




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p104 

104                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Effects of Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) and Vitamin E on Growth 
Performance and Hemato-Biochemical Parameters in Broilers 

Tairan Ikbal1 & Sumitra Saha2 
1 Veterinary Surgeon, Upazila Livestock Office, Tarail, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh 
2Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 
Bangladesh 
Correspondence: Tairan Ikbal, Veterinary Surgeon, Upazila Livestock Office, Tarail, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. 
Tel: 88-017-2368-9360. E-mail: tairanikbal@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 9, 2020   Accepted: July 10, 2020   Published: August 4, 2020 
 
Abstract 
This study was conducted to assess the effect of DCP and vitamin E supplementation on body weight, 
hematological- (TEC, Hb content, PCV and ESR) and biochemical (AST and ALT) parameters of “Cobb 500” 
broiler. A total of 20 chicks (14 days old) were reared and randomly divided into four equal groups (n=5). Body 
weight was measured at each 7 days interval up to the end of the 35 days of experimental period.  Group A was 
considered as control, fed with commercial ration. Group B, C and D were treated with 1 gm DCP per kg feed, 1 
ml vitamin E per litre of drinking water, and 1 gm DCP per kg feed plus 1 ml vitamin E per litre of drinking water 
with commercial ration, respectively from day 14 to day 35. It was observed that DCP and vitamin E 
supplementation significantly (p<0.01) increased body weight. Moreover, TEC and Hb content increased 
significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups as compared to control. Besides, ESR, AST and ALT values decreased 
significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups. Therefore, it may be concluded that DCP and vitamin E could be used 
to improve body weight gain and blood profiles without any detrimental effect to liver and muscle on broilers. 
Keywords: broiler, body weight, dicalcium phosphate, vitamin E, hematological parameters, biochemical 
parameters 
1. Introduction 
As a part of commercial poultry enterprise, broiler production is growing rapidly in Bangladesh. Broiler production 
reveals the fact of maximum return from minimum cost. About 6 million people directly or indirectly engaged 
with poultry production and its other support services (Ansarey, 2012). Poultry can significantly contribute to food 
security because this is one of the vital sources of high-quality protein, minerals, vitamins and micronutrients. 
Poultry meat alone contributes approximately 37% of the total meat production and 22-27% animal protein 
supplied in Bangladesh (Hamid et al., 2017). Therefore, it provides a large part of increasing demand for protein, 
cash income and employment opportunities through the production and marketing of broiler in Bangladesh (Hamid 
et al., 2017). Despite these advantages, broiler sector continuously faces the challenge of nutritional deficiencies, 
which causes mortality and reduction of body growth and body resistance level etc. (Rashid et al., 2015). 
Nutritional deficiencies are concerned with vitamin and mineral which occur in ordinary ration. The optimum 
vitamin-mineral premix supplementations are required for poultry and formulating premixes are to be necessary 
(McDowell, 2000). Vitamin and mineral play an essential role in efficient broiler production. Among the vitamins, 
vitamin E is essential for the integrity and optimum function of the reproductive, muscular, circulatory, nervous 
and immune system (Sheffy and Williams, 1981 and Mac Dwell et al.,1996). It is well established that some 
functions of vitamin E, however, can be fulfilled in part or entirely by traces of selenium or by certain synthetic 
antioxidants. It also plays a vital role in improving health, by enhancing both cell-mediated and humoral immune 
functions (Rizvi et al., 2014). Moreover, the antioxidant properties of vitamin E have been investigated regarding 
its vital role in the prevention of diseases, which occur as a result of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation via a 
free radical mechanism (Colombo, 2010; Rizvi et al., 2014). Vitamin E is broadly recognized for its positive effects 
on the meat quality and immune response of broiler chickens (Gao et al., 2010). 
Furthermore, in recent years the importance of certain trace minerals in immune function has become increasingly 
evident. Selenium, copper, zinc, cobalt and iron have been shown to alter various components of the immune 
system (Suttle and Jones, 1989). It has been observed that mineralization and body growth were reduced in the 



