




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p141 

141                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Dekoko (Pisum 
sativum var.abyssinicum A. Braun) Yield and Yield related traits      

Kiros Wolday1, Araya Alemie2 & Yemane Tsehaye2 
1 Crop Research core process,Axum Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia 
2 Department of Crop and Horticultural Science, Mekelle University, Ethiopia 
Correspondence: Kiros Wolday, Crop Research core process,Axum Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. Tel: 
251-925-425-358. E-mail: kiroswolday@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 7, 2020   Accepted: June 27, 2020   Online Published: August 11, 2020 
 
Abstract 
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels 
on dekoko (Pisum sativum var.abyssinicum A.Braun) yield and yield components as well as to establish the net 
benefit at each fertilizer levels. The Experiment was conducted at Mekelle university Endayesus campus in Tigray, 
Northern Ethiopia in 2013/14. It was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. It comprises 
four nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments combinations. Viz., Control (N0P0), 30 kg N ha-1 and 
30 kg P2O5 ha-1 (N1P1), 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1(N2P2) and 90 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 (N3P3).The 
highest yield (2114.55 kg ha-1), biomass (5312.5 kg ha-1), nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency (4.58 kg kg-¹) 
and maximum marginal rate of return (499%) were obtained when treated with N2P2. From the present results it 
could be concluded that 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 fertilizer rate would be optimum treatment combination 
for enhancing dekoko yield and yield components, NP use efficiency, and economic profitability. Therefore, 
application of 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 is recommended for better productivity and profitability of dekoko 
at low soil fertility levels. 
Keywords: Dekoko, marginal rate of return, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, yield  
1. Introduction 
Grain legumes, play a key role in organic cropping systems (Aslamet al., 2010). They could provide nitrogen (N) 
to the system via N fixation and produce grain rich in protein while improving soil N for the succeeding crop 
(Newton and Yoong, 2015). 
In Ethiopia, dekoko is known for its high market price and for its food preference (Yemane and Skjelva˚g, 2002). 
It is well known for its good taste and high nutritional value. Most often, the dry seeds of dekoko are decorticated 
and split (‘split peas’) before boiling. Sometimes they are boiled without decortications and consumed as soup. In 
Ethiopia the annual consumption per person of field pea including dekoko seeds is estimated at 6-7kg/year 
(Sentayehu,2009). Dekokois importantbecause of its favorable amino acid profile;it can be a suitable 
complementary protein source for a cereal based diet (Yemane and Skjelva˚g, 2002). Moreover, its early 
maturation can make it an important crop in areas where the growing season is too short for other cool season food 
legumes (CSFLs) and yield losses caused by terminal droughts are common.In Areas where crop yields are mainly 
water- limited under dryland production systems in semi arid regions. 
Despite its high nutritional and economic value, dekoko is the most neglected pulse crop in the research area. 
Hence, its productivity is low because of lack of improved varieties, low soil fertility; little or no application of 
fertilizers or fertilizer requirement of the crop is not well known. Dekoko is usually sown without fertilizer and as 
a result its yield under farmer’s condition is often below optimum. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the essential 
nutrients for dekoko growth and to improve its productivity. Nitrogen promotes the vegetative development of the 
crop where as phosphorus plays a vital role in root development, nitrofen fixation, maturity and energy transfer 
processThere is limited information about the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on dekoko yield, NP 
use efficiency and economic profitability. It was hypothesized that supplying optimum amount of N and P2O5 in 
dekoko fields could improve its productivity and profitability.  
  



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 142       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

2. Materials and Methods 
2.1 Description of the Study Area 
The study was carried out at Mekelle University Endayesus campus research site in Tigray region, Northern 
Ethiopia in 2013/14 growing season. The area is located at a geographical location of latitude 13o28’47’’N and 
longitude 39o 29’10’’E and at an altitude of 2225 meter above sea level (m.a.s.l).  

