




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p69 

69                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Analysis of the Ichtyological Composition of Smoked Fish Sold in the 
Liberté and Gambela markets in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of 

Congo 
Willy Lusasi Swana1,2, Rosette Manza Kilunda2, Nadine Bipendu Muamba3, Clement Munganga Kilingwa1,2, 

Santos Kavumbu Mutanda1,2, Goslin Gafuene Nkosi2,4 & Victor Pwema Kiamfu1,2  

1 Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 
University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
3 Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa 
(UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
4 Laboratory of Analysis and Research on Food and Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 
University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
Correspondence: Willy Lusasi Swana, Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Department of 
Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), P.O Box 190 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic 
of Congo. Tel: 243-813-662-026. E-mail: willy.lusasi@unikin.ac.cd  
 
Received: June 15, 2020   Accepted: July 6, 2020   Online Published: July 22, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The objective of this study is to analyse the ichthyological composition of smoked fish sold in the Liberté and 
Gambela markets in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo through a systematic inventory. A 7-month 
survey was carried out among 200 smoked fish vendors in the two markets in order to extract the information 
sought. The results obtained show that the sale of smoked fish in Kinshasa is an activity reserved for women with 
a dominance of married vendors. The smoked fish sold in the two markets are diversified and belong to 6 orders, 
13 families, 20 genera and 22 species. Fish belonging to the Siluriformes (30.8%), Characiformes (23.1%), 
Osteoglossiformes and Perciformes orders (15.4% respectively) are in the majority, while at the family level, 
Distichodontidae and Mormyridae fish are the most abundant (13.6%). Parachanna spp: 27.6%, Protopterus doloï: 
26.3%, Clarias spp: 19.4% and Channalabes apus: 19.1% are the most sold fish species. Households (with 57.6%), 
restaurateurs (26.4%) and exporters (with 10.2%) are the biggest consumers of smoked fish sold in Kinshasa, 
which come from the interior of the country and, essentially, from the provinces of Equateur, Mai-Ndombe, 
Mongala and Sud Ubangi.  
Keywords: smoked fish, artisanal fishing, diversity, nutrition, food security, Kinshasa 
1. Introduction 
The Democratic Republic of Congo has a fishing potential estimated at 700,000 tonnes per year through its many 
lakes, rivers and 40 km2 on the Atlantic coast. The country's hydrographic network allows fishermen to practice 
subsistence and commercial fishing (Ipuka, 2016). This hydrographic network is rich in fish species that supply 
the local market with fresh, salted and smoked fish (Lusasi et al., 2019a).  
It is estimated that approximately 600.000 people work in inland fishing, which is the most important sector. These 
people are involved in catching, processing and marketing, input supply, transport, gear and boat building and 
engine repair (FAO, 2009a). As in several African countries, fishing is an important source of employment in D.R. 
Congo and plays an important role in terms of food security, social and economic benefits. Artisanal fishing 
communities and other rural communities carry out income-generating activities and thus contribute to the 
livelihoods of rural communities.  
Fish is one of the most traded staple foods in the world. Trade in fishery products has grown considerably in recent 
decades as the fisheries sector operates in an increasingly globalized environment. The way fishery products are 
prepared, marketed and delivered to consumers has changed considerably, and products may cross national borders 
several times before final consumption. Fish may be produced in one country, processed in a second and consumed 



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in a third (FAO, 2014). The families of fish most caught and sold in Kinshasa are Mormyridae, Protopteridae, 
Oesteoglossidae, Clariidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Distichodontidae, Schilbeidae and Mochokidae (Lusasi et al., 
2019a).  
Fish are perishable foods with a high rate of spoilage (Gram, 1987; Liston, 1992). Post-harvest and pre-
consumption losses of fish can reach at least 25% of the catch. If most of the fish caught in the country's river 
system is sold fresh, the remainder is otherwise retained for later sale. Congolese fishermen use several processes 
to extend the shelf life of fish, either to add commercial value to the fish or to ensure its availability on the local 
market. On the other hand, the fishermen and fish wholesalers who exploit the country's water resources (Congo 
River, lakes and rivers) face many difficulties related to the conservation of their products. Equipment for industrial 
processing (cold chain, smoking room and availability of processing materials) does not exist. The conservation 
methods used by the latter are: freezing, sun drying, salting and smoking. Salting is done with limited means and 
concerns several fish families and species (Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Clariidae, Distichodontidae, Mormyridae, 
Mochokidae, Oesteoglossidae, Schilbeidae,…). Of all these conservation methods, smoking is the main method 
for preserving fish in rural areas (Kabré et al., 2003). 
Smoked fish is an important source of protein, accessible to low-income households, especially in developing 
countries where the price of meat remains beyond the reach of the average consumer (FAO, 2009b). In Africa, 
more than 200 million people consume fish that is regularly fresh, but more often smoked or dried (Mananga et 
al., 2019). However, smoked fish is found regularly and continuously in the markets of Kinshasa, the capital of 
the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is combined in several Congolese culinary recipes, but the diversity of 
species sold, the rate of sale and the source of origin of these fish are not well known. To fill this gap, this study 
proposes to analyse the ichthyological composition of the species of smoked fish sold in the Liberté market of 
Masina and Gambela of Kasa-Vubu in Kinshasa. The results of this study will help to highlight the contribution of 
smoked fish to the supply of Kinois food, will help to determine the contribution of smoked fish to the maintenance 
of social equilibrium and to the demand for proteins of animal origin by the kinois.  
2. Study Environment and Methodology 
2.1 Study Framework 
This study took place in two markets in the city province of Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. These 
are the Liberté market located in the commune of Masina and Gambela market located in the commune of Kasa-
Vubu (figure 1). 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Map of the city of Kinshasa showing the study sites 