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absence of Ca. P, Mg and vitamin D (Hart et al., 1930). Calcium and phosphorus are the principal components of 
skeleton of broiler. Calcium is concerned in blood clotting and in the control of metabolic rate at which the vital 
processes are carried out and in nervous control. Phosphorus is needed for the muscular energy, digestion of oils 
and fats, and making new body cells for growth and reproduction. Calcium and phosphorus are closely concerned 
with metabolic diseases. The low level of calcium and phosphorus in the body may be associated with either 
deficiency or impaired ability to mobilize reserved within the body. Besides, their roles as an electrolyte are 
essential in tissue metabolism clinically as a reference to a pathological condition. These may be involved in 
osteodystrophy, rickets, pseudo-rickets, osteoporosis, infertility, and other conditions (Driver et al., 2006). These 
components of the mineral should be checked carefully in the broiler ration. The concentration of calcium and 
phosphorus might be influenced by many factors like age, sex, status, seasons, and breed.  
Many studies have done on the effect of vitamin E on broiler ration (Al-Gamal et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2010; Khan 
et al., 2011). Watson et al., (2006) determined the effects of phytase on growth performance and intestinal transit 
time in chicks fed nutritionally adequate diets and diets deficient in Ca and nonphytase. They reported that 
reduction in dietary Ca and P reduced (p<0.01) average daily gain, average daily feed intake in diets deficient in 
Ca and P and in the nutritionally adequate diets. They also suggested that chicks fed the nutritionally adequate diet 
may be due to a faster transit time of feed through the digestive tract, resulting in a higher feed intake and body 
weight gain. Toss et al., (2003) showed that addition of vitamin E, vitamin C alone or the combination of vitamin 
E and vitamin C corrected the adverse effects of ochratoxicosis on body weight gain and hematological parameters 
and during values to about that of the control. Ochratoxin increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), 
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and uric acid, creatinine, 
triglyceride, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and free fatty acid concentration in the exposed chickens. They 
found ration with vitamin E alone or combination with vitamin C improved the case except for serum AP and ALT. 
However, due to the controversial results regarding vitamin E effects on broiler growth performance (Pompeu et 
al., 2018; Lu et al., 2014), there is few reliable experimental evidence about the performance of the selected 
vitamin and mineral on the broiler chickens. Considering all of these issues the present study was carried out to 
investigate the effect of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and vitamin E supplementation on growth, hematological 
parameters (RBC, Hb, PCV and ESR), and on serum biochemical values (calcium, phosphorus, aspartate 
aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) of broiler. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Experimental Design 
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of DCP and vitamin E on “Cobb 500” broilers from 14 to 35 
days of age. A total of twenty broiler chicks ageing 14 days were used. These broilers were randomly divided into 
four equal groups (n=5). The initial body weight of each bird was recorded and caged group wise. One out of four 
experimental groups was considered as a control group (group A) and was fed commercial ration. Group B was 
fed with supplementation of DCP (DCP plus) at 1 gm/kg feed; group C was fed with vitamin E supplementation 
at 1 ml/litre drinking water and group D was supplemented with both DCP at 1 gm/kg feed plus vitamin E at 1 
ml/litre drinking water for next 21 days.  
2.2 Parameter Measured 
The growth performance data (body weight of individual bird) was recorded at 7 days interval at the age of 14, 21, 
28 and 35 days old. The physical appearances were observed during the experimental period and at the end of the 
experimental period the broilers were sacrificed to collect blood samples for hematological (TEC, Hb, ESR and 
PCV) and biochemical (calcium, phosphorus, AST and ALT) studies. For this purpose, about 3 ml of blood was 
collected from the wing vein of chicken into sterile glass test tubes and then were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 15 
minutes to have a more clear serum from the blood. The serum was then collected in the screw cap serum vial and 
stored at -20ºC until time of chemical analysis.  
2.2.1 Determination of Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC)  
The counting and calculation of erythrocytes were performed. For erythrocyte count, dry clean red pipette was 
dipped into the blood and exactly 0.5 mark blood was drawn into the pipette. Then the tip of the pipette was cleaned 
by cotton and immediately placed into Hayem’s solution and was filled up to 101 marks. The pipette was mixed 
thoroughly by using an electric shaker for 5minutes. The cells were counted from the recognized 80 small squares 
under high power objective (45x) in microscope and was calculated accordingly. The unit was expressed in 
millions per mm3 of blood. 
 



