The soil 
fertility status before the commencement of the experiment was shown in Table 1. The type of soil in the 
experimental area is gray soil (locally named Jagaru). Before plantation, the area (122 m2) for cassava plantation 
was ploughed with a machine about 20 cm depth.  
 
Table 1. Soil nutrient composition for the 0-20 cm layer of the soil at the experimental site 

Parameters Values 
pH (H2O) 8.15 
Total N (%) 0.14 
Available P (ppm) 56.52 
Exchangeable K (meq 100g-1) 0.26 
Na (meq 100g-1) 0.24 
Ca (meq 100g-1) 35.40 
Mg (meq 100g-1) 1.97 

P= phosphorus, K= potassium, Na= sodium, Ca= calcium, Mg= magnesium 
 
2.3 Experimental Treatments and Design 
The combination of three nitrogen (N) level (0, 50, 100 kg/ha) and three potassium (K) level (0, 100, 250 kg/ha) 
with constant phosphorus level (50 kg/ha), total nine fertilization rates (F-0:N0-P50-K0, F-1:N0-P50-K100, F-2:N0-
P50-K250, F-3:N50-P50-K0, F-4:N50-P50-K100, F-5:N50-P50-K250, F-6:N100-P50-K0, F-7:N100-P50-K100, F-8:N100-P50-K250) 



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were used in this experiment. Total of 27 plots for 9 treatments (3 replicates for each treatment) were arranged 
according to the randomized completely block design (RCBD). Each plot has 1.5 m × 3 m in size. Irrigation was 
applied when the rainfall was low, especially summer time. As the weed management, all weed were cleaned by 
hand monthly. 
2.4 Cassava Plantation, Fertilizer Application and Sample Collection 
The variety of cassava used in this experiment was a local variety called Red cassava, due to the red colour of the 
petiole. Old cassava stems, which were obtained after cutting into about 20 cm were planted in continuous rows 
with 0.5 m between rows, 1 m between stalks in the same row. All experimental fertilizers were applied at the time 
of the first leaf that appeared from cassava stand at one month after planting. Foliage and tubers were harvested at 
the age of 12 months and their weights are taken per stand to determine the yielding of cassava foliage and tuber. 
The fresh samples were dried at 60°C in a forced air oven for 48 h. Dried samples were ground and passed through 
a sieve of approximately 0.5 mm for the further analysis. 
2.5 Chemical Analysis 
The soil quality such as total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K), sodium (Na), 
calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) of soil were determined by micro-Kjeldahl method (AOAC, 1990), the 
methods described by Truog (1930) and Peech et al., (1962), respectively. The dry matter (DM) and crude protein 
(CP) contents of cassava foliage and tubers were analyzed using the procedures described by AOAC (1990). The 
measurement of HCNp content was analyzed by using the acid hydrolysis method (Bradbury et al., 1991) and 
continued with a spectrophotometer (O’Brien et al., 2007). 
2.6 Statistical Analysis 
The data were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of differences between means 
was compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using SPSS (version 16.0) software. The significant 
differences were considered at P < 0.05. 
3. Results and Discussion 
The application of fertilizer significantly affected the HCNp content of foliage and tuber in this experiment (Table 
2). The minimum HCNp content (P < 0.05) in cassava foliage was obtained by the application of F-4 followed by 
F-5. However, the difference between F-4 and F-5 was not significant (P > 0.05) in this experiment. A similar result 
was observed in the HCNp content of tuber by the application of F-5 followed by F-4 at the final harvesting time 
of tuber. Moreover, the application of N-K treatments in tuber had significantly lower (P < 0.05) HCNp content 
than those of the control treatment. Therefore, it is evident that the lowest level of HCNp content was observed at 
F-4 and F-5 fertilization rates in both foliage and tuber. The HCNp reduction as influenced by N-K fertilization 
compared with the control treatment for foliage and tuber was also presented in Table 2. 
 
