




































 Agricultural Science; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2690-5396   E-ISSN 2690-4799 

https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p178 

178                             Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Effect of Curcumin (Curcuma longa) and Red Ginger (Zingiber 
officinale) on Hematology Values of Broilers 

Maksudi Maksudi1, Fahmida Manin1, Sri Wigati1, Anie Insulistyawati1, Nurbani Aziz1 & Pudji Rahayu1 

1 Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Jambi University, Indonesia  
Correspondence: Maksudi Maksudi, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Jambi 
University, Indonesia. Tel: 62-822-8407-3448/62-877-2073-7557. E-mail: maksudi.unja@gmail.com 
 
Received: June 2, 2020   Accepted: July 7, 2020   Online Published: December 4, 2020 
 
Abstract 
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplemented curcumin (Curcuma longa) and red ginger 
(Zingiber officinale) on hematological values of broilers. Three hundred twenty one-day-old broilers were 
randomly distributed into 8 treatment groups with 4 replicates (pens) of 10 chicks each. The treatment diets were 
control groups (T01=basal diet and T02=basal diet + bacitracin), and treatment diets supplemented with curcumin 
(C1, C2, and C3), and supplanted with ginger (Z1, Z2 and Z3). Results showed that PVCs and hemoglobin level 
of the chickens fed treatment diets increased significantly (P<0.05) compare to the control diets, and the 
erythrocytes of the chickens fed diet supplemented with ginger increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the 
control in period I (21 days of age) but no significant differences in Period II (34 days of age). Furthermore, 
treatment diets had no effect on erythrocyte indices of MCHC and MCV (P>0.05). However, dietary inclusion of 
the addition of ginger significantly decreased MCH in period I (P<0.05), but no significant differences were 
observed in period II. Furthermore, the treatment diets had significantly lower leucocytes and 
heterophils/lymphocytes ratios (P<0.05) than the control diets, but no significant differences were investigated in 
the percentage of differential leucocytes of eosinophils and basophils. In conclusion, the use of curcumin and 
ginger up to the level of 1.5% indicated the potentcy of improving the general health status of broilers. They have 
been able to improve the hematological values, and reduce the stress level of the chickens. 
Keywords: curcumin, ginger, hematology, erythrocytes, erythrocyte indices, leukocytes, differential leukocytes 
1. Introduction 
Prohibition of the use of synthetic antibiotics as growth promoters in the livestock industry has been imposed in 
Indonesia since 2018, although this ban has not been fully enforced. The Indonesian government's ban on the use 
of synthetic antibiotics is limited to their use in supplementation to animal feed. The synthetic antibiotics can still 
be used for therapeutic purposes with a maximum of 7 days use by prescription and veterinarian supervision 
(Rahmawati, 2018). This policy appears as a reaction to the potential for antibiotic resistance in livestock that was 
stimulated with AGP (antibiotics growth promoter). Some empirical evidences have been found, namely with the 
emergence of resistance of several types of pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic residues in livestock due to 
the use of AGP that is not/less controlled. In comparison with other countries, the European Union in 2001 banned 
the use of several antibiotics as growth promoters in the livestock industry to increase its production, and then 
banned it totally in 2004. Furthermore, in 2010, the ban on the use of most types of synthetic antibiotics expanded 
to Asian countries, such as South Korea and Japan that prohibit the use of most synthetic antibiotics in livestock 
(Smith et al., 2011). Substitutes after a limited ban on the use of AGP are medicinal plants as natural AGP. In 
Indonesia, medicinal plants are traditionally processed into herbs for humans and livestock. Some medicinal plants, 
such as temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa), kencur (Kaempferia galanga), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), meniran 
(Phyllanthus niruri), temu lawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) and many more, 
including curcumin and ginger are often used to make these herbs. These medicinal plants contain active 
compounds as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, and antioxidant or as immunomodulatory. Utilizing medicinal 
plants as livestock herbal medicine is an alternative medicine in livestock, if consumed regularly can improve the 
immune system of both livestock and humans, and do not leave residues (Saefudin et al., 1916). This fact shows 
that traditional medicinal plants can actually be used for health programs in livestock for maximum production 
purposes because of their abundant availabilities and low prices in markets. Ironically, some drugs or supplements 
made from medicinal plant ingredients have been widely available in pharmacies or drug stores, and they are 
usually for humans and rarely for animals.  



