




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p129 

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Human Endoparasites Present in the Digestive Tracts of Two Species 
of Cichlidae Fish: Oreochromis Niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tilapia 
Tholloni (Sauvage, 1884) Caught in the Malebo Pool (Congo River), 

D.R. Congo 
Victor Pwema Kiamfu1,2, Jeff Nakweti K.2, Willy Lusasi Swana1,2, Santos Kavumbu Mutanda1,2, Clement 

Munganga Kilingwa1,2, Theo Mondo Mapasi3,4, John Tembeni M.1,2 & Mbomba Bekeli N‘seu1,2 
1 Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 
University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 

2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Democratic Republic of Congo 
3 Laboratory Technology Section, Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Kinshasa (ISTM/KIN), Democratic 
Republic of Congo 
4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of 
Congo 
Correspondence: Willy Lusasi Swana, Laboratory of Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Department of 
Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), P.O Box 190 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic 
of Congo. Tel: 243-813-662-026. E-mail: willy.lusasi@unikin.ac.cd 
 
Received: June 3, 2020   Accepted: July 8, 2020   Online Published: August 11, 2020 
 
Abstract 
Parasitic diseases of fish are very rarely highlighted in comparison with certain parasitic diseases transmitted to 
humans through animals or plants such as echinococcosis, bilharziasis or fasciolosis. The aim of this study is to 
provide knowledge on endoparasites of the human digestive tract that also infest the digestive tracts of two species 
of Cichlidae fish: Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 and Tilapia tholloni Sauvage, 1884 caught in the Congo 
River (Malebo Pool). Microscopic observations were made on 42 specimens of O. niloticus fish and 42 of T. 
tholloni. The results obtained showed that the digestive tracts of fish Oreochromis niloticus host 8 species of 
parasites grouped in 6 genera, 6 families, 4 classes and 2 branches. The species belonging to the phylum 
Nemathelminths branch were more abundant (58.8%) than Plathelminths (41.2%). Species Trichurus trichiura 
(23.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (20.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (14.7%), Schistosoma haematobium and 
Schistosoma intercarlantum (11.8%) were the most frequently observed. On the other hand, microscopic analyses 
of the digestive tract of Tilapia tholloni revealed the presence of five species of parasites belonging to 3 branches, 
4 classes, 4 families and 4 genera. Nemathelminthes (58.3%) and Plathelminthes (25%) are the most represented 
phylum than Amoebians (16.7%). Enterobius vermicularis (33.3%), Trichocephalus trichuris (25%), Schistosoma 
haematobium (20.8%) and Entemoeba hystolica (16.7%) were frequently observed. These results confirm the 
presence of endoparasites in congolese freshwater fish. This information is important in setting up a strategy to 
protect fish and consumers against these pathogens. 
Keywords: Endoparasites, freshwater, Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia tholloni, Congo River, Malebo Pool, 
Kinshasa 
1. Introduction 
Aquatic ecosystems provide many goods and services that are often not fully appreciated (Brummett et al., 2008). 
Water pollution from a variety of natural, domestic, agricultural and industrial causes is the source of many 
diseases related to infectious or toxic factors (Delolme et al., 1992). Generally, fish from these polluted 
environments are infested, their consumption could transmit the parasitosis to humans, from which fecal parasites 
can probably be observed from humans to fish and from fish to humans whose reservoir is the water. According 
to Thillement (2015), more than 100 pathogens are likely to parasitize humans, but only a small number represent 
a public health problem. In water, pathogens are easily transmitted from one fish to another through the skin and 
gills. Fish are sensitive to stress, can be disturbed by poor water quality, poor diet, rough handling or a disturbed 



