




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p169 

169                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Farmer Preference of Cassava Cultivars in Eastern Uganda: A Choice 
Beyond Disease Resistance 

Faizo Kasule1, Peter Wasswa1, Settumba Brasio Mukasa1, Anthony Okiror1, Selma Ndapewa Nghituwamhata1, 
Evalyne Chepkoech Rono1, Clever Mukuze1 & Agnes Wakesho Mwang’ombe2 

1 College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere 
University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda 
2 Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, 
Kenya 
Correspondence: Faizo Kasule, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural 
Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 256-702-018-571. E-mail: kfay337@gmail.com 
 
Received: August 20, 2020   Accepted: September 1, 2020   Published: December 2, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The cassava breeding program in Uganda has released many improved cultivars resistant/tolerant to cassava brown 
streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD). However, many farmers have continued to use cultivars 
that are susceptible to these major viral diseases but with diverse attributes. There is a need to understand farmers’ 
cassava cultivar attribute preferences and CBSD, CMD prevalence on the preferred cultivars. A total of 150 cassava 
farmer fields (74 in Bukedea district and 76 in Kumi district) located in eastern Uganda were evaluated for farmers’ 
cultivars and attribute preferences, as well as prevalence of CBSD and CMD on the farmer selected cultivars. The 
eastern region was of interest in the study, due to it-being the major cassava producing area in the country. In 
addition, 30 cassava plants of different genotypes were chosen randomly along transects of each field and assessed 
for CBSD/CMD incidence and severity on preferred cultivars. Results showed that more than 64% of the farmers 
in eastern Uganda preferred NASE 03 due to its sweet taste and high yields, followed by NASE 14 (21%) because 
of its high yields. There was a significant (P≤0.001) correlation between cassava cultivars preferred and CBSD 
severity (r = -0.56), CBSD incidence (r = -0.53), CMD severity (r = -0.51) and CMD incidence (r = -0.39). In 
corroboration, the most preferred cultivar, NASE 03 was found most susceptible to CBSD and CMD in both 
Bukedea and Kumi districts with CBSD incidence of 62.2% and 52.7% and CMD incidence of 56.9% and 34.3% 
respectively. The results showed that CBSD and CMD are prevalent on farmer preferred cassava cultivars, and 
that farmer cultivar preference depends not only on disease resistance but also other attributes. 
Keywords: Cassava brown streak disease, cassava mosaic disease, preferred cassava cultivars, cassava attributes 
1. Introduction  
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple food crop cultivated in many parts of Africa by more 
than 800 million people. In Uganda cassava is grown in all parts of the country, with eastern region being the 
major producer (FAOSTAT, 2017; UBOS, 2017). However, cassava production in Uganda is greatly constrained 
by a number of biotic factors. Of these, cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) caused by cassava brown streak 
viruses (CBSVs) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by different species of cassava mosaic geminiviruses 
(CMGs) are the major viral diseases leading to severe yield losses of up to 100% (Legg et al., 2011; Legg et al., 
2014). 
The CBSVs and CMGs are transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and can also be spread through 
cuttings, which is exacerbated by the virtue that cassava is vegetatively propagated (Maruthi et al., 2005; Legg et 
al., 2015). The vegetative nature of cassava has made management of viral diseases difficult, as often cassava 
planting materials and the cyclic-propagation of field sourced planting materials in cassava leads to continued 
virus presence and build up in the environment (Maruthi et al., 2005; Legg et al., 2014).  
Prevention of CBSD and CMD through breeding for resistance is the most sustainable strategy especially for the 
resource poor farmers. Many cassava cultivars have been released and adopted by farmers throughout Uganda, 
especially in the eastern region which is a major cassava producing area. Despite the efforts for CBSD and CMD 
prevention, these viral diseases are still prevalent in all agro-ecological zones in Uganda and most cassava fields 
usually have both diseases occurring on the same cassava plants at the same time and causing significant yield 



