




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p122 

122                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Response of Chickpea (Cicier Arietinium L.) to Rhizobium Inoculation 
and Blended fertilizer Rates in Laelay Maichew, Central Zone of 

Tigray, Northern Ethiopia 
Kiros Wolday1 & Atsede Teklu1 

1 Crop core process Axum Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia 
Correspondance: Kiros Wolday, Crop core process, Axum Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural 
Research Institute, Ethiopia. Tel: 251-925-425-358. E-mail: kiroswolday@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 15, 2020   Accepted: July 17, 2020   Published: August 11, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Low soil fertility is one of the limiting factor for low productivity of chickpea in Central zone of Tigray, Northern 
Ethiopia. Field experiment was therefore, conducted for two consecutive years (2016-2017) in Laelay Maichew 
(Hatsebo) to evaluate the effects of NPSB fertilizer and rhizobium inoculation on yield and yield components of 
chickpea. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Rhizobium inoculation was 
assigned to the main plots with two levels (with and without rhizobium inoculation) and NPSB fertilizer rates in 
sub plot with seven levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1 NPSB). Data collected were subjected to the 
analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software. A combined analysis of variance showed a significant 
interaction effects of NPSB and rhizobium inoculation on chickpea yield and yield components (P<0.05) across 
the two years. The highest number of pods per plant (76.8) was recorded from 125 kg ha-1 NPSB along with 
rhizobium inoculation and the highest grain yields were obtained from 150 kg ha-1 (3609 kg ha-1) and 125 kg ha-1 

NPSB (3514 kg ha-1) along with rhizobium inoculation. Maximum marginal rate of return (4106.68%) was gained 
when chickpea was inoculated with rhizobium and 125 kg ha-1 NPSB application. From the present results it could 
be concluded that 125 kg ha-1 NPSB along with rhizobium inoculation seeds would be the optimum treatment 
combination for enhancing chickpea yield and better profitability in soils with low level of available plant nutrients 
(NPSB). 
Keywords: Chickpea, marginal rate of return, NPSB, rhizobium inoculation, yield 
1. Introduction 
In Ethiopia pulses are among the various crops produced in all the regions of the country after cereals (CSA, 2018). 
In 2017/18 pulses were cultivated in about 1.6 x 106 ha with annual estimated production of 2,978,588 tons (CSA, 
2018). Among the pulses crops, chickpea is an important annual crop. It is only cultivated species of genus Cicer. 
Chickpea is the world’s third most important food legume next to haricot bean and soybean (Namvar and Sharifi 
2011). Globally it was cultivated on area of 13.65 million ha with production of 13.10 million tons (FAOSTAT, 
2016). It is grown in 35 countries of the world. India, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Mexico, Myanmar, Ethiopia, 
Australia, Spain, Canada and USA are top ten chickpea producing countries. Ethiopia contributed around 3% of 
the global chickpea production. In Africa, Ethiopia is the leading chickpea producer and ranked third in its 
production next to faba bean and haricot bean (FAOSTAT, 2012).  
Chickpea is a relatively cheap source of protein (20–23% in the grain), energy (carbohydrates, 40%), oil (3–6%) 
(Gil etal.,1996) and minerals (Mg, K, P, Fe, Zn, and Mn (Ibrikci et al 2003) and β-carotene (Milan etal., 2006) in 
the developing world. Chickpea contributes significantly to sustainability of cereal-legume cropping systems, 
increasing the yield of cereals through enhancing the soil nitrogen and breaking the disease cycles of important 
cereal pathogens (Pande et al.,2011). However its productivity is low (1630 kg ha-1) in Tigray compared to the 
national average (2053 kg ha-1) in Ethiopia (CSA, 2018) and very much below the potential of the crop.  
Moisture stress (drought) mainly terminal drought, decline in soil fertility, diseases (dry root rot, wilt) insect pests 
(pod borer and cut worm) are the major constraints for low productivity of chickpea. Declining in soil fertility is 
one of the constraints contributing for low chickpea production and productivity. Many of the soils in Ethiopia are 
deficient in N, P, K, S (EthioSIS, 2014). Moreover, soil fertility declining is aggravetaed due to intensive cropping 