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environment. This can result in a decrease in immune system activity, which can lead to the sudden onset of disease. 
Fry and juveniles are the most vulnerable; they need to develop their immunity (Edéa et al., 2019).  
There is a multitude of possible diseases (parasitic, bacterial, viral, etc.). Stressed fish can often be identified by 
abnormal behaviour such as decreased appetite, nervous or waddling swimming, upright position at the surface, 
or by clinical symptoms or pathologies such as morphological abnormalities (barbels or damaged fins, large belly, 
blocked mouth, goiters, etc.), eye disorders (protruding eyes, glassy eye, loss of eye, etc.) or by the presence of a 
large number of other diseases. ), gill disorders (degeneration, whiteheads, etc.), internal organ disorders (dark 
spots on the liver, heart, spleen, inflammation of the intestine; etc.), skin disorders (foamy lips, blackish tumours, 
etc.), behavioural disorders (fish piping air on the surface, uncoordinated swimming movements, etc.), undesirable 
hosts (algae, hydrous, chlorinated water, etc.). Nevertheless, these symptoms are not specific, therefore, precise 
laboratory techniques are required to diagnose the disease (Lacroix, 2004).  
In Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, watercourses are considered to be the drain through which all 
waste is evacuated (faeces, urban, industrial and domestic waste). One third of the fresh fish consumed by the 
people living along the Congo River in the Pool Malebo comes from artisanal fisheries. Offering consumers fresh 
fish free of parasites and other types of pollutants is a real challenge, especially since the Congo River is considered 
a dumping ground by the same population. This situation constitutes a real threat to the human health of Kinshasa's 
population (Masua et al., 2020; Munganga et al., 2020).  
Fish consumption is increasingly important on a global scale: it was 9.9 kg per capita per year in 1960 and 20.1 
kg per capita per year in 2014 (FAO, 2016). Despite its economic and dietary importance, this food is a biotope 
that is very favourable to the development of a large number of parasites (Nchoutpouen & Fomena, 2011; Falaise, 
2017). Given that fishing is the main activity of the riparian populations of the Malebo Pool (Congo River), this 
situation is a problem for the maintenance of fish in their ecosystem but also for human health. This study aims to 
identify human endoparasites in the digestive tracts of two species of freshwater fishes of the family Cichlidae 
(Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 and Tilapia tholloni Sauvage, 1884) caught in the Malebo Pool (Congo 
River) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The results of this study will make it possible to warn the population 
about the risks incurred following the consumption of fishery products from polluted environments but also to fill 
the gaps in knowledge of pathogens harmful to human health through the consumption of fish. 
2. Material and Methods 
2.1 Study Environment 
This study took place in the Malebo Pool (Congo River) at the Kinkole fishing station (figure 1). The Malebo Pool, 
formerly known as the Stanley Pool, is the widening of the Congo River located at the border between the 
Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa city province) and the People's Republic of Congo (Brazzaville 
prefecture) (Pwema et al., 2019). It is located between 04° 05' - 04° 20' South and 15° 19' - 15° 33' East, at an 
altitude of 275 m. This part of the river is about 35 km long and 25 km wide. Its average depth is 3 m with a 
maximum of 20 m and a surface area of 500 km2 (Burgis & Symoens, 1987; Muzigwa et al., 1994). The Malebo 
Pool enjoys a hot and humid tropical climate of AW4 type according to the Köppen classification, characterised 
by two types of seasons: the long rainy season (between September and mid-May) and the dry season (between 
mid-May and August). The average temperature varies between 22.5 °C and 25 °C. The hydrography of Pool 
Malebo includes the Congo River and mainly the N'sele and N'djili rivers which are its tributaries (Mbadu, 2001; 
Munganga et al., 2020). 



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Figure 1. Map of the Malebo Pool (Congo River) showing the fishing sites at the Kinkole station 
 
2.2 Methodology 
2.2.1 Fish Data Collection and Laboratory Handling 
The fish specimens Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 and Tilapia tholloni Sauvage, 1884 were caught in the 
Malebo Pool (Congo River) at the Kinkole station (04°18′,26″ S, 15° 30′,33″ E) located in the commune of N'sele. 
Specimens were collected monthly for 6 months between January and June 2017. The catches were obtained by 
artisanal fisheries while using hawks nets of 2 cm mesh size and 5 m in diameter. One hundred and six (106) 
specimens (juveniles and adults) of Cichlidae fish, consisting of 42 individuals Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 
1758 and 64 Tilapia tholloni Sauvage, 1884. These fish were caught during artisanal fishing campaigns using a 
hawksbill net with a mesh size of 2 cm and 5 m in diameter. After fishing, the specimens were kept in 10 kg plastic 
bags and then placed in a glacier to facilitate their transport to the laboratory. The date of sample collection was 
marked on each batch of specimens and kept cold in a freezer. 
The fish caught were identified using identification keys proposed by Boulenger (1911); Poll (1939a & b, 1959); 
Poll & Gosse (1995a et b) available at the Limnology, Hydrobiology and Aquaculture Laboratory of the Biology 
Department of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Kinshasa. The fish were measured (with an electronic 
ichthyometer, Digital Caliper 200 mm-8 mark) according to Lévêque et al., (1990 & 1992) and weighed (with an 
electronic balance, Salter mark) to the nearest millimetre and gram respectively. For size accuracy of the specimens 
of Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia tholloni studied, the size class of the fish was calculated according to Sturge's 
rule (Pwema, 2014). 
2.2.2 Measurement of Environmental Parameters  
Measurements of the environmental variables (temperature (°C), conductivity (μS/cm), turbidity (NTU: 
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) and pH) were carried out at each sampling site with the HANNA pH/ORP/EC/DO 
No. HI 9828 multiparameter Combo pH meter probe. 
 



