




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p59 

59                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Bio-Rational Management of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus Zeamais in 
Maize (Zea Mays) Seeds  

M. M. Mahabub Alam1, Masum Ahmad2, Md. Sohanur Rahman3, Fakhar Uddin Talukder3, Md. Israfil Jahan1 & 
R. Hossain4 

1 Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 
2 Professor, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 
3 Scientific Officer, Pest Management Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh 
4 Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh 
Correspondence: Md. Sohanur Rahman, Scientific Officer, Pest Management Division, Bangladesh Jute Research 
Institute, Bangladesh. E-mail: sohanbau2010@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 6, 2020   Accepted: July 16, 2020   Online Published: July 22, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Bangladesh is a sub-tropical and humid country. That is why, the infestation of insects during storage is very 
common here. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), locally known as 
“Katta Poka”, is one of the most serious cosmopolitan pest of stored cereal grain, especially of maize (Zea mays 
L.), in tropical and subtropical regions including Bangladesh. Considering the issue, the study was conducted in 
the laboratory of Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) following completely 
randomized design (CRD) with three replications to evaluate the efficacy of four locally available botanicals and 
chemicals. The botanicals used were: Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf, Datura (Datura stramonium) leaf, Nishinda 
(Vitex negundo L) leaf and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) tablet powders at three different doses (3, 4 and 5gm)/100g 
of grain seed against maize weevil. The results revealed that all test materials at 5g doses exhibited higher mortality 
action against maize weevil while at 3g doses it gave the lowest percentage efficacy. Powdered leaves of neem 
and datura at 4 and 5gm were showed statistical significant (P<0.01) differences while powdered leaves of nishinda 
at the similar rates were observed with moderately effectiveness and powdered tablet of garlic gave the lowest 
mortality rate within 28 days of exposure in all tested doses. These findings suggest that botanical treatments 
exerted better mortality of maize weevil and reduced maize seed weight loss with higher germination capacity 
compared to the untreated control. It was also observed that the highest mortality percentage, lowest seed weight 
loss and highest germination capacity in the seeds which were treated with Sevin 85SP at the rate of 0.25g/100g 
maize seeds. Maize grains treated with botanicals, indicated that insect reproduction and development were 
impaired in all botanical pesticides. It is suggested that datura leaf, neem leaf powder can be used as good 
alternatives to chemical insecticides against S. zeamays due to their higher mortality, lower seed weight losses and 
higher germination capacity.  
Keywords: neem, datura, nishinda, garlic, sevin 85 sp, mortality, seed weight, germination 
1. Introduction 
Maize (Zea mays) is under the family of Poaceae. Maize is the third most important cereal crop. It is one of the 
most popular crop plants grown in over 140 million hectares (Zaidi, Singh 2005) It is used as a staple human food, 
feed livestock and a raw material for many industrial products (Purseglove, 1975). The products include corn 
starch, maltodextrins, corn oil, corn syrup and products of fermentation. It is also used as bio-fuel. The importance 
of export and import of maize is an important issue of the world trade. The United States, China, Brazil and Mexico 
account for 70% of global production. India contributes 2% of world production. Maize usage varies in different 
countries. In the developed countries of the world like the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, the countries of the 
European Union (EU) and so on, maize is used mainly to feed animal directly and as raw material for extractive 
fermentation industries to produce alcohol and bio-fuel. In developing countries use of maize is variable. In Latin 
America and Africa the main use of maize is for food while in Asia for food and animal feed. It is the basic staple 
food and important ingredient in the diets of people for many countries. Worldwide, approximately 21% of the 
total grain produced is consumed as food (Shaw, 1988; Dowswell et. al., 1996).  