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and unbalanced use of fertilizers by the farmers. Therefore, balanced fertilization is needed for optimum growth 
and production of crops including chickpea. 
In the study area, use of fertilizer was focused mainly on the use of nitrogen (urea) and phosphorous (di-ammonium 
phosphate-DAP) for almost all crops. Such unbalanced application of plant nutrients might have aggravated the 
depletion of nutrient elements in soils including the recently identified S and micronutrient (B). Hence, the yield 
gap in pulses in general and chickpea in particular could be fulfilled through combined application of biofertilizers 
(rhizobium inoculants) and blended fertilizers along with improved varieties. There is also a need to consider the 
relative cost and profitability of these technologies with the respect to their adoption by small-holder farmers. This 
study was therefore initiated with to evaluate the sole and comined rhizobium and blended (NPSB) fertilizer 
application on yield and yield components chickpea. It was hypothesized that application of optimum NPSB 
fertilizer rates combined with rhizobium inoculation would improve yield and agronomic traits of chickpea in the 
study area. 
2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Description of The Study Site 
The experiment was conducted at Hatsebo experimental site of Axum Agricultural Research Center. The 
experimental site is located 5 km East from Axum town of Tigray regional state, Northern Ethiopia at 14°6’46”N 
and 38°46’3” E and attitude of 2084 meter above sea level. It has a Vertisols dominated clay soil type. It is situated 
in the northern semi-arid tropical belt of Ethiopia where teff, chickpea, wheat and faba bean are commonly grown. 
Chickpea is an important crop in the area both economically and ecologically. The rainy season is mono modal 
concentrated in one season from July to September and receives from 400 to 800 mm rainfall per annum.  
2.2 Experimental Design, Treatments and Procedures 
The experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2016– 2017) during the rain fed conditions. The 
experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications at Axum Agricultural Research Station 
(Hatsebo site) and sown at mid August. The main factor was rhizobium inoculation with two levels (inoculated 
and uninoculated). The sub-plots factor was blended fertilizer rates with seven treatments (0, 25, 50, and 
75,100,125,150 kg NPSB ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a plot size of 3 m length by 2.4 m width with 
spacings of 0.10 m, 0.30 m, 0.50 m, 1 m and 1.5 m between plants, rows, sub plots, main plots and replications, 
respectively. 
Popular and predominant grown improved chickpea variety (Arerti) was used for the trial. The recommended 
biofertilier level 500 g ha-1 was used for chickpea inoculation. Rhizobium chickpea strain CP-M-41 was obtained 
from Menagesha Biotech industry P.L.C, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is popular strain across the country in 
enhancing chickpea yield and yield components. The inoculants were prepared based on the recommended rate of 
10g kg-1 seeds for inoculation. Before planting, 1.5 kg of Chickpea (Arerti) seeds was prepared for inoculation. 
Seeds were soaked in water for 30 minutes. Then excess water was removed from the seeds by placing in a sack. 
There after sugar was applied as adhesive material to stick the inoculums in to the seeds. Finally the inoculants 
was applied to the seeds and dressed until the seeds showed a black color in a shade to avoid direct sun light so as 
to maintain the viability of the inoculums. 
Blended fertilizer (NPSB) at rates of 0, 25, 50, 75,100,125,150 kg ha-1 were applied at the center of the row and 
covered with soil to avoid contact with the inoculated seeds. At seed sowing, daily laborers were grouped into two 
before planting was started. One group planted the inoculated seed on the other hand the other group planted the 
non inoculated seeds. Finally, plots planted with inoculated seeds were immediately covered with soil to avoid 
direct sun light.  
2.3 Soil Sampling, Preparation and Analysis 
Pre-sowing surface soil samples were collected at 0-30 cm depth diagonally from 20 spots in the experimental 
field using an Auger. Sub samples were composited and processed for soil analysis before sowing. Composite soil 
samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), total N (Kjeldahl method) and available soil P (Olsen method). 
Particle size was determined following the hydrometer method. Cation exchange capacity, EC and soil pH were 
also measured using standard laboratory procedures followed by Shire Soil Research Center.  
2.4 Agronomic Data Collection 
Days to 90% maturity was recorded for all the plots when 90% of the plot was ready for harvesting when the 
foliage color becomes yellowish, lower pods starting shedding pods and seeds harden. At harvesting time, plant 
height and number of pods plant-1 were estimated from randomly tagged six plant samples in each plot. Harvesting 