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2.2.3 Investigation and Identification of Intestinal Endoparasites 
The fish were dissected to isolate the intestines, which were first examined with the naked eye and then with a 
binocular magnifying glass (Olympus brand TOKYO 323693). Each digestive tract thus isolated was placed in a 
pre-numbered glass vial containing 4 drops of physiological water. Fresh smears of fragments of these stomach 
contents were observed with a Euromex photomicroscope at the laboratory of the Mont-Amba hospital center. The 
endoparasites observed were identified using the identification guide for intestinal parasites proposed by WHO 
(1994). This identification was done at the species level.   
2.2.4 Statistical Analysis and Data Processing 
The various data were analysed and encoded on the Excel 2010 spreadsheet. The results obtained after treatment 
were expressed in the form of tables, graphs and figures to facilitate their interpretation. Origin 6.1 software was 
used to generate the graphs. 
3. Results 
3.1 Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water  
 
Table 1. Physico-chemical parameters of the waters of the Congo River at Kinkole 

 Sites  Température (°C) Conductivity (µS/cm) Turbidity (ppm) pH 
I 29,3±0,13 27,9±0,97 13,73±0,1 6,27±0,11 
II 28,9±0,18 27,5±0,83 14,21±0,38 6,62±0,28 
Mean 29,1±0,2 27,7±0,2 13,97±0,24 6,44±0,17 

 
The results of the environmental parameters shown in table 1 above show that the surface water of the Congo 
River in the Malebo Pool has an average temperature of 29.1±0.2 °C and is low in mineral salts (average 
conductivity equal to 27.7±0.2 µS/cm). This water is slightly turbid at the sampling sites and has an average 
turbidity of 13.97±0.24 ppm. The hydrogen potential shows that this water is slightly acidic (pH: 6.44±0.17).   
3.2 Fish Size Classes 
 
Table 2. Different size classes of fish specimens studied 

Species of fish Size classes Size range (mm) Number of fish 
 
 
 
 
 
Oreochromis niloticus 

I [64,3 - 98,3 [ 6 
II [99 – 133 [ 5 
III [134 – 168 [ 6 
IV [169 – 203 [ 10 
V [204 – 238 [ 9 
VI [239 – 273 [ 15 
VII [274 - 308,1 [ 13 
Total 64 

 
 
 
 
Tilapia tholloni 

I [66,4 – 104,4 [ 5 
II [105 – 143 [ 7 
III [144 – 182 [ 4 
IV [183 – 221 [ 9 
V [222 – 260 [ 7 
VI [261 - 298,3 [ 10 
Total 42 

 



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The size classes of the different specimens of Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia tholloni studied were established 
according to Sturge's rule. A total of 64 specimens of O. niloticus fish were grouped into 7 size classes. The sixth 
class (size range: 239mm to 273 mm) is the one with a large number of individuals (i.e. 15 fish) and the second 
class (size range: 99 mm to 133 mm) has fewer specimens (i.e. 5 individuals).  The fish Tilapia tholloni has 42 
specimens grouped in six size classes, of which the sixth class (size between 261 mm and 298.3 mm) has the 
majority of fish (i.e. 10 specimens) and the third class (size range: 144 mm to 182 mm) has fewer fish (i.e. 4 
individuals). 
3.3 Parasites Observed in the Stomach Contents of the Fish Studied 
3.3.1 Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758  

Table 3. Endoparasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Oreochromis niloticus 

