




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p42 

42                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

A Critical Review of Value Chain for Irish Potato in Zimbabwe with 
Specific Regards to the Economic Policy: A Review 

Nyasha Sakadzo1.2 & Jeremiah Mavugara2 & Ashel Musara3 
1 Department of Soil and Plant Sciences. Faculty of Agriculture, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, 
Masvingo, Zimbabwe 
2 Masvingo Christian College, P.O. Box 436, Masvingo, Zimbabwe  
3 Near East University Food Engineering Department, Lefkosa, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) 
Correspondence: Nyasha Sakadzo, Department of Soil and Plant Sciences. Faculty of Agriculture, Great 
Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Tel: 263-775-985-724. E-mail: 
nsakadzo87@gmail.com  
 
Received: June 5, 2020   Accepted: July 6, 2020   Online Published: July 16, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Potato production and consumption are booming worldwide, greater quantity of it is being processed into food and 
snacks. It is the most important horticultural crop which is a good substitute for maize to supplement carbohydrates. 
It was declared a national strategic food security crop on 18 May 2012 by the government of Zimbabwe. This 
paper critically review the value chain of Irish potato in Zimbabwe with a focus on its any government policy and 
support with regards to promoting the crop and key stakeholders involved in the value chain. The Irish potato value 
chain in Zimbabwe has great potential to improve and if well supported, it can contribute to the GDP of the country. 
This can be done if the government improve on its policy implementation through capacity development of its 
research and extension workers and more resources have to be availed to this area has showed great potential in 
terms of marketing and production. The key drivers at production level who will help in ensuring that necessary 
interventions are carried out to improve long term performance of the Irish potato value chain operate in an 
enabling environment. This is done by offering incentives to the potato farmers and all the value chain players. 
The economy of a country is driven by having well thought out policies and interventions that can even subsidies 
inputs and other raw material required along the value chain.  
Keywords: Irish potato, Value chain, security, policy, GDP 
1. Introduction 
Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is considered to be a very important root and tuber crop in the world. It is 
considered to be the third important staple crop in the world as a source of carbohydrates after crops like wheat 
(Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) in Zimbabwe (Sakadzo et al., 2020; Masvodza, 2015; The herald, 2011). 
In 2008, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) declared the International Year of the Potato (Lutaladio et 
al., 2009).  
Global agriculture policies and resources focus mainly on cash crops leaving Irish potato at the periphery. There 
is need for the world to readdress such bias as policy makers have to ensure that they create an environment that 
is conducive for support from both public and private investors. This support include among other factors breeding 
programs that improve the value chain. The world over, people and countries rely on wheat to make bread but if 
there are other alternatives means to make flour from potatoes it would help a lot. In West Africa, Guinea and 
Senegal have marginal Irish potato distribution networks where the dominant market is still local. The main 
challenge to exporting is the coming in of potatoes from Europe disturbing the local value chain (Lutaladio et al., 
2009). Moreover, marketing of the crop in urban centers is affected by absence of storage facilities. As for the Sub 
Saharan region, there has been a notable increase in the size of area under potato production as most farmers in 
the area have responded to a high demand for fresh and processed potatoes. This increase in Irish potatoes and its 
products is being necessitated by an increase in urbanisation which has resulted in a change in food consumption 
patterns (FAO, 2008). Many fast foods outlets, takeaways and restaurants have caused an increase in demand for 
potatoes as its products are viewed as prestige food  