 
Figure 1. Location map of the study area 

 
Climatologically the area is categorized as semi arid. Rainfall distribution of the study area is largely mono-modal 
that spreads from June to first week of September. The long term (1993 -2013) mean annual rainfall for the study 
site is approximately 543 mm. The highest rainfall is received in July and August and the mean annual average 
maximum and minimum temperature of the study area approximately, 26.2oC and 11.5oC respectively.  
The dominant soil type of the experimental site is a Cambisol (Habtegebrial and Singh, 2006). It has sandy clay 
loam (53% sand, 27% silt and 20% clay). The soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, and 
total nitrogen were 6.9, 19.75 cmol kg-1, 2.75mg kg-1 and 0.1% respectively. The percent organic carbon content 
of the soil was 1.15%. the organic carbon of the soil is computed by multiplying the organic carbon content with 
conversion factor of 1.724, and the organic matter of the soil was 1.98%. 
2.2 Treatments, Experimental Design and Procedures 
The experiment consisted of four treatment combinations: Control (N0P0), 30 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 
(N1P1), 60 kg N ha-1and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1(N2P2) and 90 kg N ha-1and90 kg P2O5 ha-1 (N3P3) were laid out in 
randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated four times andeach treatment was randomly assigned to 
each plots. Dekoko Seeds for planting were obtained from farmers living in korem (163km South of Mekelle). The 
plots had an area size of 4 m x 4m with harvestable area of 2m x 2 m and 1m between plots and 1.5 m between 
replications. Inter and intra row spacing was 0.2 m and 0.05 m, respectively. Two seeds where planted per hill. 
After emergence plants where thinned to one seed to maintain normal plant density. Fertilizer Sources for 
phosphorus was DAP (Di-ammonium phosphate) and urea for Nitrogen-ammonium phosphate was applied at 
sowing whereas; urea was applied after 100% crop emergence. 
 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 143       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

2.3 Data Collection 
Data were collected on plant and plot basis. The collected data are listed as follows: 
Days to 50% flowering and maturity were recorded as number of days from planting up to the time when 50% of 
the plants in each plot flowered and matured, respectively. Plant height was recorded from five individual plants 
by measuring the length from the ground to the apex of the plant during maturity stage; pod length was assumed 
as the average pod length of the total pods from five plants; number of pods per plant were recorded from five 
plants randomly taken from the central(harvestable) rows by counting all grain filled pods on each plant; number 
of seeds per pod were recorded from five randomly selected plants by dividing to the total number of pods counted 
from the five randomly selected plants;aboveground biomass weight per plot was taken as the total aboveground 
biological yield from the harvestable plot area(4m2) and weighed after sun drying for a week; grain yield per plot 
was recorded by separating the grains from the straw after threshing; thousand grain weight was estimated by 
counting and weighing 1000 seeds from each harvestable plot area. Finally harvest index was estimated as the 
ratio of grain yield to the total aboveground biological yield. 
2.4 Partial Budget Analysis 
Partial budget analysis was worked out to determine the most economically accepted treatments by estimating the 
varying costs and benefits depending on the prevailing market prices (CIMMYT,1988). The yields harvested from 
the experimental plots were converted in to hectare basis and the market values were calculated by multiplying the 
existing market price with grain yield obtained per hectare.  
Net benefits for each treatment were calculated by subtracting the variable costs from the gross income. And the 
marginal rate of return was calculated by comparing the marginal (extra) cost with the marginal net benefit. 
Because higher net benefit may not be accepted if they are attained at higher costs.  
Gross and net benefits were determined according to CIMMYT (1988). Gross benefit (GB) =Yield * price, Net 
benefit (NB) = Gross Benefit (GB) – varying cost (VC). This analysis helps to undertake the marginal rate of 
return (MRR) analysis which is important for correct evaluation of alternative technologies. Cost that varies 
between treatments (cost of N and P2O5 fertilizer) was used in the calculation of partial budget analysis. 
Marginal analysis was calculated by using the net benefit and variable cost values. Final recommendations to 
farmers were given on the basis of marginal rate of return, which was calculated by the following formula 
(CIMMYT, 1988).   Marginal rate of return (%)  =     *100                (1) 