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The city province of Kinshasa covers an area of 9.965 km2 with an estimated population in 2018 of 13.2 million 
inhabitants. Its urban agglomeration is the third most populated in Africa after Cairo and Lagos. It is located 
between 4° 19′ 30″ South and 15° 19′ 20″ East. Administratively, the city is managed by a governor and is 
subdivided into 24 communes (including Kasa-Vubu and Masina) headed by burgomasters and at least 400 
neighbourhoods headed by neighbourhood chiefs. The city has a hot and humid tropical climate of the AW4 type 
according to the Köppen classification, where the average temperature varies from 22.5 °C to 25 °C. There are 
two seasons: the great rainy season (September to mid-May) and the dry season (mid-May to August). The soil is 
mainly sandy and is of little use for agricultural activities. Thus, no agricultural products characterize this province, 
which is supplied with agricultural products from the provinces of Central Kongo, Kwango, Kwilu, Mai-Ndombe, 
Ecuador and others. Several rivers of various sizes (the most important in terms of flow are: Mai-Ndombe, N'sele 
and N'djili) cross the plains of the city-province. Generally, they originate in the hills, flowing from south to north, 
and flow into the Congo River. Smaller lakes, such as Lac Ma Vallée and Lac Vert, are also located there (Mbadu, 
2011; Lusasi et al., 2019b; Munganga et al., 2020).  
2.2 Methodology 
2.2.1 Pre-Investigation 
This step was used to survey sites selected for investigation in order to certify the presence of smoked fish vendors 
in these markets. We used the interview technique to talk to the vendors in the Liberté and Gambela markets get 
an idea of their willingness to respond to our concerns.    
2.2.2 The Survey Itself 
On the basis of a fact sheet with survey questions designed for this purpose, the interview technique, based on 
direct questioning between us and the sellers of smoked fish, was used to extract the information sought on the 
sale of smoked fish in the target markets. The information collected covered the profile of respondents, the different 
species of smoked fish sold, the frequency of sale from one species of fish to another, the consumer groups of 
fresh fish and the source of origin of the fish sold. In addition to these exchanges, open-ended interviews lasting 
several minutes were conducted with the sellers who were motivated to tell us more (Lusasi et al., 2019a; Masua 
et al., 2020).   
2.2.3 Survey Process and Sample Size 
This study took place over seven months, from April to October 2019. Data collection took place twice a month 
and a total of fourteen field trips were conducted. The survey was comprehensive in that almost all the smoked 
fish vendors found in the fish vendors' shelves in the two markets were interviewed. The criteria for membership 
are based on age (the respondent should only be ± 18 years old) and the type of food sold (the survey should only 
be of those who sell smoked fish in these markets). Exclusion criteria take into account categories of vendors other 
than those selling smoked fish as well as customers found in the markets. The sample is composed of 200 
respondents in total, including 100 at the Liberté market and 100 others at the Gambela market. 
2.2.4 Direct Observation and Documentary Methods 
Direct observations were made on the existence of smoked fish vendors in the two markets and the type of fish 
sold by them. Various documents (books, end-of-cycle and end-of-study works, theses as well as library and 
internet contents) related to our theme were of great importance to us in approaching this study.  
2.2.5 Systematic Identification of Smoked Fish 
In order to make it possible to systematically identify smoked fish that have been recorded, we used the vernacular 
(in Lingala) and common (in French) names of fish collected from smoked fish vendors in the Liberté and Gambela 
markets. Thus, the fish were classified in order, family, genus and species according to the binomial Linnaeus 
classification. To this end, the systematic fish identification keys proposed by Boulenger (1911); Poll (1939a & b, 
1959); Poll & Gosse (1995a & b); Tshibwabwa (1997); Lévêque et al., (1990 & 1992); Mbega & Teugels (2003); 
Stianssny et al., (2007) were used. This took place at the Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture 
of the Department of Biology of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Kinshasa. 
2.2.6 Statistical Processing and Data Analysis 
The information collected from the sellers of smoked fish was compiled according to the category of questions on 
the survey form in the form of absolute frequencies. This data was then entered into the Excel 2013 spreadsheet 
prior to analysis. The results on the profile of respondents, the relative abundance of orders and families, the most 
sold fish species and the potential consumers of smoked fish sold were expressed as percentages using the 
following mathematical formula: % = Fra/Tech X 100 where, % expresses the percentage, Fra determines the 