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was done from the central six rows Threshing was done manually after a week. Grain yield of the six inner 6 rows 
was measured by using sensitive balance and converted kg ha-1. Grain yield of each plot was adjusted to 12% seed 
moisture content. Finally 100 seed data were weighed by counting 100 seeds from each plot by using sensitive 
balance.  
2.5 Statistical Analysis 
All collected data were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SAS computer program, version 
9.1 (SAS, 2002). Error variance of the individual years was tested for homogeneity. Treatment means were 
compared using least significant difference at 5% probability level (Petersen, 1994).  
2.6 Partial Budget Analysis 
Partial budget analysis of the rhizobium and blended (NPSZnB) fertilizer treatments were performed on the basis 
of prevailing market prices (CIMMYT,1988). The partial budget analysis was performed to assess treatment 
combinations that would give acceptable returns at low risk to farmers. All costs and benefits were calculated on 
hectare basis in Ethiopian birr (ETB). Variable costs (fertilizer and Rhizobium, Application and transport costs) 
were considered for partial budget analysis. Mean grain yield of the two years result were used for partial budget 
analysis. The average grain yield was adjusted to 10% downwards to reflect the difference between the 
experimental yield and the yield farmers will expect from the same treatment.  
3. Results and Discussion 
3.1 Experimental Soil Selected Physical and Chemical Properties  
Selected soil physical and chemical properties of the experimental site before planting are indicated in Table 1. 
The soil textural class is clay. The soil pH was neutral and non-saline (EthioSIS, 2014). The soil pH is in optimal 
pH range for most plants. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were low according to the rating of Tekalign et 
al. (1991). Available P was in the marginal level while cation exchange capacity was high according to the rating 
of Landon (1991).  
 
Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of the experimental site soil before planting (0-30cm) 

Soil characters Values 
Clay (%) 66 
Sand (%)  12 
Silt (%)  22 

Textural class                 Clay 
Soil pH 7.2  
OC (%) 0.67 

Total N (%) 0.06 
Available P (mg kg -1) 10.28 
CEC (meq100 g-1 soil) 58.4 

EC (dS m-1) 0.986 
Notes: CEC: cation exchange capacity; EC: electrical conductivity; N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; OC: organic  
 
3.2 Effects on Yield and Yield Components  
The interaction effects are presented and discussed as most of the parameters are significantly affected by the 
combination effects of rhizobium and NPSB application in chickpea (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Analysis of variance 
result showed that significant differences among the majority of yield and yield components of chickpea for the 
interaction effect of NPSB and rhizobium inoculation. 
There was significant (p<0.05) interaction effects of rhizobium inoculation along with NPSB application on 90% 
days to maturity in a separate year and combined over years. A significant and increasing trend was observed in 
90% days to maturity with increasing among the rhizobium NPSB fertilizer levels. The shortest days to maturity 
(108.33) was recorded in the untreated check. On the contrary, the longest days to maturity (113) was observed in 
the maximum fertilizer doses and inoculation across the two years (Table 4). This could be attributed to the high 
nitrogen due to the increased N-in the higher fertilizer rates and able to fix of atmospheric nitrogen due to 
rhizobium inoculation. Abdula (2013) reported that the delay in maturity recorded at the maximum fertilizer dose 
combined with rhizobium inoculation. 