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Therefore, there is limited information as the value chain of Zimbabwe potato industry is not yet clear and 
understood because the government has been focusing on maize as the staple crop (Svubure et al., 2017). The 
write up will critically review the value chain of Irish potato in Zimbabwe with a focus on its any government 
policy and support with regards to promoting the crop and key stakeholders involved in the value chain.  
2. Brief History of Irish Potato Introduction and Production in Zimbabwe 
The crop was introduced in Zimbabwe in the early 30th century and common varieties grown include BP1, 
Amethyst, Mont Claire, Opal, Emerald and Jacaranda (Mpemba, 2016). In Zimbabwe, the crop is now the 3rd most 
important source of carbohydrates after maize and wheat (The herald, 2011; Sakadzo et al., 2020). After realising 
the importance of Irish potato production, the Zimbabwean government boasted the industry when it introduced a 
policy that declared the crop a national strategic food security crop in 2012 (Svubure et al., 2017). The 
Zimbabwean climatic conditions allow potatoes to be grown throughout the year. This is mostly three times for 
short season varieties a factor that has attracted farmers as the crop production has proved to be a lucrative venture. 
However, fluctuation in demand on the market and crop rotation to control pests and diseases militates against 
growing the crop three times a year for small holder farmers (Fusire, 2001). Currently, area under potato cultivation 
is about 3500 hectares annually which produces an average of 20 tonnes per hectare (FAOSTAT, 2013; Sakadzo 
et al., 2020). 
3. Constraints to Potato Production 
The potato value chain face a lot of challenges such as shortage of improved quality seeds, low yield, low irrigation 
facility, poor disease control, perishability, lack of storage facility, poor post-harvest handling management, lack 
of processing facility, low skill and technology for processing, lack of facility, lack of capital and limited 
dishes/recipes. According to FAO (2008), the potato industry is being faced by a number of problems that include 
lack of diversity in potato varieties which reduces the ability to overcome problems of drought, diseases, pests, 
climate change and deceasing yields in marginal lands. The potato industry in Zimbabwe was largely dominated 
by whites who had commercial farms prior to the land reform programme. This land reform programme 
restructured the land tenure system of the country and introduced A1 and A2 models (Moyo, 2011). A1 model 
allocated small plots of about 6ha to the poor and landless people in Zimbabwe for growing crops and grazing land 
whilst A2 models comprises of new black commercial farmers who were allocated about 35 ha self-contained plots 
(Svubure et al., 2017; Mkodzongi & Lawrence, 2019).This programme resulted in many black people who became 
beneficiaries getting self-contained farm units ranging from 35-300ha depending on the area where one was 
allocated. It is these farmers who have started growing potatoes adding to the already existing commercial farmers 
(Svubure et al., 2015). So far Zimbabwe has an average potato yield of 20 tonnes per hectare but a lot of attention 
is paid to maize production. Masvodza (2015) and Sakadzo et al. (2020) pointed out that lack of knowledge on 
time of earthing up and cultivation methods and cost of production are major factors affecting potato production 
in Zimbabwe. This is because maize is the staple crop but there should be a policy which enables the focusing of 
other alternative sources of starch like potatoes (Mpemba, 2016). The government of Zimbabwe has analysed Irish 
potato production systems which provided an insight into the different stakeholders involved which include 
existing grower categories, natural resource base, input use, average yield, required and available infrastructure, 
production constraints and any solution (Manzira, 2011). There has been few authors who have looked at the value 
chain for Irish potato in Zimbabwe with specific regards to the economic policy. Therefore, there is limited 
information as the value chain of Zimbabwe potato industry is not yet clear and understood because the government 
has been focusing on maize as the staple crop (Svubure et al., 2017).  
4. Importance of Potato Value Chain  
According to Kaplinsky and Morris (2001), a value chain is defined as a wide range of actions, set activities and 
actions that are required or performed to bring a product from the start through production until it gets to the final 
consumer and then disposed after use. In any value chain the most valuable aspect is the economic value addition 
or any loss incurred by chain actors at different linkages in the chain and the sum value involved in the whole 
chain (Gelli et al., 2015). Stakeholders involved include input suppliers, producers, processors and markets. There 
is need to have technical, financial and business service providers that supports the value chain. Moreover, there 
has to be regulation from the local and national government which provide an environment where the chain is 
embedded (Kula et al., 2006). Globalisation and the rise of international trade are part of the value chain 
environment (Figuiredo Jr et al., 2014).  
The world over, value chain development can be used by governments in policy formulation especially on policies 
that help collaboration among value chain actors (Humphrey and Memedevic, 2006). Gelli et al, (2015) has noted 
that the demand for value added food and food safety standards has aroused a special interest in food value chain 