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2.2.2 Estimation of Haemoglobin (Hb)  
0.1N Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) was taken in the graduated diluting tube up to 2 gm mark with the help of a dropper. 
Exactly 0.02 ml of sample blood was added directly into the diluting fluid by Sahli pipette. Distilled water was 
added drop-by-drop and stirred continuously until the color of the content matches to the standard color of the 
comparator. The haemoglobin (Hb) was recorded within 10 minutes.  
2.2.3 Determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 
For calculating packed cell volume, wintrobe’s tubes were placed in the centrifuge machine and centrifuged @ 
3000 rpm for 30 minutes. Then the hematocrit of PCV was recorded. The percent volume occupied by the 
hematocrit was calculated by using the following formula: 

PCV (%) =Height of the red cell column in cmHeight of total blood in cm  × 100 

2.2.4 Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)  
The citrated blood was placed into the wintrobe’s hematocrit tube by using wintrobe’s pippete exactly up to the 0 
(zero) mark. Then the filled tubes were placed vertically in the wooden rack. After elapsing one hour the 
erythrocytes sedimentation rate was recorded from the top of the pipette. The result was expressed in mm in first 
hour. 
2.2.5 Determination of Biochemical Parameters  
The biochemical characteristics of blood were determined by using spectrophotometer. A rapid colorimetric 
method as described by Tsao (1952) was used for the determination of serum calcium, which is based on a colour 
reaction of the calcium ion. Serum phosphate was determined based on the molybdivanadate method for 
orthophosphate as described by Kitson and Mellon (1944). The method is based upon the yellow colour formed 
when an excess of molybdate is added to an acidified solution of orthophosphate and vanadate. This method is less 
sensitive than the molybdenum blue methods, but is adequate for most biological applications, and has a great 
advantage of providing a stable solution for colorimetry (Simonsen et al., 1946). Spectrophotometric detection of 
AST and ALT was used in this study as it is the widely adopted clinical standard method in the serum concentration 
of AST and ALT determination (Hsueh et al., 2011). 
2.3 Statistical Analysis  
All data were compiled and tabulated for statistical analysis which was done with the help of MSTAT, statistical 
analysis software. The comparisons of means among the treatments were made by using Duncan’s Multiple Range 
Test (Steel and Torrie, 1984). The result was presented by mean±SD and P-value of <0.01 considered as significant. 
3. Result and Discussions 
3.1 Effect of DCP and vitamin E on Body Weight 
The body weight of each bird was measured with the help of balance on the age of 14 day (0 day experiment) and 
sequentially 7 days interval up to the end of the experiment. Body weight of different groups of birds is presented 
in Figure 1. Body weight on 14 days of age was more or less similar and ranged from 528 gm to 554 gm in four 
different groups. Data catalogued on days 21, 28 and 35 shows that the body weight increased significantly (p<0.01) 
in all groups with advancement of age. On the day of 21, the highest body weight recorded in group D (993.6±7.16 
gm) and lowest body weight recorded in controlled group A (878±10.72 gm). Similarly, the highest body weights 
were recorded in treated group D on both 28 days (14th day of the experiment) and 35 days (21th day of experiment). 
The body weight increased slowly in the control group A (65.28%) in respective day of experiment but increased 
at a higher rate in the treated groups - B (68.65%), C (67.64%), and D (70.40%) - than control group A. The 
significant body weight gain in the treated groups might be due to increased digestibility of dry matter, crude 
protein nitrogen. Gao et al., (2010) and Selim et al., (2013) identified that biological antioxidant, vitamin E, could 
contribute to improve growth, physiological, and immunological performance in broiler chickens as it has the 
ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce lipid peroxidation in both the plasma and skeletal muscle. Rashid et 
al., (2015) shown that vitamin and mineral supplementation increased body weight gain in broiler. Lauzon et al., 
(2008) determined the effect of vitamin E on growth performance and liver vitamin E concentrations of broilers. 
They found that increased concentration of vitamin E increases the liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations. 
The present experiment result concluded that the highest body weight found in group D indicates the synergistic 
effect of DCP and vitamin E. This finding contradicts with the reported of Preston et al., (2000) who found that 
DCP inclusion did not improve performance. This work also differs from the earlier report that weight gain and 



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feed efficacy were not affected by the excess supplementation of vitamin E or lysine for broiler that fed a corn-
soybean diet.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1. Body weight on different days of treatment with commercial feed (group A), fed with DCP (group B), 
fed with vitamin E (group C) and fed with both DCP and vitamin E (group D) in broilers (n= 5 in each group). 
Feed with DCP supplementation at 1 gm/kg, vitamin E at 1 ml/litre of drinking water, DCP and vitamin E at 1 

gm/kg feed and 1 ml/litre of drinking water, respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. 
 