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losses (Kawuki et al., 2017). Besides, resistant varieties are not the most preferred by farmers as they are deficient 
in some farmer preferred attributes; farmers in Uganda growing cassava prefer a diversifying approach to a 
directional selection of cassava varieties, keeping some low yielding and disease susceptible varieties but with 
sweet taste as it is beyond disease resistance when selecting cassava varieties for planting (Kawuki et al., 2017; 
Nakabonge et al., 2017).  
Although the cassava breeding program in Uganda has developed and released the improved varieties with 
differential levels of viral disease resistance, these may not be attractive to local farmers unless they possess some 
specific attributes that farmers consider important. Some farmers in the country are still growing local cassava 
varieties despite the distribution of disease-tolerant and high yielding improved varieties. The duration of cassava 
cultivation in Uganda has evolved over time and undergone both environmental and human selection on farmers’ 
fields. Ugandan farmers commonly grow NASE 1, TME 14, NASE 03, NASE 14, NASE 14, NASE 18, NASE 
19, NAROCASS 1, NAROCASS 2 among others as improved varieties (Kawuki et al., 2017). Many local cassava 
varieties are also preferred by farmers in Uganda; Gbasumenge, Abiria, Mingoro varieties (Northwest), 
Kwatamumpale and Bukalasa varieties (Central), Magana and Ofumbachai varieties (Eastern), Nyaraboke and 
Timtim varieties (western Uganda) (Kawuki et al., 2017; Nakabonge et al., 2017). Cassava farmers in Uganda use 
clean planting material of their preferred but susceptible cultivars when establishing new fields, which are obtained 
from seed multiplication blocks that are 250m away from other cassava fields (Kasule et al., 2020). It is also clear 
that farmers have preferences that influence the decisions taken to retain or abandon particular varieties 
(Nakabonge et al., 2017). The performance of many of these released cassava cultivars also deteriorates as viruses 
build up in the field sourced planting materials (Kawuki et al., 2016; McQuaid et al., 2016).  
In order to design appropriate control measures for CBSD and CMD, prevalence of these diseases needs to be 
reassessed, especially on farmer preferred cultivars. Furthermore, periodic surveys help in providing information 
for establishing current CBSD and CMD prevalence, farmer preference attributes, deterioration in virus resistance 
and modelling disease behavior over time in farmer preferred cassava cultivars. Therefore, this study explores 
farmers’ preference attributes for the different cassava cultivars and also determines CBSD and CMD prevalence 
on farmer preferred cassava cultivars in eastern Uganda. 
2. Materials and methods 
2.1 Study Area 
The study was conducted in Bukedea and Kumi districts of eastern Uganda – being the major cassava producing 
area, in 2018 to determine farmers’ preference attributes for the different cassava cultivars and CBSD and CMD 
prevalence on farmer preferred cassava cultivars. Bukedea is located between latitudes 1°20′30.60″N and 
longitudes 34°02′24″E and Kumi is located between latitudes 1°27′38″N and longitudes 33°56′10″E. 
2.2 Sampling Frame 
The two districts were purposely selected because they are dominantly cassava growing areas in the region. A 
survey was conducted in the two districts targeting farmers growing cassava, therefore purposive simple random 
sampling was used. Each cassava farm evaluated was spaced at least 1 km from each other (Sseruwagi et al., 2004). 
A total of 150 cassava farmers were evaluated (74 in Bukedea district and 76 in Kumi district). Cassava fields 
between the ages of six months to two years were selected. Cassava fields in the sub-county (territorial division 
within a district) were used as the sampling frame. Overall, five sub-counties were sampled in Bukedea district 
(Malera, Kabarwa, Kidongole, Koena and Kocheka), where, the number of cassava fields sampled per sub-county 
were 20, 14, 17, 17, 6 respectively. In Kumi district, four sub-counties (Ongino, Kumi, Kanyum and Ngero) were 
surveyed and cassava fields sampled per sub-county were 20, 15, 21 and 20 respectively.  
2.3 Data Collection  
Data were collected through observations and interviews with cassava farmers using a structured questionnaire to 
record variables which included; farmer attributes for cassava cultivar preference, preferred cultivars, CBSD/CMD 
incidence and severity. Within each cassava field, 30 cassava plants of different genotypes were chosen randomly 
along transects of a field and assessed for farmer preference, CBSD/CMD incidence and severity. Each cassava 
plant was an observational unit and farmer preferred cultivars were noted. For CBSD severity, the assessment was 
done using foliar and stem symptoms, and was based on a scale of 1 – 5 (Gondwe et al., 2003). Where 1 = no 
apparent symptoms; 2 = slight foliar feathery chlorosis and no stem lesions; 3 = pronounced foliar feathery 
chlorosis, mild stem lesions, and no dieback; 4 = severe foliar feathery chlorosis, severe stem lesions, and no 
dieback; and 5 = defoliation, severe stem lesions, and dieback.  