2.6 Data Analysis 
Plots of the distribution of the residuals, a normal and half-normal plots and a plot of the residuals against the fitted 
values were produced to assess whether the normality assumptions of the data was violated. All the parameters 
measured were statistically analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) function of statistical analysis system 
(SAS Institute, 2002). The least significance difference (LSD at a probability level of 5%) test was used to separate 
the treatment mean value after treatment effect was found significant at P≤ 0.05. Moreover, simple correlation 
analysis was worked out to reveal the magnitudes and directions of relationships between selected yield and yield 
components.  
3. Results and Discussion 
3.1 Effect of N and P2O5 on Dekoko Phenology, Yield and Yield Components 
Analysis of variance on 50% flowering exhibited a significant difference among treatments of N and P2O5 fertilizer 
treatments compared to the control at (P ≤ 0.05) (Table 1).The plants received the highest fertilizer level (N3P3) 
took longer days to 50% flowering (41 days) as compared to the control (40.25 days).Whereas, early flowering 
was observed on the control treatment (40.25 days). As N and P2O5 level increased from 0 to 90 kg N ha-1, the days 
to 50% flowering was delayed. Increasing N fertilizer level promoted greater vegetative development for a longer 
period of time before reproductive phase begins and hence, might have caused delayed in flowering (Achakzai, 
2012). 
Results presented in Table1 revealed that there was a non-significant variation among various levels of added N 
and P2O5fertilizers, as indicated in Table 1, however, the clear and significant variation was between the high level 
of N and P2O5 and the untreated control. Days to maturity followed the same trend as that of the days to flowering; 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 144       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

as the N and P2O5 rate increases maturity tend to delay (Table 1). The increase in N level could increased the 
vegetative growth of the crop as a result crop maturity tend to delayed. 
Days to maturity followed the same trend like the days to flowering by the application of various levels of N and 
P2O5 (Table 1). This might be attributed to the specifically higher levels of nitrogen fertilizer application which 
increases the vegetative growth of crops and hence delayed maturity. Rahim et al. (2008) observed significant 
variation in days to 50% maturity by the application of various levels of nitrogen fertilizers in mung bean. Similarly 
Khanet al. (2008) reported that crop maturity delayed by application of N fertilizer. 
N and P2O5 fertilizer combination level had a significant effect on pod length at P ≤ 0.05. Increasing of N and P2O5 
fertilizer from N0P0 to N3P3 increased pod length in a linear fashion. The linear trend between pod length and 
fertilizer rate observed in this study may further proved that nitrogen is the essential component for growth of the 
crop. The maximum pod length (4.7cm) was recorded in N3P3 followed by N2P2 (4.53cm). However, both 
treatments were statistically alike. Increasing the N and P2O5 rate beyond N2P2 had no significant effect on pod 
length (Table 1). This indicates N2P2 could be the optimum fertilizer level, which should be applied for dekoko.  
 
Table 1. Yield and yield components of dekoko as influenced by the combined application of N and P2O5 fertilizer 
levels 

N + P2O5(Kg ha-1) 
50% 

DTF 
50% DTM PL (cm) NPPP NSPP 

ABYLD (kg ha-

1) 

GY 

(Kg ha1) 
TSW(g) HI (%) 

0(N0P0) 40.25b 65.5b 3.83b 4.20c 3.78b 4037.50b 1565.50b 91.83 b 38.58 

30 + 30(N1P1) 40.75ab 65.75ab 3.87 b 4.85b 4.43b 4550.00b 1736.80b 95.68 b 38.1 

60 + 60(N2P2) 40.75ab 65.5ab 4.53a 5.49a 5.38a 5312.50a 2114.50a 106.76a 39.8 

90 + 90(N3P3) 41.00 a 66.75a 4.7a 5.75a 6.00a 5750.00a 2145.00a 105.85a 39.88 

CV (%) 1.024 1.22 6.5 7.63 8.42 9.6 10.86 3.75 7.19 

LSD(5%) 0.67 1.12 0.45 0.62 0.66 754.05 331.99 5.99 NS 

Where: DTF=days to flowering, DTM= days to maturity, PL= Pod length, NPPP = number of pods per plant, 
NSPP= number of seeds per pod, ABYLD =Aboveground Biomass yield, GY = Grain yield, HI= Harvest index, 
TSW = Thousand seed weight 
**Means with different letters in each group are statistically significant at P ≤ 5% (LSD), NS- not significant. 
 