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The third most important cereal crop of Bangladesh is maize. In Bangladesh it is mainly used for poultry and 
livestock feed and also for human food in the form of various edible items. Maize production in Bangladesh is 
popularizing for its multifarious use for food, feed and edible oil preparation (Ahad, 2003). The cultivation of 
maize is increasing day by day due to its diversified use, where the total area coverage and productions were 8.04 
lakh acres with a production of 22.72 lakh metric tons in 2014-2015 (BBS, 2015), 8.27 lakh acres with a production 
of 24.46 lakh metric tons in 2015-2016 (BBS, 2016) and 9.63 lakh acres with a production of 30.26 lakh metric 
tons in 2016-2017 (BBS, 2017). The maize is richer in nutrition than rice and wheat, where it contains 11% protein 
including higher amount of essential amino acid, tryptophan and lysine. Besides these, it contains 90 mg carotene 
or vitamin A per 100g grains (Hossain et al., 2005). 
In developing countries, as a result of post-harvest losses due to storage pests and other spoilage agents, production 
and consumption of maize often falls below demand (Udo, 2005) resulting in economic losses and threatens food 
security (Ivbijaro et al. 1979). Developing countries face severe problems due to unfavorable storage conditions 
and poor storage structures (Bekele et al. 1997). High moisture predisposes grain to attack by bacteria, fungi, 
insects and other microbes (Golob, 2000). Bangladesh is a sub-tropical and humid country. That is why; the 
infestation of insects during storage is very common here. 
The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), locally known as “Katta Poka”, 
is one of the dangerous pest of stored cereal grain, especially of maize (Zea mays L.), in tropical and subtropical 
regions (Throne, 1994) including Bangladesh. The weevil has been stated to cause up to 80% grain damage during 
storage in Cameroon, where maize constitutes the most important food crop (Nukenine et al., 2002). Due to 
damaged grain, nutritional value, low percentage germination, reduced weight and lowered market value has been 
reduced (Demissie et al., 2008). To reduce S. zeamais damage cheap and effective methods are needed in food 
insecurity. Control of S. zeamais populations primarily depends upon constant application of synthetic insecticides, 
which are often the most effective treatments for the disinfestations of stored food, feedstuffs and other agricultural 
commodities from insect infestation. Their repeated use for decades has destroyed biological control by natural 
enemies and led to outbreaks of other insect species and sometimes resulted in resistant capacity (Park et al., 2003). 
There are also serious concerns about environmental degradation and human health. The majority of farmers in 
Bangladesh are poor and neither have the means nor the skills to obtain and handle pesticides appropriately. Safe 
and eco-friendly weevil control practice needs to be available.  
Plant materials create a scope for small farmers for pest control (Talukder & Howse, 1995). However, very few 
research work has been done on organic pesticides which offer same control levels as synthetics to weevils 
(Cosmas et al., 2012). Botanical pesticides are generally safe to human beings and environment than synthetic 
pesticides. That’s why; it is used for millions of years without any adverse effects on ecosystem. These botanical 
materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. This study will provide useful information in 
minimizing the undesirable side effects of synthetic pesticides. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to 
evaluate the toxic effects of four available plant products such as neem, datura, garlic tablet and nishinda leaf 
powder and a chemical i.e. Sevin 85SP in controlling maize weevil considering mortality of maize weevil, seed 
weight loss and germination of maize seeds. 
2. Materials and Methods 
The study was done to find out the effect of four plant products and a chemical insecticide such as neem leaf 
powder, datura leaf powder, nishinda leaf powder, garlic tablet powder and Sevin 85SP against maize weevil, 
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in the laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bangladesh 
Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, during the period from August to October 2018. This place receives 
an average rainfall of 1295mm/annum. Temperature in the laboratory ranged from 25-31°C and the relative 
humidity also varied from 68-75% during the experimenting period. The laboratory was kept well aerated 
throughout the  study.  
2.1 Collection and De-Infestation of Maize Seeds 
An open pollinated maize variety “Khai Bhutta” sourced from Agronomy farm, Bangladesh Agricultural 
University (BAU), Mymensingh) was used because it has stable yields in adverse conditions such as drought due 
to its heterogeneity and commonly grown by most resource poor small holder farmers (ref). Dirt from the maize 
was removed through winnowing as suggested by Masiiwa (2004) and the grain cleaned using a 1mm sieve mesh 
screen so as to remain with intact kernels. Moisture content of the maize seed was maintained 11-12% following 
procedures described at the Manual of Seed Quality control (2006). The maize grain was graded manually and 
cleaned of broken kernels and debris (Fekadu et al., 2012). Before artificial infestation of maize seeds with maize 
weevil, the maize seeds were dried in the sun for few days. Islam et al. (2000) reported that solar heat treatment 