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CMD severity was assessed using a 1 -5 severity scale (IITA, 1990). Where 1 = no symptoms observed (shoot 
healthy); 2 = mild chlorotic pattern on most leaves, mild distortions at the bases of most leaves, with the remaining 
parts of the leaves and leaflets appearing green and healthy; 3 = a pronounced mosaic pattern on most leaves, with 
narrowing and distortion of the lower one-third of most leaves; 4 = severe mosaic distortion of two-thirds of most 
leaves, with general reduction in leaf size and some stunting of shoots; and 5 = very severe mosaic symptoms on 
all leaves, with distortion, twisting, and severe reduction in leaf size in most leaves, accompanied by severe 
stunting of plants. The CBSD and CMD incidence data were obtained from the number of plants showing foliar 
disease symptoms, expressed as a percentage of the total number of plants assessed for each district. 
2.4 Data Processing and Analyses  
The collected data on the CBSD and CMD severity, and farmer preferred cassava cultivars were subjected to 
analysis of variance using GenStat 14th edition. Averages for preferred cassava cultivars were used to generate 
graphs using Microsoft excel (Microsoft corporation 2016) software. Comparisons of means were made using 
Fisher's protected least significant difference (LSD) at P≤ 0.05. Correlation analysis using GenStat 14th edition 
was also done to establish the relationship between farmer cultivar preference with CBSD and CMD prevalence, 
to assess virus presence on farmer preferred cultivars. 
3. Results 
3.1 Cassava Farmer Preference Attributes used in Selecting Preferred Cultivars in Bukedea and Kumi Districts 
of Eastern Uganda 
From the survey, the farmers from eastern Uganda in both Bukedea and Kumi districts mostly preferred NASE 03, 
with percentage rating of 70.3% and 64.6% respectively followed by NASE 14 with 17.5% and 25% respectively 
(Figure 1). NAROCASS 1 was the least preferred in Bukedea with 2.7% while NASE 19 was the least preferred 
in Kumi with 2.6% (Figure 1). 
 

 
Figure 1. Cassava cultivars preferred by farmers in Bukedea (blue)and Kumi (orange) districts of eastern 

Uganda. NASE 03 was the most preferred followed by NASE 14 while NASE 19 and NAROCASS 1 were the 
least preferred 

 
It was clear that farmers in Bukedea and Kumi districts preferred improved cassava cultivars basing mostly on 
attributes of sweet taste, good disease tolerance, good storability in the ground, high yields, early maturity among 
others (Table 1). The percentage for the different attributes farmers in eastern Uganda put into consideration when 
selecting cassava cultivars are shown in table 1. NASE 03 was mostly preferred because of sweet taste and high 
yielding attribute while NASE 14 was preferred because of high yielding and good disease resistance attributes 
(Table 1). 
 
 



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Table 1. Attributes preferred by farmers for the different cassava cultivars in eastern Uganda 
Attribute Farmer preferred cassava cultivars in eastern Uganda            
 NASE 03 NASE 14 TME 14 NASE 19 NAROCASS 1
High yielding 16.67 31.25 0 42.86 20 
Very good storability in the ground 12.5 3.13 60 0 0 
Good cooking quality 9.38 0 0 0 0 
Sweet taste 26.04 12.5 0 0 0 
Very early maturing 5.2 9.38 40 0 0 
Increased disease tolerance 9.38 3.13 0 0 0 
Very good disease resistance 2.08 21.87 0 57.14 80 
Good flour quality 8.33 9.37 0 0 0 
Good Marketability 10.42 9.37 0 0 0 

 
3.2 Incidence and Severity for CBSD and CMD in Bukedea and Kumi Districts in Eastern Uganda 
CBSD and CMD were prevalent in all sub-counties in both Bukedea and Kumi districts (Table 2). The presence 
of CBSD and CMD were observed in the local cultivars/landraces and the improved cultivars.  In both districts, 
dual infection with CBSD and CMD was observed. Mean CBSD severity was higher than that of CMD in both 
Bukedea and Kumi districts (Table 2). CBSD was severer in Bukedea than in Kumi with a mean severity of 3.2 
compared to 3.0 respectively. CMD was also more severe in Bukedea with average severity score of 2.8 than in 
Kumi with average severity score of 2.5 (Table 2). Similarly, there was a high incidence of both CBSD and CMD 
in all sub-counties in both Bukedea and Kumi districts (Table 2). There was higher incidence of both CBSD and 
CMD in Bukedea than in Kumi district. The CBSD incidence was 53% and 48.1% in Bukedea and Kumi 
respectively while the average CMD incidence was 43.9% and 29.8% in Bukedea and Kumi respectively (Table 
2). 
 