Application of N and P2O5 significantly affected the number of pods per plant (P≤ 0.05) at all levels except in 
N1P1 when compared with the control (Table 1). The maximum number of Pods per plant was recorded from the 
application of high levels of N3P3 followed by N2P2, whereas, the lowest number of pods per plant attributed to 
the control (Table 1). This increased number of pods per plant with an increase in fertilizer level (apart from the 
fertilizer effect) may also emanate from the increase in number ofbranches. The result agrees with the finding of 
Rajpal (2003) who reported an increase in number of pods per plant with increasing level of phosphorus up to 60 
kg P2O5 ha-1. Ahmed (200) also reported increase in number of pods per plant linearly with increase P2O5 up to 
75 kg ha-1. It could be an increase in the number of branches per plant could increase the number of reproductive 
nodes and then number of pods/plant might be increased. 
The effect of N and P2O5 on the number of seeds per pod was significant (p≤ 0.05) (Table 1). The mean values of 
the treatments except at N1P1 were significantly higher than the control. The highest number of pods were 
recorded from the treatment combination of N3P3 followed N2P2 (Table 1). However, the mean values of the 
latter two treatments were not statistically different to each other. 
There was a significant variation among the treatments of N and P2O5 fertilizer levels for above ground biomass 
compared to the control treatment (Table 1). With increasing the N and P2O5 fertilizer level, the above ground 
biomass appeared to increase linearly. However, the mean values of N2P2 and N3P3 were not statistically different 
from each other and the yield increment beyond (N2P2) was not that significant. 
The low availability of N and P2O5 nutrients in the soil and application of N and P2O5 from the external inputs 
below N1P1, may be inadequate for the optimum growth and development of dekokoas can be noticed from the 
low aboveground biomass in N1P1 (Table 1).The non-significant difference between the higher levels of fertilizer 
combinations could be due to the adequate N and Fertilizer level for dekoko growth and development from the 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 145       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

external input (N2P2). The increase aboveground mass could be the supply of nitrogen with phosphorus and other 
soil minerals which causes for the high vegetative growth of dekoko. This result is in acordance with the report of 
Masresha et al. (2016). The results are also in line with those of Fatima et al. (2013) who reported N and P2O5 
combination showed significantly highest growth and yield contributing character. 
The analysis of variance showed that grain yield was significantly affected by the combined application of the 
different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers levels at (p≤ 0.05). Nitrogen and Phosphorus application at all levels 
except at N1P1 brought significantly higher grain yield than the control (Table 1). It is evident from the result that 
the highest grain yield was recorded from the application of the higher fertilizer level. However, no significant 
variations were observed between N2P2 and N3P3. The lowest grain yield was recorded from the control treatment, 
where no fertilizer was applied. At lower levels, the nutrients were not available to plants in sufficient quantities 
which ultimately resulted in lower yield. The increase in grain yield of dekoko with increasing fertility level was 
mainly due to significant improvement in different growth and yield contributing characters at higher Nitrogen 
and phosphorus level. Application of higher quantity of Nitrogen might have favored rapid growth and 
enlargement of tissues, resulting in higher leaf area index. In addition to this application of phosphorus may 
increase the availability of P to plants leading to higher contents of P in grains. The increase in grain yield with 
increasing N and P2O5 Fertilizer levels may be due to the increase in number of branches/plant number of 
pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and pods/plant. Similar findings have been reported by Bolland et al. (2001) for 
various legumes. 
Nitrogen along with phosphorus fertilizers significantly affected 1000 grain weight (P≤ 0.05) (Table 1). The 
analysis of variance showed that with increasing the combined application of N and P2O5 appeared to increase the 
1000 seed weight up to the application of N2P2 (Table 1). Maximum 1000 grain weight i.e.,106.68g was recorded 
in plots received N2P2 followed by N3P3 (105.85g), although the two treatment means were not significantly 
different from each other. The minimum seed weight was observed in the control treatment (91.83g). However, 
beyond N2P2, the seed weight slightly declined. The most likely reason for having higher seed weight with an 
increase in N and P2O5 rate was attributed to better crop development and better NP uptake. Similar result was 
reported by Arif et al. (2003) and Sadozai et al. (2013). 
None of the treatments had any significant effect on harvest index (HI) (Table 1). But the highest HI was obtained 
at the highest fertilizer levels (N2P2 and N3P3). Nevertheless, the treatment means were not statistically different 
from each other and this could be likely due to simultaneous increase in biomass resulted from an increase in N 
and P2O5 application. In line with current findings, Meseret (2006) and Gifole et al. (2011) have also reported non-
significant response of harvest index to P application on mung bean and haricot bean respectively.  
3.6 Partial Budget Analysis of the Combined Application of N and P2O5 