Phylum Class Family Genus Species  
 Adenophorea Trichuridae  Trichocephalus Trichocephalus trichiurus 
Némathelminthes Secernetea  Ascarididae Ascaris Ascaris lumbricoides 
    Stronglodidae Strongloides Strongloides stercoralis 
Plathelminthes Cestode Taenidae Taenidae spp Taenidae spp 
 Trématode Schistosomidae Schistosoma Schistosoma mensoni 
    S. intercalantum 
    S. haematobium 
    Tronglomatidae Paragonimus Paragonimus westermani 
2 4 6 6 8 

 
Microscopic observations made on 42 digestive tracts of Oreochromis niloticus fish reveal the presence of 8 
species of endoparasites that have infested these poisons. These parasites are divided into 6 genera, 6 families, 4 
classes and 2 branches. Of the 42 digestive tracts of fish analysed, only 32 are positive and 10 others are not 
infested.  
3.3.1.1 Relative Abundance of Branches of the Identified Endoparasites  
The majority of the Oreochromis niloticus fish analysed are infested by endoparasites of the Nemathelminthes 
phylum (58.8%) than the Plathelminthes phylum (41.2%) (figure 2).   

 

Figure 2. Relative abundance of the orders of parasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Oreochromis 
niloticus 

41.2%

58.8%

 Némathelminthes
 Plathelminthes



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3.3.1.2 Relative Abundance of the Genera of the Identified Pests  
Of all the genera of endoparasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Oreochromis niloticus, those of the genus 
Schistosoma are in the majority (with 37.5%) and those of the genera Ascaris, Strongloides, Taenia spp and 
Pragonimus are in the minority (representing 12.5% respectively) (figure 3). 

 

Figure 3. Relative abundance of the genera of parasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Oreochromis 
niloticus 

 
3.3.1.3 Relative Abundance of Identified Endoparasite Species  
Trichurus trichiura (23.5%) is the most common endoparasite found in the digestive tracts of fish analysed. Ascaris 
lumbricoides (20.6%) came second followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (14.7%), Schistosoma haematobium and 
Schistosoma intercarlantum (with 11.8% respectively). Schistosoma mensoni accounts for 9% while Taenia spp 
was analysed at 5.9% and Paragonimus westermani at 2.9% (figure 4). 

 

Figure 4. Relative abundance of species of parasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Oreochromis niloticus 

12.5%

12.5%

12.5%

37.5%

12.5%
12.5% Trichocephalus

 Ascaris
 Schistosoma
 Strongloides
 Taenidae spp
 Paragonimus

9%

20.4%

11.8%
5.9%

11.8%

14.7%

2.9%
23.5%

 Trichurus trichiura 
 Paragonimus westermani 
 Strongyloides stercoralis 
 Schistosoma haematobium 
 Taenia spp
 Schistosoma intercarlantum 
 Ascaris lumbricoides 
 Schistosoma mensoni



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3.3.2 Tilapia tholloni Sauvage, 1884 
 
Table 4. Parasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Tilapia tholloni 

Phylum Class Family Genus  Species 

Amoebiens  
Lobosea  Amiboidae   Entamoeba Entamoeba histolyca 
Adenophorea Trichuridae  Trichocephalus Trichocephalus trichiurus  

Némathelminthes Secernetea Oxyuridae  Enterobius Enterobius vermicumlaris 

Plathelminthes Trématode Schistosomidae
Schistosoma Schistosoma  

haematobium 
S. intercalantum 

3 4 4 4 5 
 
Microscopic analyses of the stomach contents of Tilapia tholloni fish reveal that their digestive tracts are infested 
with 3 branches, 4 classes, 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species of endoparasites. Of the 42 fish specimens analysed, 
the digestive tracts of 23 were positive and 9 others showed no evidence of endoparasites. 
3.3.2.1 Relative Abundance of Branches of the Identified Parasites  
Figure 5 below shows that the digestive tracts of Tilapia tholloni fish are mostly infested by Nemathelminths 
(58.3%), followed by Plathelminths (25%) and Amoebians are less abundant (16.7%). 

 

Figure 5. Relative abundance of branches of the parasites identified in the stomach contents of fish Tilapia 
tholloni 

 
3.3.2.2 Relative Abundance of the Genera of the Identified Pests 
Endoparasites of the genus Schistosoma infest the majority of the Tilapia tholloni fish analysed (i.e. 40%), 
followed by those of the genera Entamoeba, Trichocephalus and Enterobius (with 20% respectively) (figure 6). 