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Table 2. Effect of inoculation and NPSB application on Chickpea Yield and Yield Components in L/maichew 
(Hatsebo), 2016 

              Ino*NPSB (kg ha-1) 90% DTM PH (cm) NPPL GY (kg ha-1) HSW (g) 
0*0 104e 33.8e 52e 1625.7f 25e 
0*25 106bcd 35.93cde 55.2de 1779.8ef 25.5de 
0*50 105.67cde 36.53cde 53.5de 2075.8de 25.13e 
0*75 105de 37.2bcd 65.47b-d 1821.3ef 25.7cde 

0*100 106.67a-d 36.97bcd 73.33a-d 2653.8c 26.87ab 
0*125 106.33bcd 38.27abc 77.6abc 2256.9cd 27.07ab 
0*150 107.33abc 37.87b 75.2abc 2522.1c 26.73abc 
1*0 105de 34.47de 61.37cde 1670.2ef 25.8cde 
1*25 105de 36cde 63.6cde 2284.7cd 25.4e 
1*50 105.33de 37.07cd 69.4b-e 2397.9cd 26.53bcd 
1*75 106.67a-d 37.73bc 75.6abc 3349.8b 26.6bc 

1*100 107.67ab 38.73abc 92.7a 3210.9b 27.27ab 
1*125 107.33abc 39.07ab 85.2ab 3626.7ab 27.37ab 
1*150 108.33a 40.99a 78.6abc 3785.1a 27.67a 

Grand mean 106.17 37.19 69.91 10.01 26.33 
LSD (5%) 1.67 2.93 19.98 419.3 1.04 

CV (%) 0.94 4.7 17.09 10.01 2.96 
Ino indicates for Rhzobium inoculantion; 0= uninoculated, 1= inoculated with rhizobium; DM= days to maturity; 
PH= plant height; NPPL= number of pods per plant; GY=grain yield; HSW=hundred seed weight. Means followed 
by the same letter(s) with in a column are not significantly different at P = 0.05 
 
With regard to the plant height the analysis of variance test showed a significant statistical difference (P<0.05) 
among the interaction effect of rhizobium inoculation and NPSB application in the single year as well as over 
years. The highest plant height (40.40 cm) was obtained from the interaction effect of rhizobium inoculation and 
NPSB application over the two years (Table 4) and the shortest plant height (32 cm) was recorded from the 
untreated check. This could be attributed to the high nitrogen source obtained from the fixed N- due to inoculation 
rhizobium inoculants as well as maximum vegetative growth of the plants under higher N availability from the 
higher NPSB levels.  
Number of pods per plant significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by combine effect of rhizobium inoculation and 
NPSB levels in the separate years as well as across the two years (Tables 2,3 and 4). Significantly highest number 
of pods per plant was counted from the combine effect of rhizobium inoculation and 125 kg NPSB ha-1 (65.13) 
compared to the control (37.67) over the two years (Table 4). This result revealed that the combined application 
rhizobium and NPSB could be the optimum levels to obtain the higher number of pods per plant.  
 
Table 3. Chickpea Yield and Yield Components as influenced by inoculation and NPSB application in Laelay 
maichew (Hatsebo), 2017 

Ino*NPSB (kg  ha-1) DTM PH (cm) NPPL GY (kg ha-1) HSW (g) 
0*0 112.67a 32e 37.67d 1357.3f 24.97b 

0*25 113.33a 33.4de 44.27cd 1483.2ef 25.4ab 
0*50 114ab 34.33cde 45.9bcd 1851.7d 25.37ab 
0*75 115ab 34.87cde 47.8bcd 1937.6d 25.5ab 

0*100 114.67abc 34.27cde 46.6bcd 2013.9d 25.7ab 
0*125 113.67bc 37.2abc 55.33abc 2029d 25.3ab 
0*150 115bcd 36.8abc 53.33abc 2711.7c 25.17b 