Increasing the amount of N and P2O5 from N0P0 to N1P1 and N2P2 lead to an increment in net benefits beyond 
which further increment in the amount of N andP2O5 resulted in decline the net benefits. The marginal rate of 
return (MRR) from N0P0 to N1P1 and N2P2 were 170 and 499%respectively. Partial budget analysis on the N 
and P2O5 fertilizer applied indicated that the treatment N2P2 was the most economical with the highest marginal 
rate of return (MRR) followed by the N1P1. On the contrary further increase in N and P2O5 beyond N2P2 was 
dominated due to less benefit than the preceding treatment. Application of N3P3 gave marginal net benefit -800.69 
(Table 2).  
 
Table 2. Effect of N and P2O5 combined application on dekoko grain yield Marginal rate of return 

(N+P2O5) 
kg ha-1 VCIO MVC NB (Et.Birr) MNB (ET.Birr) MRR (%) 

 0(N0P0)         -       - 35225    -         - 
30 + 30(N1P1) 1424.58 1424.58 37650.42 2425.42 170 
60 + 60(N2P2) 2852.78 1428.2 44772.22 7121.8 499 
90 + 90(N3P3 4278.47 1425.69 43971.53D -800.69 - 

D=dominated treatment (due to less benefits than preceding treatments) 
VCIO = Variable cost in increasing order, MVC= Marginal variable cost = Net benefit, MNB=Marginal net benefit, 
MRR = Marginal rate of return, ET=Ethiopia 
 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 146       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

4. Conclusion 
The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus were statistically significant for most of the measured attributes, yield and 
yield components of dekoko (Pisum sativum var.abyssinicum A. Braun). Application of 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg 
P2O5 ha-1 was found to be the suitable treatment combination level among the deferent levels of N and P2O5 
fertilizers, for enhancing dekoko yield and yield components. and also gave maximum marginal rate of return as 
compared to the other N and P2O5 levels of fertilizer, which indicates increasing application of nitrogen and 
phosphorus fertilizer beyond 60kg N ha-1 and 60kg P2O5 ha-1 may not be a sound strategy to achieve maximum 
yield of dekoko. Therefore, based on the present finding, it is recommended that application of60kg N ha-1 and 
60kg P2O5 ha-1 (N2P2) would be the optimum rate for increasing yield and better profitability of dekoko at low 
soil fertility levels. Furthermore, the results will applicable to areas possessing similar agro ecologies and similar 
soil fertility status. Further study should be conducted to analyze the main (separate) effect of N and P2O5 on 
dekoko yield and yield traits.  
Conflict of interest 
The authors have not declared any conflict of interest. 
Acknowledgements 
we sincerely thank Rockfeller foundation for the finacial support of this project 
References   
Achakzai, A. K., Shah, B. H., & Wahid, M. A. (2012). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of mungbean 