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of grains destroys the initial insect infestation in the grains before storage. The maize seed was kept in a plastic jar 
in cool dry room to avoid accumulation of moisture. 
2.2 Botanical Species Tested as Biopesticides 
Three different rates of four biopesticides (3, 4 and 5 gm/100g seeds) were used for the experiment, namely, Neem 
(Azadirachta indica – Meliaceae), Datura (Datura stramonium – Solanaceae), Garlic (Allium sativum L.- Liliaceae), 
Nishinda (Vitex negundo L. – Verbenaceae). Sevin 85SP, a chemical pesticide was also used as a treatment. What 
was the source of the biopesticides. 
2.3 Test Insect 
The present study was conducted with major stored grain pest of maize named maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais 
Motschulsky under Curculionidae family of Coleoptera order. 
2.4 Collection and Rearing of Insect 
Maize weevils, S. zeamais were collected from a store room of a poultry feed wholesaler at Muktagacha upazilla 
of Mymensingh district. The insects were brought to the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh 
Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The insects were maintained in the growth chamber at 27-30°C and 
70-75% RH. The insects were reared on fresh maize seeds in rectangular jars of size 14×10×30 cm. Each jar was 
set up with 20 pairs of adult beetles. Maize seeds were kept in an oven overnight at 300C temperature to avoid pre 
infestation. The moisture content of maize grain was adjusted to 12-13%. Then maize seeds were used as food for 
maize weevil. The jars were covered with a piece of cloth fastened with rubber band to prevent contamination and 
insect escape. After allowing free oviposition for a period of 14 days, all the adults of maize weevils were removed 
from each jar. Then the jars were put back into growth chamber for completing the generation of insects. The F1 
generation was used for the experiment. 
2.5 Collection and Preparation of Tested Botanical Products 
Neem, datura and nishinda leaves were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) premises and 
dried under the shed for 14 days. Then they were grinded by hand grinder in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 
Laboratory, Department of Entomology, BAU. Before grinding, leaves were dried in the oven at 700 C for 24 hours 
to make the leaves crispy which allowed them to fine grinding. Then the grinded materials were sieved with 1mm 
sieve to fine powders of botanical materials. 
2.5.1 Garlic Tablet 
The garlic tablets were prepared at the Plant Pathology laboratory on the Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, 
Mymensingh. For the preparation of garlic tablets, at first garlic was collected from the K.R. market BAU campus, 
Mymensingh. After that the garlic cloves were separated from each garlic bulb and washed in the clean water. 
Then these cloves were blended in the blender machine. From the blended materials, tablets were prepared and 
kept in open air for drying for three days. After that the tablets were preserved in an air tied bottle.  

             
Plate 1. Prepared Botanical Materials (A) Neem leaf powder, (B) Garlic tablet, (C) Nishinda leaf powder, (D) 

Datura leaf powder, (E) Garlic tablet in broken form 



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2.6 Test Chemical Material (Sevin 85SP) 
Sevin 85SP is a contact and slightly systemic organo carbamate insecticide in powder formulation. It was 
purchased from a local insecticide store situated at Notun Bazar of Mymensingh Sadar packed in a 50g pack 
manufactured by Bayer Crop Science, Bangladesh Limited.  

 

Plate 2. Sevin 85SP 
 

2.7 Tested Rates of Botanical Products and Chemical 
In the experiment prepared neem, datura, nishinda leaf powder and garlic tablet powder were used at three different 
rates (w/w) as 3, 4 and 5g per 100g maize seeds ), while in control treatment there was no any botanicals added 
and in the standard check Sevin 85SP dust was added in 0.25g/100g of maize seed.  
2.8 Treatment Application 
Twenty pairs of S. zeamais were introduced into the plastic jar containing 100g grain maize in 0.5 liter plastic jars 
at 3, 4 and 5g% (w/w). Four botanicals and Sevin 85SP with their recommended dosage were weighed and added 
to the maize grain in each jar containing 100g grain maize in 0.5 liter plastic jars at 3, 4 and 5g% (w/w) and kept 
for 28 days and mortality rate were counted daily every 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application of treatments. 
 

 

Plate 3. Experimental set up of Maize seeds with treatments 
 

2.9 Mortality Test of Maize Weevil 
Mortality rate determination periods selected based on an earlier report by Dobie, (1974) & Girma et al. (2008) 
and calculated by the following formula: 

  



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                          Number of dead insects 
% Weevil mortality =                                x 100 

                        Total number of insects released 
2.10 Seed Weight Loss Assessment of Maize Seeds 
Percent insect damage of maize seeds in storage was computed according to the methods described in Haines 
(1991) as follows: 

Percent of weight loss = 100×
+  Nu)  U(Nd
DNu-UNd

 

Where U = weight of undamaged seeds, D = weight of insect- damaged seeds, Nu = number of undamaged seeds 
and Nd = number of insect- damaged seeds 

                                                              

                Plate 4. Infested Maize seeds with hole         Plate 5. Healthy Maize seeds 
 
2.11 Seed Germination 
The percent germination was computed according to the following formula:  

Germination (%) = 100×
TG
NG

 

Where, 
NG = Number of seeds that germinated 
TG = Total number of test seeds. 