16.7%

58.3%

25%
 Plathelminthes
 Némathelminthes
 Amoebiens



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Figure 6. Relative abundance of the genera of parasites identified in the stomach contents of fish Tilapia tholloni 
 

3.3.2.3 Relative Abundance of Species of Identified Parasites  
In the digestive tract of Tilapia tholloni fish, Enterobius vermicularis is the most common species (33.3%), 
followed by Trichocephalus trichuris (25%), Schistosoma haematobium (20.8%), Entamoeba hystolica (16.7%) 
and Schistosoma intercalantum (4.2%) (figure 7). 

 
Figure 7. Relative abundance of species of parasites identified in the stomach contents of fish Tilapia tholloni 

 
4. Discussion 
The results obtained on environmental variables of the fishing sites showed that the water of the Congo River has 
an average temperature of 29.1±0.2 °C, with a low amount of dissolved mineral salts. This water is slightly cloudy 
and had a low content of suspended matter. Hydrogen potential analysis showed that this water is slightly acidic. 
These observations meet those made by several authors who have exploited this part of the Congo River (Mbadu, 
2011; Pwema, 2014; Tembeni et al., 2019). Climate has a definite impact on infestation in temperate or tropical 

40%20%

20%

20% Entamoeba
 Trichocephalus
 Enterobius
 Schistosoma

16.7%

20.8%

25%

4.2%

33.3% Enterobius vermicularis 
 Schistosoma intercalantum 
 Trichocephalus trichuris
 Schistosoma haematobium 
 Entamoeba hystolica 