Table 2. Effect of fertilizer application on hydrocyanic acid potential (HCNp) content of cassava foliage and tuber  

Fertilization rate 
N-P-K (kg/ha) 

Foliage Tuber 
HCNp 

(mg/kg DM)
HCNp

reduction (%)
HCNp

(mg/kg DM) 
HCNp

reduction (%)
F-0 (N0-P50-K0) 129.49a 0.00b 95.66a 0.00c

F-1 (N0-P50-K100) 80.01ab 38.21a 65.55b 31.47b

F-2 (N0-P50-K250) 87.53ab 32.41ab 66.62b 30.35b

F-3 (N50-P50-K0) 76.82ab 40.67a 55.37b 42.11b

F-4 (N50-P50-K100) 51.89b 59.93a 34.02c 64.44a

F-5 (N50-P50-K250) 54.77b 57.70a 31.97c 66.58a

F-6 (N100-P50-K0) 86.43ab 33.25ab 59.11b 38.21b

F-7 (N100-P50-K100) 67.01ab 48.25a 54.94b 42.57b

F-8 (N100-P50-K250) 66.85ab 48.37a 50.95b 46.73b

SEM 4.41 3.39 3.62 3.76
P value 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

a-c Values with different superscript on the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05). 
 
In literature, the ranges of the HCNp content of different varieties of cassava contain 1-1550 mg/kg (Cardoso et 
al., 2005). The average values of HCNp content in the present results are included in the range of low HCNp levels 
compared to the recent report of Hue et al., (2012). The amount of HCNp content in cassava varies even different 
parts of the same plant according to variety, its age, geographical locations and other factors like soil, fertilization 



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and climate also contribute to the quantities of HCNp in the plants (Bradbury et al., 1999). In this experiment, a 
higher rate of N application tended to increase in HCNp content and it was observed in F-6, F-7, F-8 compared 
with F-4 and F-5 treatments. Therefore, it could be reasoned that the suitable quantity of N fertilizer application 
would encourage plant growth to the climax, but the excess dose would enhance to increase the HCNp content. 
Sher et al., (2012) also revealed that an increase in N application resulted in an enhanced HCNp level. Furthermore, 
Peter and Birger (2002) stated that the applied N stimulates the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to p-
hydroxymandelonitrile which ultimately leads to an increase in the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucoside. 
Worthington (2001) also stated that plants require N for normal growth and protein synthesis however, if N is 
applied over what the plant requires for protein formation, the excess is accumulated as nitrate and stored 
predominantly in the green leaf part of the plant. The highest value of HCNp reduction was observed in F-4 and 
F-5 in this experiment. Therefore, the appropriate combination rate of N and K are required for cassava cultivation 
concerning for the HCNp reduction. The same trend of HCNp reduction as influenced by fertilization was observed 
in the tuber. From this result, the combined N-K treatment showed a higher HCNp reduction than the individual 
treatment of either N or K. Therefore, the HCNp content in tuber clearly showed that both N-K applications 
promote the HCNp reduction. Moreover, the highest HCNp reduction with the minimum HCNp content in tuber 
was observed in the higher dose of K namely F-5 followed by F-4 in this experiment. Therefore, the results 
obtained in this experiment are consistent with the report of Howeler (2002). Putthacharoen et al. (1998) stated 
that cassava removed less N and P but similar amounts of K in the harvested plant parts as compared to maize, 
sorghum, peanut, mung bean, pineapple and sugarcane. Long-term fertility trials indicate that without adequate K 
fertilizer, in this case referring to tuber production, cassava yields eventually decline due to K depletion, except in 
those soils containing large amounts of K-bearing minerals (Howeler, 1985).  
The CP yields in foliage and tuberous roots of cassava were summarized in Table 3 and 4, respectively. The high 
(P < 0.05) CP yield (356.24-404.79 kg/ha) in the foliage were obtained in F-4, F-5 and F-7 fertilization treatments, 
although, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among them. The high CP yield (P < 0.05) of tuber also 
observed for F-4 and F-5 fertilization treatments were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between them, but were 
all significantly higher than the control treatment. The results of the growth attributes showed that the N-K 
application tended to increase the plant height compared with F-0 treatment (Table 03). The control treatment (F-
0) had a smaller number of leaves and branches per plant than fertilized treatments. Moreover, the treatments were 
applied with N-K showed a higher number of leaves per plant than other treatments and it was observed in F-5 
followed by F-4 (Table 3). The application of N fertilizer together with K (F-4 and F-5) showed a more pronounced 
effect on the foliage yield compared with the control treatment (Table 03). Similar results were also obtained in 
the tuber, although, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among them (Table 4). The foliage yield peaked 
at F-4, but the tuber yields obtained at F-5 in this experiment. Both foliage and tuber yields generally increased in 
all treatments with increasing rates of fertilizer application, however, it tended to decrease with a higher rate of N-
K dose at F-7 and F-8.  
 