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Absolute Frequency and Tech denotes the Sample Size. Origin 6.1 a software was used to generate some of the 
graphs. 
3. Results 
3.1 Profile of Smoked Fish Sellers in the Markets Surveyed 
 
Table 1. General characteristics of smoked fish vendors surveyed   

Variable Markets Absolute frequency % 
Liberté Gambela

Sex 
Male 12 14 26 13 
Female 88 86 174 87 

Total 100 100 200 100 
Marital status 

Single  19 17 36 18 
Married 56 61 117 58,5 
Divorced 4 7 11 5,5 
Widowed 21 15 36 18 

Total 100 100 200 100 
Age range (years) 

18 – 28 21 19 40 20 
 29 – 40 42 46 88 44 
 41 – 50 34 30 64 32 
51 and over 3 5 8 4 
Total  100 100 200 100 

Level of education 
Without instruction 11 9 20 10 
Primary 25 21 46 23 
Secondary and Humanities 50 59 109 54,5 
Higher and university 14 11 25 12,5 

Total 100 100 200 100 
 
The results in Table 1 above show that the majority of smoked fish vendors in the Liberté and Gambela markets 
are female (87%) rather than male (13%). With regard to marital status, most vendors are married (58.5%), 
followed by single and widowed persons (18%) and divorced persons are less representative (5.5%). The most 
representative age group of salespeople is between 29 and 40 years old (with 44%) followed by respondents 
between 41 and 50 years old (or 32%) and salespeople between 18 and 28 years old (or 20%). The remainder of 
the salespeople are less representative. Regarding the level of education, respondents with secondary education 
and humanities are in the majority (54.5%), followed by those with primary education (23%) and those with higher 
and university degrees (12.5%). Smoked fish vendors who have no level of education are in the minority (10%). 
3.2 Smoked Fish Sold at the Liberté and Gambela Markets in Kinshasa 
 
Table 2. Smoked fish sold at Liberté and Gambela markets (+: Presence and -: Absence) 

Orders Families Genera Species  Vernacular 
Name (in 
lingala) 

Markets 
Liberté Gambela

Ceratodontiformes Protopteridae Protopterus P. doloï Nzombo + + 
Characiformes Citharinidae Citharinus C. gibbosus Liyanga + - 

Distichodontidae Distichodus D. spp Mboto + + 
Characidae Hydrocynus H. goliath Mbenga - + 

Cypriniformes Cyprinidae  Barbus  B. lincatus Mopongo + + 
Labeo L. lineatus Monganza + - 

Osteoglossiformes Mormyridae Mormyrops M. Mbongo, + + 



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anguilloïdes Nzanda 
Gnatonemus G. petersii Mbese + + 
Petrocephalus P. banae Mbese + - 

Oesteoglossidae Heterotis H. niloticus Congo ya 
sika 

+ + 

Perciformes Channidae Parachanna P. obscura Mongusu + + 
P. insignis Mongusu + + 

Cichlidae Oreochromis O. niloticus Libundu, 
Tilapia 

+ + 

Tilapia T. spp Tilapia, 
Libundu 

- + 

 Siluriformes Bagridae Cephyroglanis C. congicus Mosombo + + 
Auchenoglanis A. 

occidentalis
Mpoka + + 

Clariidae Clarias C. 
gariepinus 

Ngolo + + 

C. 
gabonensis 

Mpiki + + 

Channalabes C. apus Nkamba 
nioka 

+ + 

Mochokidae Synodontis S. spp Makoko + - 
Euchilicthys E. guenteri Ngulu masa - + 

Malapterirudae Malapterus  M. 
electricus 

Nina + - 

6 13 20 22 19+ 17+ 

The results on the inventory of smoked fish in the two markets as shown in table 2 above show the presence of 6 
orders, 13 families, 20 genera and 22 species of smoked fish. Of the 22 species inventoried, 19 are listed at the 
Liberté market and 17 at the Gambela market.  
 