[vigna radiata (l.) wilczek] grown in quetta. pak. j. bot., 44(3), 981-987. 
Ahmed, I. (2001). Effect of row spacing and phosphorus level on growth, yield and quality of mung bean, p.94. 
Arif, M., Kakar, K. M., & Kakar, G. M. (2003). Response of sunflower to various levels of nitrogen and 

phosphorous. J. Sci. Tech., Univ. Peshawar, 27, 63-66. 
Aslam, M., Hussain, N., Zubair, M., Hussain, S. B., & Baloch, M. S. (2010). Integration of organic & inorganic 

sources of phosphorus for increased productivity of mungbean (Vignaradiata). Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 47, 111-115. 
Bolland, D. A., Riethmuller, H. M., & Loss, S. P. (2001). Methods of phosphorus application and row spacing on 

grain yield of Faba bean (Viciafaba L.). Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 41, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA00057 
CIMMYT. (1988). From agronomic data to farmer’s recommendation: An Economics Training Manual, CIMMYT, 

Mexico. 
Fatima, K., Hussain, N., Pir, F., & Mehdi, M. (2013). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of 

Lentil (Lens culnaris). Elixir Int. J., 57, 14323-14325. 
Gifole, G., Sheleme, B., & Walelign, W. (2011). The Response of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to 

Phosphorus Application on Ultisols at Areka, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health 
care, 1(3), 38-49. 

Habtegebrial, K., & Singh, B. R. (2006). Effects of timing nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers on yield, nitrogen, and 
sulphur contents of tef (Eragrostistef (Zucc.)Trotter). Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyt, 75, 213–222. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9028-8 

Khan, F. S., Ahmed, Z. I., Ansari, M., & Shah, H. (2008). Response of mungbean genotypes to Rhizobium 
inoculums and varying level of nitrogen fertilizer. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 21(1-4), 33-44. 

Masresha, A. T., & Kibebew, K. (2017). Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, 
Nodulation, Yield and YieldAttributes of Soybean at PaweNorthwestern Ethiopia. World Science News, 67(2), 
201-208.  

Meseret, F. (2006). Effect of population density, inter-row spacing and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and yield 
components of mung bean (Vignaradiata L.) wilczekatAwassa Research Center”, M.Sc. Thesis, University of 
Hawasa, Awassa college of Agriculture, Ethiopia. 

Newton, Z. L., & Yoong, K. S. (2015). Carbon and Nitrogen Release from Legume Crop Residues for Three 
Subsequent Crops. American Journal of Soil Science Society, 79(6), 1650. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj 
2015.05.0198 

Rahim, M. A., Mia, A.A., Mahmud, F., & Afrin, K. S. (2008). Analysis in some mungbean (VignaradiataL. 
Wilczek) accessions on the basis of agronomic traits. American J. Sci. Res., 3(2), 17-221. 



as.ideasspread.org   Agricultural Science Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 

 147       Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Rajpal, N. L. (2003). Effect of phosphorus and bio fertilizers on yield and yield attributes of cluster bean.Annals 
Agric. Res., 24(1), 145-147. 

Sadozai, G. U., Farhad, M., Khan, A., & Khan, E. A. (2013). Effect of Different Phosphorous Levels on Growth, 
Yield and Quality of Spring Planted Sunflower. Pak. J. Nutr., 12(12), 1070-1074. 
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.1070.1074 

SAS. (2002). Statistical analysis system (SAS) Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive. Cary, NC, U.S.A. 
Sentayehu, A. (2009). Assessment of Nutrient Contents of Different Field Pea Genotypes (Pisium sativum L.) in 