Table 3. Effect of fertilizer application on protein%, growth characteristics and yielding of cassava foliage  

Fertilization rate 
N-P-K (kg/ha) 

Chemical 
composition 

 Growth 
characteristics  Yielding  

(kg/ha DM) 

DM (%) CP (%) 
 

Plant height (cm) Leaf no./ plant Branches/ 
plant  Foliage Protein

F-0 (N0-P50-K0) 25.81 12.54  149.60b 229.33c 7.67b 1479.33d 185.30d

F-1 (N0-P50-K100) 25.70 13.20  166.13ab 307.67abc 9.00ab 1821.83cd 239.79bcd

F-2 (N0-P50-K250) 25.54 13.25  160.07ab 394.33ab 12.67ab 1810.43cd 238.50bcd

F-3 (N50-P50-K0) 24.79 13.64  156.67ab 291.00bc 13.00ab 1494.13d 204.07cd

F-4 (N50-P50-K100) 24.99 13.80  183.60a 395.00ab 12.67ab 2930.93a 404.79a

F-5 (N50-P50-K250) 25.58 13.82  182.20a 435.00a 13.00ab 2684.73a 370.87a

F-6 (N100-P50-K0) 25.96 13.58  162.87ab 299.00abc 13.00ab 2102.23bc 285.71b

F-7 (N100-P50-K100) 27.16 14.09  164.47ab 363.67abc 14.33a 2528.53ab 356.24a

F-8 (N100-P50-K250) 24.87 13.96  165.07ab 336.00abc 12.33ab 1877.73cd 260.78bc

SEM 0.32 0.15  12.1 2.46 0.53  99.68 14.94 
P value 0.859 0.399  0.0001 0.002 0.022  0.0001 0.0001 

a-d Values with different superscript on the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05). 
 



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Table 4. Effect of fertilizer application on protein percent and yielding of cassava tuber 

Fertilization rate 
N-P-K (kg/ha) 

Chemical composition Yielding (kg/ha DM) 
DM (%) CP (%) Tuber Protein 

F-0 (N0-P50-K0) 23.18 0.87b 4639.20b 40.82c 
F-1 (N0-P50-K100) 25.67 1.00ab 6115.80ab 61.12ab 
F-2 (N0-P50-K250) 25.14 0.99ab 7229.50ab 71.60abc 
F-3 (N50-P50-K0) 26.06 1.13ab 6401.40ab 73.35abc 
F-4 (N50-P50-K100) 26.55 1.25a 9124.40a 114.07a 
F-5 (N50-P50-K250) 25.07 1.19ab 9474.10a 114.62a 
F-6 (N100-P50-K0) 25.39 1.28a 6363.70ab 81.91abc 
F-7 (N100-P50-K100) 26.32 1.24a 7766.00ab 96.59ab 
F-8 (N100-P50-K250) 25.75 1.32a 6897.60ab 85.90ab 
SEM 0.36 0.04 311.06 4.96 
P value 0.455 0.115 0.0001 0.0001 

a-c Values with different superscript on the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05). 
 