1*0 114bcd 34.47cde 46.2bcd 1451.1ef 25.13b 
1*25 114bcd 36bcd 51.93bc 1729.4de 25.47ab 
1*50 115bcd 35.27cd 52.73abc 2980.7bc 25.83ab 
1*75 114cd 36.47bcd 56.3abc 3151.6ab 26.46a 

1*100 115.67bcd 38.4ab 57.9ab 3332.2a 26.03ab 
1*125 116.33bcd 38.6ab 65.13a 3401.9a 25.77ab 



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1*150 117.67bcd 39.8a 57.2abc 3433.1a 25.97ab 
Grand.mean 114.64 35.84 51.31 2347.46 25.57 
LSD (5%) 2.62 3.08 13.19 308.07 1.18 

CV (%) 1.36 5.14 15.37 7.84 2.75 
 
Ino indicates for Rhzobium inoculantion; 0= uninoculated, 1= inoculated with rhizobium; DM= days to maturity; 
PH= plant height; NPPL= number of pods per plant; GY=grain yield; HSW=hundred seed weight. Means followed 
by the same letter(s) with in a column are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 
In relation to grain yield analysis of variance revealed that statistical significant difference (P<0.05) among the 
combined application of rhizobium and NPSB. Application of NPSB and rhizobium inoculants at the same time 
had synergistic effect on the yield of chickpea thus increased the yield. All the treatments gave higher number of 
pods per plant over the control. Application of 125 kg/ha NPSB along with rhizobium inoculation had resulted 
134% yield inncrea than the untreated check (control). Synergetic and positive response of rhizobium inoculation 
and di-amonium phsphate was reported in Birhanu and Pant (2012) in chickpea grain yield at shoa robit area. 
Hundred seed weight (HSW) analysis of variance test showed a significant statistical difference (P≤0.05) among 
the combination of rhizobium inoculation and NPSB application (Table 4). The highest hundred seed weight 
(26.46 g) was recorded with inoculation rhizobium inoculants along with 75 kg NPSB ha-1, followed by rhizobium 
inoculation along with 100 kg NPSB ha-1 which were significantly higher than control. 
 
Table 4. Combined mean value of Chickpea Yield and Yield components as influenced by the application of 
Rhizobium inoculation and NPSB in Laelay maichew (Hatsebo) 2016-2017 

        Ino*NPSB (kg ha-1) 90% DTM PH (cm) NPPL GY (kg ha-1) HSW (g) 
0 *0 108.33 32.9f 43.5f 1501e 24.98e 

0 *25 109.67 34.67ef 49.73ef 1631.5de 25.45cde 
0 *50 109.83 35.43cde 49.70c-f 1903.7cde 25.25de 
0 *75 110 36.03ed 56.63c-f 1956.7cd 25.6bcde 
0 *100 110.67 35.62de 59.97b-e 2191.8bc 26.28abc 
0 *125 110 37.73bc 66.47a-e 2261.3bc 26.18a-d 
0 *150 111.17 37.33bcd 64.27def 2616.9e 25.95a-d 
1 *0 109.5 34.47ef 51.95def 1517.6e 25.47cde 

1 *25 109.5 36cde 57.77c-f 1640.4de 25.43cde 
1 *50 110.17 36.17cde 58.73b-f 1910.7cde 26.18a-d 
1*75 110.33 37.1bcd 65.95a-d 2200.7c 26.53ab 

1*100 111.67 38.57ab 70.18abc 2489.9b 26.65a 
1*125 111.83 38.83ab 76.8a 3514.3a 26.57a 
1 *150 113 40.40a 73.83ab 3609.1a 26.82a 

Grand.mean 110.4 36.53 60.39 2210.39 25.95 
LSD (5%) NS 2.11 15.31 437.94 0.94 

CV (%) 4.4 5.01 22.2 17.21 3.16 
 
Ino indicates for Rhzobium inoculantion; 0= uninoculated, 1= inoculated with rhizobium; DM= days to maturity; 
PH= plant height; NPPL= number of pods per plant; GY=grain yield; HSW=hundred seed weight. Means followed 
by the same letter(s) with in a column are not significantly different at P = 0.05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 5. Net benefit analysis of NPSB application and rhizobium inoculation on chickpea grain yield in Hatsebo 
(2016-2017) 