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development. The prevalent of malnourishment related diseases has resulted in more funds being channelled 
towards potato value chain interventions with an emphasis on nutrition. The crop contains effective antioxidants 
like carotenoids and phenols which according to Donnelly and Kabow (2011) prevent diseases like diabetes and a 
serving of potato a day provide 30-48% of the recommended daily intake of macro minerals. This in a way show 
the importance of Irish potatoes in the human diet as its nutritional value are a clear testimony that it can contribute 
to the country’s food security. The potato industry allows people to earn as it comprises of a long chain of 
individuals who specialises in selling seed, farmers, farm workers, marketers and the consumer which enable the 
industry to contribute to the GDP of Zimbabwe. This is because the country’s economy is agro based and the 
agricultural sector has realised that there can be increased income for farmers and other stakeholders along the 
value chain (Hawkes and Ruel, 2011). If there are proper support structures in terms of government policies, the 
Irish potato supply chain can provide opportunities that promote nutrition and health as a result of readily available 
quality and affordable food for everyone. However, Zimbabwe seems not to have a properly documented Irish 
potato industry as the government and the majority of black farmers see the crop as capital intensive.  
5. Stakeholders Involved in Value Chain of Irish Potatoes 
In promoting Irish potato production and value chain, there is need to be familiar with the stakeholders involved 
in the potato industry (Svubure, 2015). The key stakeholders in a value chain of Irish potatoes are involved in 
production (farmers), distribution, wholesaling, processing, retailing, service provision and household use. To be 
more specific, these key stakeholders include seed potato growers, the farmers, distributors (traders), transporters, 
processors and these include hotels, restaurants, fast food outlets, urban fruit and vegetable markets, wholesalers, 
retail supermarket chains, household consumers and service providers, (Svubure et al., 2017). There are also other 
stakeholders who include the government especially the line Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Rural 
Resettlements, other government agencies which provide technical and extension services, the Crop Breeding 
Institute and private institutions. The Zimbabwean Irish potato value chain is complex as the pathway involved 
from production to end use has multiple stakeholders which operates in a socio economic and political environment. 
In terms of production according to Svubure et al., (2017), 88% of the produce is for consumption with the 
remaining 12% used for seed and regeneration purposes. The Zimbabwe climate allows farmers to grow Irish 
potatoes all year round especially in areas where they have access to irrigation that allows the farmers to 
supplement rainfall during the dry season (Svubure, 2015). This is unlike in other countries like in the Kenyan 
value chain which has only two main cropping season where storage facilities are a necessity. The absence of 
storage facilities in the Zimbabwean value chain imply that there is no added cost to the supply chain and also 
there is absence of the risk of crop loss due to diseases. The Mozambique government has a major problem in 
terms of having insufficient storage facilities (FAO, 2009). 
The Zimbabwean government has also showed its support to the Irish potato industry as it banned the importation 
of cheap imports in 2010. This was a big boost to the local farmers as it protected them against cheap South African 
produce. More so, the government in 2012 declared Irish potato a national strategic food security crop (Herald, 
2012). This was done through a government policy which enabled all Irish potato farmers to get government 
support through the different agricultural programmes (Mpemba, 2016). In a way to avoid rampant production of 
seeds that lead to pest and disease spread, the Zimbabwean government’s Seed Services Institute oversee the seed 
certification of all seeds in the country. This functional seed certification system get its mandate from the Seeds 
Act (Chapter 19:13) of 1971 with an enabling regulation of the Seeds Regulation (1971) and Seeds certification 
Scheme Notice (2000). This has enabled the potato sector not to recycle seeds from uncertified material as it leads 
to loss of genetic vigour as in the case of Mozambique where the certified seeds production satisfies 4% of national 
seed requirements. The balance is met by uncertified material with more dependence on imported seed. According 
to Hirpa et al., (2010), countries like Ethiopia have a poor seed production system which has affected the value 
chain where there are low yielding varieties produced which are susceptible to diseases. 
The potato sector depends on supplementary irrigation more than maize crop. Therefore, there is need to invest in 
functional irrigation infrastructure as the crop is grown all year round in Zimbabwe. Janssen et al. (2013) posits 
that the majority of potato farmers in Kenya have a limited off season production as they have few farming areas 
with access to irrigation facilities. This obviously makes the farmers to depend on rain fed production. This is 
where the law of supply and demand comes in where during the rainy season, the supply of potatoes will be high 
as most farmers will have grown the crop. The prices of potatoes during the off season is higher than during the 
rainy season as demand for the crop will be higher than supply (Janssen et al., 2013). In Zimbabwe since the potato 
production industry occurs throughout the year, production will be even making high price fluctuations uncommon. 
It is only recently when the government introduced bond notes where there has been price distortions but as from 
2009 when the government of Zimbabwe adopted the US$ as the trading currency the commodity prices have been 