Table 2. Cassava brown streak disease and cassava mosaic disease foliar severity and incidence (%) for the 
different sub counties surveyed in Bukedea and Kumi districts of eastern Uganda 

Bukedea sub counties CBSD  CMD 
 Severity Incidence Severity Incidence 
Malera 2.9 42.8 2.75 36.8 
Kabarwa 2.93 48.6 2.79 48.3 
Kidongole 3.71 58.2 2.94 40.6 
Koena 3.94 75.9 3.47 74.3 
Kocheka 2.67 39.4 2.17 19.5 
Mean 3.2 53  2.8 43.9 
LSD(0.05) 0.73 19.02 0.78 18.19 
CV (%) 23.7 37.7 28.6 41.3 
Kumi sub counties CBSD    CMD 
 Severity Incidence Severity Incidence 
Ongino 3.2 50 2.45 27.3 
Kumi 2.93 50.2 2.47 29.6 
Kanyum 2.76 43 2.62 31.6 
Ngero 3.3 49 2.45 30.7 
Mean 3.0 48.1  2.5 29.8 



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LSD(0.05) 0.55 13.03 0.56 13.85 
CV (%) 28.2 43.3  34.4 73.9 

LSD = the least significant difference at P≤0.05, CV = the coefficient of variation 
 
3.3 CBSD and CMD Prevalence on Preferred Cassava Cultivars in Eastern Uganda 
Overall, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between preferred cassava cultivars for both CBSD and CMD 
severity and incidence in eastern Uganda (Table 3). Both CBSD and CMD were prevalent on farmer preferred 
cassava cultivars in eastern Uganda (Table 3). NASE 03 (the most preferred cultivar in both Bukedea and Kumi 
districts; Figure 1) had the highest CBSD severity score of 3.6 in Bukedea and 3.3 in Kumi, and highest CMD 
severity score of 3.3 in Bukedea and 2.8 in Kumi (Table 3). CBSD and CMD incidence were highest on NASE 03 
in both Bukedea and Kumi with CBSD incidence of 62.2% and 52.7% respectively and CMD incidence of 56.2% 
and 34.3% respectively (Table 3). NAROCASS 1 had the least CBSD and CMD incidence (0%) (Table 3), 
although it was among the least preferred cultivars (Figure 1). 
 
Table 3. Cassava brown streak disease and cassava mosaic disease foliar severity and incidence (%) on preferred 
cassava cultivars in Bukedea and Kumi districts of eastern Uganda 

Cultivar BUKEDEA  KUMI   

 
          CBSD                   CMD                  CBSD                 CMD      

  Severity Incidence   Severity Incidence  Severity Incidence   Severity Incidence

NAROCASS 1 1.0 0  1.0 0 1.0 0  1.0 0 

NASE 19 2.0 15.8  1.0 0 2.0 15  1.0 0 

TME 14 3.0 34.4  2.0 30 2.7 36.7  2.3 27.8 

NASE 14 2.8 47.9  1.0 0 2.5 35.4  1.0 0 

NASE 03 3.6 62.2   3.3 56.9  3.3 52.7   2.8 34.3 

Mean 2.5 32.1  1.7 17.4 2.3 28  1.6 12.4 

LSD (0.05) 1.01 26.61  0.89 28.62 0.86 20.84  0.9 24.78 

CV (%) 21.1 34   23.4 48.3  20.7 32.4   28.6 74.3 

LSD = the least significant difference at P≤ 0.05, CV = the coefficient of variation 
 
NAROCASS 1 was observed to have 0% CMD and CBSD incidence even in situations where some farmers grew 
it in close proximity to very highly CMD and CBSD susceptible cultivars (Figure 2). There was a highly significant 
correlation between cassava cultivars preferred and CBSD severity (r = -0.56***), CBSD incidence (r = -0.53***), 
CMD severity (r = -0.51***) and CMD incidence (r = -0.39***) (Table 4).  