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zones since the intermediate hosts are ectothermal (Van Cam, 2009; Falaise, 2017). However, thermal comfort 
zones are sometimes minimal and depend on the species. Petney et al., (2013) state that the rate of infestation of 
fish by metacercariae of Opisthorchiidae varies from year to year depending on the season, age and species of the 
fish, geographical area, aquatic habitat and climatic factors (intensity of rainfall). Results of research conducted 
by Madsen et al., (2015) in Vietnam showed that the peak of transmission of endoparasites to fish was during the 
summer (May to November), particularly during the period of heavy rainfall. The prevalence and intensity of 
infection then decreases in winter (December-January) due to lower water levels and colder temperatures. Snails 
are infected but the release of cercariae into the water is slowed down. Thailand is a tropical country, the peak of 
faecal contamination in aquatic environments and the peak of contamination of snails by Opisthorchis viverrini 
occurs at the time of flooding. The peak of human transmission occurs just after the monsoon (October to February), 
when intermediate host fish are abundant and heavily parasitized. In countries with a marked cold season, peak 
transmission occurs during the warmer months. Indeed, the accommodation of cercariae in snails is dependent on 
water temperature (Falaise, 2017). In China, a study has shown that the risk of human infestation by Clonorchis 
sinensis would be greater in case of high temperatures and rainfall, but too high ambient humidity would reduce 
this risk (Li et al., 2014). Thus, the different values of physico-chemical parameters recorded in the Congo River 
favour the maintenance of endoparasites in this aquatic ecosystem. 
Microscopic observations of the digestive tracts of fish specimens Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia tholloni 
revealed the presence of several species of intestinal endoparasites capable of infesting humans. The digestive 
tracts of fish O. niloticus were infested with eight species of endoparasites in six genera, six families, four classes 
and two phyla (Nemathelminths and Plathelminths). In terms of frequency of occurrence of endoparasitic species, 
Trichurus trichiura (23.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (20.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (14.7%), Schistosoma 
haematobium and Schistosoma intercarlantum (11.8%) were the most common. On the other hand, microscopic 
analyses carried out on the digestive tracts of Tilapia tholloni specimens revealed the presence of 3 branches 
(Nemathelminthes, Plathelminthes and Amoebians), 4 classes, 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species of endoparasites 
that had infested the digestive tracts of these fish. It was found that, Enterobius vermicularis (with 33.3%), 
Trichocephalus trichuris (with 25%), Schistosoma haematobium (with 20.8%) and Entamoeba hystolica (with 
16.7%) were frequently observed. These results are close to those obtained by Kulenduka (2015); Mondombi 
(2015) during research on endoparasites of the digestive tracts of certain fish in the Malebo Pool (Congo River).   
Kulenduka (2015) examined the endoparasites of the fish Oreochromis niloticus in the Malebo Pool by reporting 
6 species, 6 genera, 6 families, 5 classes and 3 branches of endoparasites. In addition, Mondombi (2015) analysed 
5 species, 6 genera, 5 families, 3 classes and 2 branches of parasites in the digestive tracts of Brycinus imberi fish 
caught at the Maluku station in the Malebo Pool (Congo River). In contrast to the latter, the high proportion of 
parasite species observed during our analyses can be explained by the poor hygienic conditions at the Kinkole 
fishing station. We noticed that at the fishermen's boat sites where the fish harvesters buy, clean, gut and sell fresh 
fish and other fishery products, some other human activities such as washing, swimming, dumping household 
waste and even human and farm animal excreta are carried out. The massive presence of travellers in this fishing 
site waiting to reach the provinces of Mai-Ndombe, Kwilu, Equateur, Mongala, northern Ubangi and so many 
others by sea is remarkable. While waiting for their departure, the latter contribute to the pollution of the river 
waters by the discharge of all kinds of waste (liquid and solid) and consider the Congo River as a septic tank by 
depositing faecal matter there during their stay and journey. These activities and behaviours cause secondary 
contamination of the Congo River. Durand and Lévêque (1980) consider that most of the anthropic activities 
carried out along the countries' aquatic ecosystems constitute a real threat to aquatic resources, including fish. The 
presence of Trichocephalus trichuris, Entamoeba hystolica and Enterobius vermicularis is linked to faecal matter 
and that of species of the Schistomidae family is due to water contamination by the discharge of various household 
wastes. 
The presence of the different species of endoparasites identified in the digestive tract of fish Oreochromis niloticus 
and Tilapia tholloni is explained by the ingestion of water and food contaminated by different types of the parasites 
in the fish food chain (Edéa et al., 2019). Fish are intermediate hosts for most endoparasites (Nchoutpouen & 
Fomena, 2011; Koné, 2015; Falaise, 2017). Following the development cycle of endoparasites, humans are in the 
majority of cases the final host where these pathogens develop and multiply. In humans, Trichurus trichiura is 
responsible for Trichocephalosis, Ascaris lumbricoides is the basis of Ascariasis and Strongyloides stercoralis is 
responsible for Anguillulose or Strongyloidosis. On the other hand, intestinal amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba 
hystolica, pinworm is caused by Enterobius vermicularis, Trichocephalus trichuris is responsible for 
trichocephalosis and endoparasites of the genus Schistosoma are at the base of bilharziosis. These results confirm 



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the claims made by Gambari (2013); Mondombi (2015) on the prevalence of parasitic diseases in Sub-Saharan 
Africa in general and in the Democratic Republic of Congo in particular (Kulenduka, 2015). 
5. Conclusion  
This study showed that the fish Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 and Tilapia tholloni Sauvage, 1884 caught 
at Kinkole in the Malebo Pool (Congo River) are carriers of endoparasites. These organisms belong to several 
branches, classes, families, genera and species. The accumulation of Trichurus trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, 
Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba hystolica, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichocephalus trichuris and 
Schistosoma sp in fish constitutes a health hazard for consumers since fish, like other fishery products, are capable 
of transmitting microbial and parasitic infections to humans. In order to decrease the parasite load and reduce the 
risk of infestation by humans and aquatic ecosystems, the authorities of the country are called upon to take adequate 
measures to protect fish species. We advise the population of Kinshasa bordering the Congo River in the Malebo 
Pool to clean (eviscerate) immediately and freeze fish at 2°C after fishing to avoid post-mortem migration of larvae 
of endoparasites from the viscera to the muscles. Thorough cooking of fresh fish before consumption remains the 
best solution to avoid probable endoparasite infestation. 
Acknowledgements  
A big thank you to the fishermen of the Malebo Pool including Mr. Héritier LOFONGOLA for his help during the 
fishing campaigns. The authors also thank all the technicians of the laboratory of the Mont-Amba Hospital Center 
for their assistance during the microscopic observations of the digestive tracts of fish. 
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    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