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stable. There have been high cost of production recorded in the A2 farmers than A1 farmers per hectare with seed 
and fertiliser being the most expensive inputs. Potato growers in Zimbabwe experience low yields although they 
use high levels of synthetic fertilisers and chemicals to control pests and diseases (Svubure et al., 2015). In order 
to realise better returns, farmers can use organic manure from compost or use high yielding varieties which in a 
way will help consumers to afford the produce. The Zimbabwean supply chain is adversely affected by high 
production costs coupled with poor road network which increases the transport costs and also it reduces the potato 
quality during transit. The Zimbabwean government after the land reform programme failed to give its newly 
resettled farmers title deed that could have been used to access lines of credit from banks and other credit providers. 
They were just given 99 year leases which cannot be used as collateral against a loan. This affects the performance 
of the potato value chain in Zimbabwe so there is need for modern machinery and other farming equipment that 
might be of use during production. 
6. Value Added Activities of Potato Stakeholders 
a) Research and development 

Produce codified knowledge on new varieties, pests, weeds and disease management strategies. In Zimbabwe, 
we have the Department of Research and Specialist services (DRSS) so as the Plant and Crop Protection Unit 
(PCPU). They are involve in new product development or culinary uses. 

b) Input suppliers 
These include private companies and government agencies such as command agriculture. They provide inputs 
such as seed, fertilisers and pesticides for potato growers there by promoting potato value chain. Potato 
farmers in Zimbabwe obtain their seed from different sources which sometimes is noncertified. Seed 
certification ensures provision of disease free seed to growers. Some use their own seed. Potato growers 
obtain fertiliser and biocides from private companies such as Zimbabwe fertiliser company (ZFC).  

c) Potato producers 
This is one of the major potato value chain actors following input suppliers. They produce potatoes. A1, A2, 
communal and large scale commercial growers are prevalent in Zimbabwe. Potato production in Zimbabwe 
is most done under irrigation whilst limited production is based on rain-fed system. Potato growers they 
harvest and do post-harvest technology such as: sorting, grading, packing, transporting, loading and 
unloading potatoes. They also separate damaged and undamaged tubers. Damaged and bruised potatoes are 
consumed at household level. The farmers select medium and large potatoes for immediate sale and small 
ones are kept for seed. 

d) Traders/Brokers 
They play a significant role in potato marketing system of Zimbabwe. They facilitate potato truncation by 
linking producers with traders, wholesaler with another wholesalers so as retailers. The brokers may go 
beyond by controlling and fixing prices in an informal way. 

e) Wholesale distributors 
These include Mbare musika who distribute to chain supermarkets, small supermarkets, food restaurant, hotel, 
fast foods outlets etc. This is one of the most economically important value chain actors who determine return 
per capita for most potato growers. 

f) Food processors 
Potatoes are mostly consumed in boiled form and cooked in meals. Currently, potato chips, crisps and roasted 
potatoes are becoming common especially in towns in Zimbabwe. In urban areas some people usually 
consume potatoes mixed with other vegetables. Potato processors usually prefer large sized potato for 
processing. Processed potato products such as snacks and chips have become a centre of attraction in many 
supermarkets selling these products. They play an invaluable role in value addition by being involved in the 
processing of potato products such as snacks etc. This is facilitated by food engineers. 

g) Potato retailers 
These are also actors in potato value chain in Zimbabwe. They stand as the last link between producers and 
consumers. Sometimes they buy potatoes directly from producers. Retailers usually offer according to 
requirement and purchasing power of the buyers 

h) Potato consumers 



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Potato consumers influence economic capita gain or loss in the potato value chain. They are influencing 
actors in potato value chain In Zimbabwe. They include: households, restaurants, cafes and institutions such 
as higher education institutions, universities, colleges, etc. Capita consumption of potato at these institutions 
may also undergo a slack with respect to supply and demand may increase as students’ cafeteria will be high. 

i) Potato service providers 
Agricultural Rural Extension Officers (AREX) provide extension services by transmitting knowledge to 
farmers on potato production and management requirements. Tobacco Research Board (TRB) is involved in 
assisting farmers on management of common pests and diseases of solanaceous plants as some farmers 
involved in tobacco farming are into potato production. Non-Governmental Organisations are also involved 
in value addition by partnering in the value chain so as to ensure food security.  

j. Food quality controllers (FQCs) 
They play a pivotal role between a farmer and the wholesale. In this era, the FQCs do the grading of potatoes. 
They also check for the level of biocides, insecticides and general chemicals in the potato plant if they are 
below the threshold to prevent food poisoning. 