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Figure 2. Unique observation in a farmer field in Bukedea district of eastern Uganda; where healthy 

NAROCASS 1 cultivar depicted as “A” is planted together with cassava brown streak disease and cassava 
mosaic disease infected NASE 03 cultivar as “B”. NAROCASS 1 did not show any disease symptoms neither 

did it succumb to the two diseases, as was confirmed by PCR/RT-PCR 
 

Table 1. Correlation coefficients between cassava brown streak disease/cassava mosaic disease severity, cassava 
brown streak disease/cassava mosaic disease incidence (%) and cassava cultivar preferred for eastern Uganda 

  CBSD severity CBSD incidence CMD incidence CMD severity  Cultivar preferred
CBSD severity 1         
CBSD incidence  0.76*** 1  
CMD incidence  0.43*** 0.58*** 1  
CMD severity 0.45*** 0.52*** 0.75*** 1  
Cultivar preferred -0.56*** -0.53*** -0.39*** -0.51*** 1 
*** = p≤ 0.001 
 
4. Discussion 
This study assessed cassava cultivars on 150 cassava farms from eastern Uganda (Bukedea and Kumi districts), 
which is the major cassava producing area (UBOS, 2017). Results showed that the farmers growing cassava in 
Bukedea and Kumi districts preferred NASE 03 cultivar (released in 1993) followed by NASE 14 (released in 
2011) while NASE 19 (released in 2011) and NAROCASS 1 (released in 2015) were the least preferred. These 
findings are in agreement with observations by Kawuki et al. (2017) who also noted that NASE 03 and NASE 14 
cultivars were the most predominant in eastern Uganda. Preference for NASE 03 and NASE 14 cultivars by 
farmers was determined by a number of attributes that the cultivars possess (Table 1) which include; sweet taste, 
good cooking quality, high yielding, very early maturing, good marketability, good storability in the ground and 
tolerance to diseases among others (Nakabonge et al., 2017). NAROCASS 1 variety was the least preferred and 
yet among the recently released improved cultivars with increased disease tolerance. No doubt suggesting the need 