3.2.1 Relative Abundance of The Orders of Smoked Fish Inventoried 
Of all the orders of smoked fish identified in the Kasa-Vubu Liberté and Gambela markets, Siluriformes is the 
most abundant (30.8%) followed by Characiformes (23.1%), Osteoglossiformes and Perciformes (15.4% 
respectively) and fish of the orders Ceratodontiformes and Cypriniformes (7.69% respectively) (figure 2). 

 
Figure 2. Relative abundance of smoked fish orders recorded 



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3.2.2 Relative Abundance of the Families of Smoked Fish Identified 
From the information shown in figure 3 below, it appears that the families Distichodontidae and Mormyridae are 
the most abundant (representing 13.6% respectively) followed by fish from the families Bagridae, Channidae, 
Cichlidae, Cyprinidae and Mochokidae respectively (with 9.09%). The remains of the families are less 
representative. 

 
Figure 3. Relative abundance of the families of smoked fish identified 

 
3.2.3 Top-Selling Smoked Fish Species 
Of all the smoked fish species recorded, Parachanna spp was the most popular (27.6%), followed by Protopterus 
doloï (26.3%), Clarias spp (19.4%), Channalabes apus (19.1%) and Distichodus spp (2.82%). Tilapia spp is sold 
at a proportion of 2.51% and Mormyrops anguilloïdes is sold at up to 2.19% while the other smoked fish species 
are sold at low proportions (figure 4). 

 
Figure 4. Top selling smoked fish species in markets surveyed 

 

9 .0 9 %

1 3 .6 %

4 .5 5 %
9 .0 9 %4 .5 5 %

9 .0 9 %

4 .5 5 %

9 .0 9 %

4 .5 5 %

1 3 .6 %

4 .5 5 %
9 .0 9 %

4 .5 5 %

 P ro to p te rid a e
 C yp r in id a e  
 C ith a rin id a e
 M o rm yrid a e
 D is tic h o d o n tid a e
 C ic h lid a e
 C h a ra c id a e
 C h a n n id a e
 O e s te o g lo s s id a e
 B a g rid a e
 M a la p te r iru d a e
 C la riid a e
 M o c h o k id a e

19.1%

2.19%

19.4%

26.3%

2.51%

27.6%

2.82%
 Distichodus spp 
 Parachanna spp 
 Tilapia spp 
 Protopterus doloi 
 Clarias spp 
 Mormyrops anguilloides 
 Channalabes apus 



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3.3 Potential Consumers of Smoked Fish Sold 
Of all consumers of smoked fish sold in the Liberté and Gambela markets, households are in first place (with 
57.6%), followed by restaurateurs (with 26.4%), exporters (with 10.2%), retail sellers (with 4.38%) and wholesale 
sellers come in last place (with 1.46%) (figure 5). 

 

Figure 5. Potential consumers of the smoked fish sold 
 

3.4 Places of Origin of Smoked Fish Sold 
 
Table 3. Places of origin of smoked fish sold 

Provinces 

Markets 

Absolute frequency % Liberté Gambela

Equateur  53 47 100 32,05 

Mongala 24 29 53 16,98 

Mai-Ndombe 46 32 78 25 

Sud Ubangi 22 25 47 15,06 

Tsopo 13 21 34 10,89 

Total 158 154 312 99,98 
The information on where the smoked fish comes from, as shown in table 3 above, shows that Equateur is the 
province that supplies the Liberté and Gambela markets in large quantities (32.05%) with smoked fish, followed 
by Mai-Ndombe (25%), Mongala (16.98%), Sud Ubangi (15.06%) and Tsopo (10.89%).  
 
3.5 Selling Price of Smoked Fish (FC = Congolese Franc) 
The selling price of smoked fish varies according to the quantity of fish (figure 6). A package of smoked fish 
weighing 500 grams costs 4.000 FC while one weighing 2.000 grams costs up to 17.500 FC. It should be noted 
here that the most expensive smoked fish species sold are Parachanna spp, Protopterus doloï, Clarias spp and 
Distichodus spp (figure 7). (1 USD = 17.000 Congolese Franc). 