2.12 Statistical Analyses 
The experimental data were analysed by STATISTIX 10 software. The mean values were separated by Duncans 
multiple range test (DMRT) (Duncan, 1951). 
3. Results and Discussion 
The results of the effect of different botanical products such as neem leaf powder, datura leaf powder, nishinda 
leaf powder and garlic tablet powder and a chemical such as Sevin 85 SP were evaluated against maize weevil. 
The results of the experiments conducted during the study period are presented below: 
3.1 Effect of Botanicals and Chemical on Mortality of Maize Weevil 
The efficacy of different botanical products viz. neem leaf powder, datura leaf powder, nishinda leaf powder and 
garlic tablet powder and a chemical (Sevin 85SP) were evaluated as seed protectants against maize weevil are 
presented in Figure 1. The rates used for neem leaf powder, datura leaf powder, nishinda leaf powder and garlic 
tablet powder were 3, 4 and 5 g per 100g maize seeds and for Sevin 85SP was 0.25g per 100g maize seeds. 



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Figure 1. Effect of all treatments on mortality of maize weevil 

 
Figure 1 represents the interaction between treatments and mortality of maize weevil at different DAT which 
showed significant difference. It was observed that with the progress of time the mortality percentage was 
increased. The effects of treatments at different rates and time of application showed significant difference on 
insect mortality. It was found that when Sevin 85 SP was used at the rate of 0.25g/100g maize seeds, exerted 
highest mortality (100%) of maize weevil from 1 DAT which was significantly different from all other treatments. 
At 28 DAT, Sevin85 SP showed 100% mortality which was statistically similar to Neem and Datura leaf powder 
at the rate of 4g and 5g/100g respectively ( Fig. 1) However, the lowest mortality of maize weevil was observed 
in the untreated check. On the other hand, all botanical materials showed higher mortality of maize weevil at the 
rate of 5g/100g maize seeds than of 4g/100g maize seeds while 3g/100g maize seeds showed the lowest mortality 
of maize weevil. Among the botanical treatments, datura leaf powder showed the highest mortality (100%) of 
maize weevil followed by neem leaf powder, nishinda leaf powder and garlic tablet powder at all rates in different 
time intervals. This result supports the findings of Shiberu and Negeri (2014) who stated that powdered leaves and 
seeds of neem at 4 and 5 g were showed statistical significant (P<0.01) differences with the other botanical 
materials within 28 days of exposure in all tested rates. Endersby and Morgan (1991) observed that A. indica 
derivatives are most effective as feeding deterents for nymphs or larvae of phytophagous insects. Hall (1990) 
observed that leaf powder of Datura have a repellent effect on olfactory and gustatory system of S. zeamais. 
Moreover, Mulungu et al. (2007) reported that the crushed dry datura leaves have been observed to have their 
repellent smell which can be utilized for effective control of stored maize grain pests like S. zeamais. Marilei et 
al.,(2010) also reported that 40g of corn treated with 6g of the extracts from leaves and seeds extracts from neem 
can be considered as a viable alternative for controlling the S. zeamais in stored maize. It is also supported the 
findings of Maribet & Aurea (2008) who found that lower mortality of adult maize weevils from corn grains treated 
with Allium sativum L. within 24 days after insect introduction. Jilani and Saxena (1990) observed that neem, 
turmeric and sweet flag had repellent action on stored grain pests. 
Nazli et al. (2008) reported that the garlic oil, in the laboratory studies, as an insect repellent against red flour 
beetle. They observed repellence of the beetles up to 52.25%, in response to the garlic oil, obtained from 
Hyderabad. Rajendran and Sriranjini (2008) reported that garlic a rich source of bioactive metabolites which show 
antifeedant, repellent and toxic effects in a wide range of insects. 
 

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28 DAT



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3.2 Effect of Botanicals and Chemical on Seed Weight Loss of Maize Seeds 
 
Table 1. Effect of botanical and chemical treatments on percent seed weight loss of maize 

Treatments Rate/100g Weight losses (%) 