In this experiment, the control treatment without N and K fertilization produced lower CP content compared with 
other treatments. Ravindran (1993) reported that the foliage contains approximately 21% CP with a range from 17 
to 40% CP depending on cultivar, maturity, sampling procedure, soil fertility and climate. Nitrogen increased the 
chlorophyll of leaves thereby promoting the photosynthetic capacity of the plant, plays a part in the manufacture 
of proteins and is also responsible for high yield in plants. The CP yields of foliage and tuber generally, increased 
in all treatments as compared to control with increasing rates of N fertilizer application in this experiment. The 
increase in protein content with N fertilization is in agreement with the finding of Mahmud et al., (2003). Potassium, 
on the other hand, promotes CO2 assimilation and translocation of carbohydrates from leaves to the tubers and 
tuberous roots of crops where carbohydrates are the main storage material (Howeler, 2002).  
The control plots recorded the shortest plants in height with the lowest number of leaves and branches. The superior 
growth attributes obtained by the application of N and K in this experiment had been reported by Uwah et al., 
(2013). The positive response of growth characters to the applied nutrients is suggested to attributable to their role 
in cell multiplication and photosynthesis which gave rise to an increase in size and length of leaves and stems. 
Nitrogen is a major element (Mosier et al., 2004) that is essential for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids 
and some organic acids which is necessary for plant growth and development and its limits reduce yield (Zhao et 
al., 2005). Okpara et al., (2010) reported that plant height was increased by the application of K up to 150 kg/ha.  
Fertilization resulted in higher foliage and tuber yields in the fertilized plots than the control. This observation 
supports the findings of Gomez et al., (1980) who obtained higher cassava yield when fertilizer was applied. 
Molina and EI-Sharkawy (1995) reported that fertilization induced the production of the more vigorous plant 
increased nutrient recycling from fallen leaves and improved the quality of the planting material. The increase in 
fodder yield with fertilizer application may be due to greater plant height, higher stem diameter, a higher number 
of leaves per plant and greater leaf area per plant (Mahmud et al., 2003). Hence, Mehdi et al., (2007) stated that 
the positive response of tuber yield and yield components to increased rates of N and K could be adduced to high 
starch synthesis and translocation activities stimulated by N and K application.  
The effect of different nitrogen and potassium levels on HCNp content and DM yield of cassava were also 
presented in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. In which, the highest foliage and tuber yields and the lowest HCNp 
content were observed in N50 for different nitrogen level and in K100 and K250 for different potassium level. Parkes 
et al., (2012) reported that tuber yields generally increased in all cassava genotypes with increasing rates of 
fertilizer application up to N120-K180. However, they recommended that the economic rate of the fertilizer 
application for all genotypes was N60-K90. Viewing both yield and HCNp contents, the results of the present 
experiment exhibited that F-4 and F-5 fertilizer combinations gave the higher cassava yield with lower HCNp 
content than without N-K fertilization. Furthermore, the maximum dry matter yield and lowest HCNp content in 
foliage and tuber were obtained by the application of N50 and K100-250 fertilization rates. Therefore, the combination 
of N50 and K100 fertilization appeared appropriate for optimum yield and HCNp reduction in our study. Bolhuis 



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(1954) had set the following classification of toxicity according to HCNp content: 0-50 mg/kg, innocuous or 
harmless, 50-100 mg/kg moderately toxic and >100 mg/kg dangerous or toxic. Therefore, this study revealed that 
the control treatment had the HCNp level (129.49 mg/kg) considered a poisonous level while other treatments 
were moderately poisonous levels (51.89-90.00 mg/kg).  

 
Figure 2. Effect of different nitrogen levels on hydrocyanic acid potential (HCNp) content and DM yield of 

cassava foliage and tuber 
 

 
Figure 3. Effect of different potassium levels on hydrocyanic acid potential (HCNp) content and DM yield of 

cassava foliage and tuber 
 
4. Conclusions 
This research’s findings indicated that cyanide poisoning can be managed by management practices such as the 
appropriate amount of fertilization for provision safe cassava crop for livestock. Thus, it could be recommended 
that the nitrogen (N: 50 kg/ha) and potassium (K: 100-250 kg/ha) should be used to reduce cyanogen contents for 
safe utilization and increased cassava foliage and tuber yields. 
Conflict of interest 
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 
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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 
















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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