7. Effects of the Socio-Economic and Political Environment on Potato Value Chain in Zimbabwe 
Of great importance is to note that for any crop value chain to succeed, the socio-economic and political 
environment must be conducive enough to promote investments and improvement in the value chain. Zimbabwe 
has also been affected by rampant and want on corruption which is immensely affecting the value chain as cases 
of smuggling of potatoes from South Africa are on the rise. These cheap imports are a threat to the pricing of the 
local potatoes as they tend to attract consumers who are facing economic challenges. Production of seed tubers in 
Zimbabwe is limited by strict production agronomy that prevents spread of viral diseases through vegetative 
propagative material like tubers. Haverkort et al. (2015) argues that, there is need to release new potato varieties 
in the market that address different needs of farmers and the consumers at large. This will help to out compete the 
cheap imports from South Africa that tend to affect the Zimbabwean value chain.  
Zimbabwe potato value chain is affected by socio economic factors and the political environment that have a 
bearing on the policies related to agriculture. The socioeconomic factors currently being experienced in Zimbabwe 
was triggered by the emergence of the bond note which is being rated at interbank rate with American United 
States dollar. Like the issue of bond notes when they were issued on the market they were 1:1 but today the rate 
has gone beyond reach. Farmers are business people, they also need a well stable economy as a constant motivator. 
No sane person can go into the fields to produce a non-profiting product. There is absolutely lack of motivation 
from our government side. Policy inconsistency is what gave birth to the smuggling of cheap potatoes hence 
demotivating our farmers. The potato value chain is significantly being affected as US$ cannot be formally 
accessed by most growers in banks so as to plough back the profits. Informal marketing is currently adding more 
to the potato value chain. There is higher rate of inflation which In Tanzania, the value chain only involve farmers 
and their inputs who are not categorised as in Zimbabwe where there are A1 and A2 model farmers. Some of these 
A1 and A2 farmers who obtained land during the land reform program have deceased from potato production. This 
has significantly affected the potato value chain in Zimbabwe. There is need for the government of Zimbabwe to 
make an audit so that the land where potatoes were grown is revived again. 
The Irish potato value chain in Zimbabwe has great potential to improve and if well supported, it can contribute to 
the GDP of the country. This can be done if the government improve on its policy implementation through capacity 
development of its research and extension workers and more resources have to be availed to this area has showed 
great potential in terms of marketing and production. The key drivers at production level who will help in ensuring 
that necessary interventions are carried out to improve long term performance of the Irish potato value chain 
operate in an enabling environment. This is done by offering incentives to the potato farmers and all the value 
chain players. The economy of a country is driven by having well thought out policies and interventions that can 
even subsidise inputs and other raw material required along the value chain.  
8. Conclusion 
The value chain of Irish potatoes is affected by socio economic factors and the political environment that have a 
bearing on the policies related to agriculture. Zimbabwe has also been affected by rampant and want on corruption 
which is immensely affecting the value chain as cases of smuggling of potatoes from South Africa are on the rise. 
These cheap imports are a threat to the pricing of the local potatoes as they tend to attract consumers who are 
facing economic challenges. Production of seed tubers in Zimbabwe is limited by strict production agronomy that 
prevents spread of viral diseases through vegetative propagative material like tubers.  



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9. Recommendations 
There is need for more resources to be channeled towards Irish potato production as it has shown to help in 
addressing food security. In order for all the stakeholders to financially benefit, there is need for the government 
to put policies that promote value addition as selling a complete product is more profitable than selling raw 
materials. Private companies and governments should introduce potato processing facilities. Input provision should 
be adequately scheduled to meet the calendar of irrigated crop such as potato. Health agents and Extension officers 
should be capacitated so as to raise awareness campaigns on potato food value and processing techniques to 
improve consumption in urban centers. There is also need for local seed production so as to reduce transportation. 
The Potato industry should create a value chain forum so as to bring various stakeholders so as to solve challenges 
being faced in potato value chain. Emphasize to policy makers the income equity food security aspects of potato 
farming and its potential in achieving Millennium Development Goals. There is need to engage policy makers at 
local, national and regional level in preparing potato development plans and policies that encourage potato 
consumption and production 
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