Neem leaf powder 
3g 0.70 bc 
4g 0.68 bc 
5g 0.20 de 

Datura leaf powder 
3g 0.11 e 
4g 0.07 e 
5g 0.04 e 

Nishinda Leaf Powder 
3g 0.80 b 
4g 0.65 bc 
5g 0.50 c 

Garlic tablet 
3g 0.66 bc 
4g 0.60 bc 
5g 0.47 cd 

Sevin 85SP 0.25g 0.00 e 
Untreated check - 5.45 a 

LSD 0.272 

MSE 0.04 

Level of significance  ** 
CV (%)  15.42 

** = Significant at 1% level of probability, Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different 
 
All the botanical and chemical treatments at different rates showed significant difference in seed weight loss of 
maize seeds with the untreated check. Lowest seed weight loss (0.00 %) was found ar Sevin 85 SP treated seeds 
and highest (5.45%) was found at control/untreated seeds (Table 1) Among the botanical treatments, lowest grain 
weight loss was experienced in the maize seeds treated with datura leaf powder over the 28 days exposure to the 
treatment at the rate of 3g, 4g and 5g per 100g of maize seeds while the seeds treated with nishinda leaf powder 
had highest seed weight loss. Datura leaf powder showed 0.11, 0.07 and 0.04% weight loss of maize seeds at the 
rate of 3g, 4g and 5g per 100g maize seeds respectively and showed significant difference with the other botanical 
treatments and the untreated check. However, no significant difference in seed weight loss was observed by the 
datura leaf powder with the chemical Sevin 85SP. On the other hand, seed weight loss in the nishinda leaf powder 
treated maize seeds were 0.80, 0.65 and 0.50% at the rate of 3g, 4g and 5g per 100g maize seeds respectively 
which showed significant difference with the seed weight loss occurred in the untreated check. Neem leaf powder 
showed seed weight loss of 0.70, 0.68 and 0.20% at the rate of 3g, 4g and 5g per 100g maize seeds respectively 
and showed significant difference with the seed weight loss occurred in the untreated check. seed weight loss was 
lower in the seeds treated with botanical and chemical treatments than the seeds which were treated with no 
controls can be attributed to the higher weevil mortality and lower weevil survival which resulted in lower seed 
damage hence lower seed weight loss. The findings are in agreement with Chiu (1989) who observed that synthetic 
dusts like cypermethrin 1% dust is effective in protecting stored grain thereby reducing loss of grain weight. Hall 
(1990) and Parwada et al. (2012) reported that ground plant extracts act by dehydrating and suffocating the weevil 
and also by reducing weevil movements thereby resulting in reduced grain damage and weight loss. The leaf 
powders of Datura stramonium, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum L. and Vitex negundo L could also have 
reduced grain weight loss due to the fact that they reduce the relative humidity on the surface of the grain thereby 
inhibiting egg laying and larval development of the weevils. This concurs with the findings by Aslam and Suleman 
(1999). The findings are also in agreement with Singh et al. (1996). 
 
 
 
 
 



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3.3 Efect of Botanicals and Chemical on Germination of Maize Seeds 
 
Table 2. Effect of botanical and chemical treatments on germination of maize seeds 

Treatments Rate/100g Germination (%) 

Neem leaf powder 
3g 83.00 bcdef 
4g 84.33 bcde 
5g 85.00 abc 

Datura leaf powder 
3g 84.67 bcd 
4g 85.33 abc 
5g 85.67 ab 

Nishinda Leaf Powder 
3g 82.33 cdef 
4g 83.67 bcdef 
5g 84.00 bcdef 

Garlic tablet 
3g 81.33 ef 
4g 81.00 f 
5g 81.67 def 

Sevin 85SP 0.25g 88.00 a 
Untreated check - 74.33 g 

LSD 3.19 

MSE 2.00 
Level of significance  ** 

CV (%)  1.70 
** = Significant at 1% level of probability, Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different 
 
All the seeds treated with botanical and chemical treatments at different rates showed significant difference with 
seeds which were not treated with any control on germination of maize seeds. It indicated that all the botanical and 
chemical treatments did not adversely affect the germination of maize seeds over the 28 days exposure period to 
the different treatments. Highest germination (88.00%) was found at Sevin 85SP treated seeds (Table 2). Among 
the botanical treatments, it was recorded that the seeds treated with datura leaf powder at the rate of 3g, 4g and 5g 
per 100g maize seeds possessed highest germination percentages. This result supports the findings of Musundire 
et al. (2015) stated that D. stramonium and T. minuta successfully reduced the insect infestation and showed no 
adverse effect on seed germination. This result also supports the findings of Fekadu et al. (2012).  
4. Conclusion 
Among the botanical treatments, datura leaf powder showed highest mortality of maize weevil, lowest weight loss 
of maize seeds and highest germination capacity followed by neem leaf powder. It is recommended that datura 
leaf powder and neem leaf powder can be effective against maize weevil when used as at 4g powder/100g of maize 
seed. It is also economically feasible and environmentally safe. Further investigation is needed to identify the 
specific or actual compounds in botanical materials which are responsible for toxic action.  
Acknowledgement  
The author takes an opportunity to express his gratefulness to Ministry of Science and Technology for financial 
support to conduct research work. 
Conflict of interest: no conflict of interest to report.  
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Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 
















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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