A 
B 



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for multi trait breeding to introgress attributes like sweet taste, good cooking quality, good marketability among 
others in newly released improved cassava cultivars to result in a trait balance, suiting the end beneficiary of any 
breeding program, which is the farmer. The top four attributes based on percentage preference according to the 
farmers were; sweet taste, high yields, good storability and disease resistance, in that order. The preferred cultivars 
however, showed susceptibility to major cassava viral diseases. This showed high regard for produce quality rather 
than production benefits and indicated that farmers may have limited information on effects of viral diseases on 
cassava, let alone their most preferred attributes.  
Symptoms characteristic of CBSD and CMD were observed on farmers’ cassava cultivars during this study 
indicating the presence of CBSD and CMD in eastern Uganda. The high incidence of both viruses among the 
preferred cultivars (Table3) in both districts indicated that the two diseases were still important in the region. The 
high prevalence of CBSD and CMD could be due to the distribution of the common vector, whitefly. Bukedea and 
Kumi districts are at a low altitude characterized by conditions that favor high multiplication of whiteflies, which 
are the vectors for CBSV and CMV (Jeremiah et al., 2015, Mwila et al., 2018). Other researchers have also 
correlated high CBSD prevalence to high whitefly numbers and evidence suggests that white fly, B. tabaci has 
changed and has become better adapted to cassava grown in environmental conditions prevalent at this altitude 
(Jeremiah et al., 2015; Mwila et al., 2018). Additionally, Alicai et al. (2007) observed that the re-emergence of 
CBSD in Uganda coincided with generally high whitefly populations in areas where CBSD was highly prevalent. 
Furthermore, the periods of spread of CBSD at coastal Tanzania closely coincided with surges in whitefly 
populations (Maruthi et al., 2005). Therefore, whiteflies may be responsible for the high prevalence of CBSD and 
CMD in eastern Uganda.  
However, some researchers have considered transmission by whiteflies to be low (Hillocks et al., 2001). Therefore, 
the other possible reason for the high CBSD and CMD prevalence in eastern Uganda is the high rate of exchange 
of planting materials among farmers without due consideration of the disease status of the planting materials. Since 
cassava is a clonally propagated crop, the exchange of planting material across cassava growing regions contributes 
significantly to virus accumulation and dissemination leading to high disease incidence (Legg et al., 2015; Kawuki 
et al., 2016; Nakabonge et al., 2017). In addition, farmers’ preference for the sweet yet susceptible cultivars 
showed the need for continuous supply of clean planting material of the preferred cultivars while a more permanent 
solution is sought for. This is because cyclic-propagation of farmer field sourced cassava cuttings that are not 
obtained from clean planting material sourced from seed multiplication blocks that are 250m away from other 
cassava fields leads to continuous virus presence and build up in the environment (Maruthi et al., 2005; Kasule et 
al., 2020). 
There was significant negative correlation among cassava cultivars preferred and CBSD/CMD severity and 
incidence. NASE 03 was found to have more prevalence of and most susceptible to CBSD and CMD, yet the 
variety was most preferred by the farmers. Meanwhile NAROCASS 1 was found most resistant to the two diseases 
and yet was among the least preferred by farmers. Our findings indicated that farmers preferred sweet and high 
starch taste qualities which may be linked to pathogen presence and spread culminating in disease incidence and 
severity. The sweet varieties were more susceptible to CBSV and CMV infections than the bitter varieties 
documented by Okpara et al. (2014) and Nakabonge et al. (2017). The findings support those of Nakabonge et al. 
(2017), where preference for cultivars was determined by a number of factors including sweet taste, good cooking 
quality, high yielding, early maturing, high marketability, good storability in the ground and tolerance to diseases 
among others.  
Furthermore, the susceptibility of popular cultivars to major viral diseases showed that farmers lacked accurate 
information on the symptoms, causes, spread and management of the cassava viruses and this could exacerbate 
the virus prevalence in susceptible cultivars (Alicai et al., 2007). This could also explain why disease resistance is 
lower among the top preferred attributes. NAROCASS 1 is a relatively new released cassava cultivar with excellent 
disease resistance and this explains the low disease prevalence observed for this cultivar. The low disease 
prevalence for NAROCASS 1 was also observed by Mukiibi et al. (2019). It is prudent that much attention should 
be given to this cultivar to improve its other attributes and avail it to farmers but also that reassessments on the 
variety are made to show its stability. In addition, both CBSD and CMD incidences were highest in Bukedea than 
Kumi probably because many farmers in Bukedea were growing the CBSD and CMD susceptible cultivar NASE 
03. On the other hand, CBSD prevalence was found to be higher than that of CMD in the districts sampled in 
eastern Uganda. This difference could be because the spread of CBSV and CMV in cassava depends on the cultivar 
and virus or virus strain (Alicai et al. 2007, 2016). Also genotype by environment interactions coupled with 
difference in number of whiteflies led to differential viral disease prevalence in eastern Uganda (Jeremiah et al., 
2015; Mwila et al., 2018). 



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Furthermore, average CBSD and CMD prevalence varied among cassava cultivars and these were consistent with 
those reported in other studies by Kawuki et al. (2017). This was because the farmers’ cassava fields were found 
close to each other increasing the failure to prevent vectors from spreading the viruses. According to Kasule et al. 
(2020) cassava fields located in areas that are hotspots for CBSD and CMD and with a high whitefly infestation 
should be 250m. In cognizant of these challenges farmers face, breeding still remains as a top priority in cultivar 
improvement. The observed variations in CBSD and CMD prevalence among cassava cultivars could be because 
of the remarkable progress in genetic improvement of cassava for disease resistance (Kawuki et al., 2016).  
5. Conclusions 
The study reports that NASE 03 and NASE 14 cassava cultivars were the most predominant in studied districts of 
eastern Uganda. This showed that farmers have adopted improved varieties from breeding programs. However, 
NASE 03 which was found to be the most preferred due to its sweet taste and high yields, was also found to be the 
most susceptible to CBSD and CMD, implying that it is beyond disease resistance when farmers select cassava 
cultivars for planting in eastern Uganda. The more recently released NAROCASS 1 variety was the least preferred 
and yet had the least prevalence of CBSD and CMD. Although this illustrates the remarkable progress in genetic 
improvement of cassava for disease resistance, it is recommended that other farmer preferred attributes be 
incorporated in such improved varieties through multi trait breeding to improve on farmers’ adoption. 
6. Acknowledgement 
The authors are grateful to the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM) 
for funding this research through the cassava Community Action Research Programmes Plus (CARP+). We thank 
the farmers of Kumi and Bukedea districts of eastern Uganda who participated in this study. 
Conflict of Interest 
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 
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Copyrights 
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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