3.2 Effects of DCP and Vitamin E on Hematological Parameters 
The effects of DCP and vitamin E on hematological parameters are presented in the table 1. The TEC in control 
group A was 2.93±0.04 million/mm3, and in the treated group B was 3.54±0.05 million/mm3, group C was 
3.44±0.03 million/mm3 and group D was 3.64±0.03 million/mm3. The highest TEC was found in the broiler group 
of D (3.64±0.03 million/mm3) and lowest in the control group A (2.93±0.04 million/mm3). All the values of treated 
groups were significantly (p<0.01) higher than the control group A. Similar to TEC, maximum values of HB 
content and packed cell volume (PCV) value found in group D. In contrast lowest values found in control group 
A. All the values of treated groups were significantly (p<0.01) higher than the control group A. At final day of 
experiment ESR value of groups A, B, C, and D were 6.17±0.04 mm, 5.87±0.07 mm, 5.7±0.12 mm and 3.59±0.18 
mm in 1st hour, respectively. All the values of treated groups were significantly (p<0.01) decreased than the control 
group A. 
The hematological parameters remained within normal range but differ significantly with the control group. The 
hematological parameters are unchanged by treatment groups of dietary protein level. The increased level of total 
erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content and packed cell volume might be due to effects on hematopoietic organs. 
The hematological parameters in present findings reported that the number of erythrocyte and other components 
of blood varied due to sex, environment, exercise, nutritional status and climate. Similar results were reported by 
Abida et al., (2017). However, the present finding differs from the earlier study of (Trans et al., 2000), who 
observed no significant effect of vitamin E supplementation on any of the hematological parameters (TEC, Hb, 
PCV and ESR). Besides, decreased ESR value might be due to improved colloidal state by increased level of amino 
acid supplementation. 
 
 
 
 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

14 days (Pre-
treatment)

21 days 28 days 35 days

Bo
dy

 w
ei

gh
t (

gm
) 

Days

A B C D



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Table 1. Hematological parameters in broilers (n=5 in each group) after treating with DCP and vitamin E 

Groups 
RBC 

(million/mm3)
(Mean±SD) 

Haemoglobin content 
(gm/dl) (Mean±SD) 

Packed Cell 
Volume (%) 
(Mean±SD) 

ESR mm in
1st hour  

(Mean±SD)
A (fed commercial ration) 2.93±0.04d 7.29±0.17d 2.15±0.65c 6.17±0.04d 

B (fed DCP @ 1gm/kg feed) 3.54±0.05c 8.81±0.25c 25.49±0.20c 5.87±0.07b 

C (fed vitamin E @ 1 ml/L 
drinking water) 

3.44±0.03b 8.6±0.20b 25.3±0.52b 5.7±0.12c 

D (fed DCP @ 1gm/kg feed) plus 
vitamin E @ 1 ml/L drinking 
water) 

3.64±0.03a 8.87±0.31a 26.27±0.57a 3.59±0.18a 

Note: a-d Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.01) 
 
3.3 Effect of DCP and Vitamin E on Biochemical Parameters 
The effects of DCP and vitamin E on biochemical parameters are presented in Table 2, Figure 2 and Figure 3 which 
indicate that at final day of experiment (day 35) the serum calcium level was 8.05±0.05 mg/dl in group A (control 
group).  However, in the treated groups the values were 9.70±0.06 mg/dl, 9.82±0.05 mg/dl, 10.43±0.13 mg/dl in 
group B, group C, and group D, respectively. The highest serum calcium level was found in group D and lowest 
serum calcium level found in group A. Data available in the treated group were more or less similar but higher 
than group A. Moreover, at the final day of the experiment (day 35), the serum phosphorus level was found 
4.93±0.06 mg/dl in control group A whereas in treated groups the values were 5.75±0.05 mg/dl, 7.05±0.05 mg/dl, 
7.34±0.07 mg/dl. The highest serum phosphorus level was found in group D and lowest serum calcium level was 
found in group A. 
 