Ino*NPSB (kg ha-1) Yield 
(kg ha-1) adj yield Gross field 

benefit Total variable cost Net benefit 

0*0 1501 1350.9 29719.8 0 29719.8  
1*0 1517.6 1365.84 30048.48 40 30008.48  
0*25 1631.5 1468.35 32303.7 482.19 31821.5125  
1*25 1640.4 1476.36 32479.92 522.19 31957.7325  
0*50 1903.7 1713.33 37693.26 964.38 36728.885  
0*50 1910.7 1719.63 37831.86 1004.38 36827.485  
0*75 1956.7 1761.03 38742.66 1446.56 37296.0975
1*75 2200.7 1980.63 43573.86 1486.56 42087.2975  

0*100 2191.8 1972.62 43397.64 1928.75 41468.89D 
1*100 2489.9 2240.91 49300.02 1968.75 47331.27  

0*125 2261.3 2035.17 44773.74 2410.94 42362.8025
D 

1*125 3514.3 3162.87 69583.14 2450.94 67132.2025  
0*150 2616.9 2355.21 51814.62 2893.13 48921.495D
1*150 3609.1 3248.19 71460.18 2933.13 68527.055  

0= inoculated; 1= inoculated; D = Dominated (any treatment that has net benefit less than or equal to that of a 
treatment with lower cost that vary is dominated) 
 
Partial budget analysis of combine effects of rhizobium inoculation and NPSB fertilizer applied indicated that 
inoculation with 125 kg NPSB ha-1 was the most economical with maximum marginal rate of return (4106.48%) 
followed by inoculation along with 75 and 100 kg ha-1 NPSB respectively (Table 5 & Table 6). 
 
Table 6. Mariginal rate of analysis of NPSB application and rhizobium inoculation on chickpea grain yield in 
Hatsebo (2016-2017) 

Ino*NPSB (kg ha-1) Adjusted yield Gross field benefit Total variable cost Net benefit MRR%
0 *0 1350.9 29719.8 0 29719.8 _ 
1*0 1365.84 30048.48 40 30008.48 721.7 

0 *25 1468.35 32303.7 482.19 31821.5125 410.01
1 *25 1476.36 32479.92 522.19 31957.7325 340.55
0*50 1713.33 37693.26 964.38 36728.885 1078.99
1*50 1719.63 37831.86 1004.38 36827.485 246.5 
1*75 1980.63 43573.86 1486.56 42087.2975 1090.82

1 *100 2240.91 49300.02 1968.75 47331.27 1087.54
1 *125 3162.87 69583.14 2450.94 67132.2025 4106.48
1 *150 3248.19 71460.18 2933.13 68527.055 289.28

0= inoculated; 1= inoculated; Marginal rate of return = Marginal net benefit x 100/Marginal cost; Current Price of 
chickpea= 22 birr/kg 
 
4. Conclusion  
The interaction effect of NPSB and inoculation for most of the parameters were significant in each year and across 
the two years. The highest grain yield of chickpea was recorded from the inoculated seed planted with the 
application of 125,150 and 100 kg ha-1 blended (NPSB) fertilizers, respectively in decreasing order over the two 



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years at Hatsebo research site in Laelay maichew district. However maximum marginal rate of return were obtained 
from 125, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 NPSB along with rhizobiaum inoculation. Therefore, 125 kg ha-1NPSB along with 
rhizobiaum inoculation would be the optimum treatment combination for enhancing chickpea grain yield and 
profitability in soils having low NPSB availability. 
Conflict of interest 
The authors have not declared any conflict of interest. 
Acknowledgements 
The authors would like to thank Tigrai Agricultural Research Institue for the financial support of the research study 
and great appreciation goes to crop core process colleagues for supporting during implementation of the study. 
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Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 
 
















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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /UKR <FEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002e>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