1.4%
4.38%

10.2%

26.4%

57.6%

 Households
 Restorers
 Exporters
 Sellers in detail
 Bulk sellers



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Figure 6. Selling price of smoked fish in relation to quantity sold 

 
Figure 7. Top-selling species of smoked fish (Photo Lusasi, 2019) 

 
4. Discussion 
After analysis and processing of the data, the results obtained showed that the activity of selling smoked fish is 
very much practiced by women, who represented 87% of the respondents in both markets more than men. Married 
people were in the majority (58.5%) than other vendors with another marital status. Respondents in the 29-40 age 
group were the most active (44%) in both markets. These observations are consistent with those made by Kabré et 

4000

8500

12500

17500

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

500 g 1000 g 1500 g 2000 g

Pr
ice

 (C
on

go
le

se
 Fr

an
c)

Quantity of smoked fish sold (grams)



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al., (2003); FAO (2013). According to the latter, women account for more than half of the workforce among the 
many people working in important secondary sectors in the fisheries and aquaculture chain, such as fish handling, 
processing and sales. The same finding was also made by Lusasi et al., (2019a) in a study of the proportion of 
sales of local and imported fresh fish in two markets in Kinshasa where the activity of selling fish was seen as the 
exclusive work of women. Most of the respondents had a satisfactory level of education. This is sufficient proof 
that the smoked fish sellers in the markets surveyed in Kinshasa have chosen this activity as their daily job, which 
provides them with the means of survival.    
With regard to the ichthyological composition of smoked fish, the systematic identification of fish showed that the 
smoked fish sold in the two markets are diversified. Six orders, 13 families, 20 genera and 22 species of smoked 
fish were identified. Of all the orders of smoked fish identified, Siluriformes was the most abundant. At the family 
level, those of Distichodontidae and Mormyridae were the most represented with 13.6% respectively. These results 
are similar to those found by Lusasi et al., (2019a); Masua et al., (2020), who pointed out that the fish families 
mentioned above have a considerable contribution to several markets in the country in general and in Kinshasa in 
particular. These observations are also similar to those made by Mananga et al., (2019) in a study on the evaluation 
of marketing and consumption of smoked fish in Congo Brazzaville. According to these authors, the families of 
smoked freshwater fish are in the majority in the markets of Brazzaville than those in marine waters. Kabré et al., 
(2003) conducted a comparative study of the characteristics and profitability of three types of improved 
smokehouses for smoking fish in Burkina Faso and highlighted the relative importance of fish from the families 
Clariidae, Cichlidae, Mochokidae and Mormyridae, Oesteoglossidae among the smoked fish sold in some markets 
in Burkina Faso. 
The best-selling smoked fish (Parachanna spp: 27.6%, Protopterus doloï: 26.3%, Clarias spp: 19.4% and 
Channalabes apus: 19.1%) are also the most preferred of the kinois, whose first three species associated with the 
fish Distichodus spp are sold at a higher price. In terms of consumption, these fish are also among those regularly 
consumed by congolese from Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo (Mananga et al., 2019). This can be explained 
in the sense that the Republic of Congo shares much of its fish wealth with the Democratic Republic of Congo 
through the Congo Basin and, more mainly, the Congo River in the Malebo Pool and some other rivers. The other 
reason is the rapprochement of the population of these two countries, which also share several customs, including 
certain culinary recipes. 
Of all the consumers of smoked fish sold in the Liberté and Gambela markets, households occupy the first position 
(with 57.6%) and are followed by restaurant owners (with 26.4%) and exporters (with 10.2%). This distribution 
confirms the analysis made by FAO (2009b) according to which: "Smoked fish is an important source of animal 
protein accessible to low-income households, especially in developing countries where the price of meat remains 
out of reach of the average consumer". The sale, consumption and imports of smoked fish in D.R. Congo contribute 
to food security, poverty alleviation in vulnerable households and GDP. FAO (2014) argues that fish can be 
produced in one country, processed in a second and consumed in a third.  
The results of this study showed that smoked fish sold in the Liberté and Gambela markets come from the different 
provinces of the country except Kinshasa. The provinces of Equateur, Mai-Ndombe, Mongala and Sud Ubangi are 
the provinces that supply the Kinshasa markets with large quantities of fish. 
5. Conclusion  
The objective of this study was to make an inventory of the different species of smoked fish sold in the Liberté 
and Gambela markets in Kinshasa in order to highlight the diversity of the species sold, their contribution to food 
security and the source of origin of these fish. Interviews with 200 vendors revealed that the smoked fish sold in 
these markets are diversified. The same results showed that the sale of smoked fish in Kinshasa markets plays an 
important role in terms of employment, food security, social and economic benefits.  
Acknowledgements 
The authors would like to thank the authorities of the Liberté de Masina and Gambela markets in Kasa-Vubu and 
the smoked fish vendors at these markets for their time during the field interviews. A big thank you to Mr. Espoir 
KUZANGAMANA for his support during the surveys. 
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as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 79       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