Table 2. Biochemical parameters in broilers (n=5 in each group) after treating with DCP & vitamin E 

Groups 
Calcium(mg/dl)

(Mean±SE) 
Phosphorus(mg/dl)

(Mean±SE) 
AST(U/L) 
(Mean±SE) 

ALT(U/L) 
(Mean±SE) 

A (fed commercial ration) 8.05±0.05d 4.93±0.06d 334.494±0.2c 6.28±0.36a 

B (fed DCP @ 1gm/kg feed) 9.70±0.06c 5.75±0.05c 311.69±0.3c 4.25±0.20b 

C (fed vitamin E @ 1 ml/L drinking 
water) 

9.82±0.05b 7.05±0.05b 305.388±0.5b 4.588±0.09c 

D (fed DCP @ 1gm/kg feed) plus 
vitamin E @ 1 ml/L drinking 
water) 

10.43±0.13a 7.34±0.07a 283.388±0.7c 4.28±0.12d 

Note: a-d Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly (P<0.01) 
 
The present work resembled Hemme et al., (2005) worked on inorganic phosphorus sources monocalcium 
phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate diets contained up to 9 gm calcium, 6 gm phosphorus per kg, 
vitamin E, comparable energy and nutrient contents. In both trials, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed 
conversion were proved as well as the calcium and phosphorus levels in serum in the balance trial the retention of 
calcium and phosphorus were determined by calculation as well as by analysis of body composition. On a high-
performance level, the addition of DCP and vitamin E resulted in significantly reduced phosphorus availability. 
The significantly reduced phosphorus level in serum indicates the lower phosphorus retention in broilers. It was 
interesting that the phosphorus level in the serum markedly reflected the different concentrations of available 
phosphorus in the diet. 
 



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Figure 2. Effects of DCP and vitamin E on serum calcium and phosphorus levels. 
Note: Group A was fed commercial ration. Group B was fed with supplementation of DCP (DCP plus) at 1 gm/kg 
feed; group C was fed with vitamin E supplementation at 1 ml/litre drinking water and group D was supplemented 
with both DCP at 1 gm/kg feed plus vitamin E at 1 ml/litre drinking water. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 3. Effects of DCP and vitamin E on AST and ALT concentration levels. 
Note: Group A was fed commercial ration. Group B was fed with supplementation of DCP (DCP plus) at 1 gm/kg 
feed; group C was fed with vitamin E supplementation at 1 ml/litre drinking water and group D was supplemented 
with both DCP at 1 gm/kg feed plus vitamin E at 1 ml/litre drinking water. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. 
 
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration 
The AST concentration in different groups of birds was presented in Table 2 and Figure 3. At final day of 
experiment (35 days of age), the AST concentration level was 334.494±0.2 U/L in control group A and in treatment 
groups the values were 311.69±0.3 U/L in group B, 305.388±0.5 U/L in group C, and 283.388±0.7 U/L in group 
D respectively. The highest values was found in group A and lowest found in treated group D. It has concluded 
from the experiment that SGOT/AST concentration was decreased in all treatment groups in comparison to the 
control group (group A). However, the value of treated group B was not significantly decreased than the control 
group A. All the values of AST in group C and D were decreased significantly (p<0.01) than the control group A. 
 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Calcium Phosphorus

m
g/

dl

A B C D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

AST ALT

U
/l

A B C D



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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration 
The ALT concentration in different groups of birds is presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. At the final day of the 
experiment (35 days of age), the concentration level of ALT in control group A was 6.28±0.36 U/L, and in the 
treatment group B was 4.25±0.20 U/L, group C was 4.588±0.09 U/L and group D was 4.28±0.12 U/L (Table 2 and 
Figure 3). The highest ALT was in group A, and lowest in group D. All the values of treated groups were 
significantly (p<0.01) decreased than the control group, A. Among the treated groups B, C and D the ALT values 
were more or less similar and comparisons among them were found insignificant. 
The significantly reduced AST, ALT concentration level, as observed in the present study, implies good health 
conditions with less muscle damage by increase supplementation of protein. 
4. Conclusion 
The results of this study demonstrated the effect of DCP and vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, 
hematological parameters, and serum biochemical values of broilers. It was observed that supplementation 
enhanced the growth of broilers and the highest growth (body weight) was observed in group D (where feed was 
supplemented with 1g DCP/kg feed plus 1g vitamin E/L drinking water). Blood parameters like TEC, HB 
concentration and PCV values increased significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups (B, C, and D) as compared to 
the control group A. However, ESR values and biochemical parameters like AST and ALT values were decreased 
significantly (p<0.01) in the treated groups in comparison to that of the control group. Therefore, it can be 
concluded that DCP and vitamin E supplementation are essential for rapid muscle development, synthesis of amino 
acids, proper digestion of feedstuffs, more use of low-quality feed, expected body growth.  
Competing interests  
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
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Copyrights 
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
















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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