Southwest Ethiopia.Department of Plant Sciences, Jima University, Jimma, Ethiopia. 
Toğay, Y., Toğay, N., Doğan.Y., & Çiftçi, V. (2005). Effects of nitrogen level and forms on the yield and yield 

components. 
Yemane, A., & Skjelva˚g, A. O. (2002). The physic-chemical features of Dekoko (Pisumsativum var. abyssinicum) 

seeds. J. Agron and Crop Sci., 189, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00595.x 
 
Appendix  
Weather condition of the study area 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Copyrights 
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 
 
 
 
 
















<<
  /ASCII85EncodePages false
  /AllowTransparency false
  /AutoPositionEPSFiles true
  /AutoRotatePages /None
  /Binding /Left
  /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
  /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
  /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
  /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
  /CompatibilityLevel 1.4
  /CompressObjects /Tags
  /CompressPages true
  /ConvertImagesToIndexed true
  /PassThroughJPEGImages true
  /CreateJobTicket false
  /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
  /DetectBlends true
  /DetectCurves 0.0000
  /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
  /DoThumbnails false
  /EmbedAllFonts true
  /EmbedOpenType false
  /ParseICCProfilesInComments true
  /EmbedJobOptions true
  /DSCReportingLevel 0
  /EmitDSCWarnings false
  /EndPage -1
  /ImageMemory 1048576
  /LockDistillerParams false
  /MaxSubsetPct 100
  /Optimize true
  /OPM 1
  /ParseDSCComments true
  /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
  /PreserveCopyPage true
  /PreserveDICMYKValues true
  /PreserveEPSInfo true
  /PreserveFlatness true
  /PreserveHalftoneInfo false
  /PreserveOPIComments true
  /PreserveOverprintSettings true
  /StartPage 1
  /SubsetFonts true
  /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
  /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
  /UsePrologue false
  /ColorSettingsFile ()
  /AlwaysEmbed [ true
  ]
  /NeverEmbed [ true
  ]
  /AntiAliasColorImages false
  /CropColorImages true
  /ColorImageMinResolution 300
  /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleColorImages true
  /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /ColorImageResolution 300
  /ColorImageDepth -1
  /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
  /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeColorImages true
  /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterColorImages true
  /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /ColorACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /ColorImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasGrayImages false
  /CropGrayImages true
  /GrayImageMinResolution 300
  /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleGrayImages true
  /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /GrayImageResolution 300
  /GrayImageDepth -1
  /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
  /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeGrayImages true
  /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
  /AutoFilterGrayImages true
  /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
  /GrayACSImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /GrayImageDict <<
    /QFactor 0.15
    /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
    /TileWidth 256
    /TileHeight 256
    /Quality 30
  >>
  /AntiAliasMonoImages false
  /CropMonoImages true
  /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
  /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
  /DownsampleMonoImages true
  /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
  /MonoImageResolution 1200
  /MonoImageDepth -1
  /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
  /EncodeMonoImages true
  /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
  /MonoImageDict <<
    /K -1
  >>
  /AllowPSXObjects false
  /CheckCompliance [
    /None
  ]
  /PDFX1aCheck false
  /PDFX3Check false
  /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
  /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
  /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
  /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
    0.00000
  ]
  /PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
  /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
  /PDFXOutputCondition ()
  /PDFXRegistryName ()
  /PDFXTrapped /False

  /CreateJDFFile false
  /Description <<
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
    /BGR <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>
    /CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
    /CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
    /CZE <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>
    /DAN <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>
    /DEU <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>
    /ESP <FEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020007000720065002d0065006400690074006f007200690061006c00200064006500200061006c00740061002000630061006c0069006400610064002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002e>
    /ETI <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>
    /FRA <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>
    /GRE <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>
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
    /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke.  Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
    /HUN <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>
    /ITA <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>
    /JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
    /KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
    /LTH <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>
    /LVI <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>
    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
    /NOR <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>
    /POL <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>
    /PTB <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>
    /RUM <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>
    /RUS <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>
    /SKY <FEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002e>
    /SLV <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>
    /SUO <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>
    /SVE <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>
    /TUR <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>
    /UKR <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>
    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