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Therefore, the main problem is that although the beneficial effects of ginger and turmeric and others have been 
widely exploited in human nutrition, not much research has been done on their activities in livestock and in their 
use in livestock business. Some studies using medicinal plants in animals have actually been available, including 
research conducted by Godbole et al. (2018). The research found that curcumin at dose 400 mg/kg diet had 
ameliorative effect on altered hemato-biochemical profile in Escherichia coli induced broilers, and a research 
conducted by Liu et al. (2020) found that supplemental 150 mg/kg of curcumin improved immune function in 
lying hens under heat stress condition. However, Ginger powder at the used levels of up to 0.6% in another 
experiment did not yet show potency to be used as a growth promoter in broiler chicks (Hassan et al., 2019). The 
results of this study reinforce previous studies that supplementation of curcumin powder as much as 0.2% at hot 
ambient temperatures has been able to increase erythrocytes, PCV and life weight gain (Kusnadi and Rachmat, 
2010). For this reason, the purpose of this study is to affect the use of curcumin (Curcuma longa) and red ginger 
(Zingiber officinale) in broiler chicken blood by looking at its hematological values. For this reason, the research 
that has been carried out was expected to be one of the basic considerations for more attention to the use of 
medicinal plants, especially ginger and curcumin as a substitute for AGP, especially for preventing diseases, 
instead for therapies. 
2. Materials and Methods 
The trial protocol was approved by the Ethical Clearance Committee, and it was performed following the 
Guidelines of Animal Use of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia. Three hundred 
twenty one-day-old Cobb broilers were randomly distributed into 8 groups of treatments with 4 replicates (pens) 
of 10 chicks each. All chicks were reared on wire flooring pens (1.0 m × 1.0 m) provided a 24-h light program for 
the first week, and the rest of study study, daylight was used and replaced with 12-h lighting at night from 
incandescent bulbs.  
Curcumin (Curcuma longa) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale) used in this study were purchased from traditional 
markets and prepared by being washed, sliced, dried, and grounded into powder using a flour machine. They were 
mixed with the basal diet with appropriate amount of each treatment, namely: T01 = control of the basal diet; T02 
= control of basal diet + 0.5 mg bacitracin/kg diet; C1 = basal diet + 0.75% curcumin; C2 = basal diet + 1.0% 
curcumin; C3 = basal diet + 1.5% curcumin; Z1 = basal diet + 0.75% ginger; Z2 = basal diet + 1.0%; Z3 = basal 
diet + 1.5% ginger. The basal diet was formulated to meet the energy and protein requirements for broiler chicken 
growth, containing 3,200 kcal ME and 23% CP/kg feed for period I (21 days of age), and 3,200 kcal ME and 20% 
CP/kg feed for period II (34 days of age; NRC, 1994). The diets and water were given ad libitum to the chickens 
during the trials in periods I and II. 
Blood samples were obtained from chickens taken randomly from each unit/pen of the experiment through the 
slaughtering procedure that was carried out at the age of 21 days for period I and age 34 days for period II. Blood 
samples are collected using glass tubes that have been added by anti-coagulant EDTA, and then the blood samples 
were stored in a cooler box and transported to a laboratory for hematology examination. Testing of packed cell 
volume (PCV) was carried out by inserting blood samples to be tested into the capillary tube in 4/5 parts while the 
tip of the micro capillary tube was blocked with crest seal. The capillary tube was then centrifuged for ± 5 minutes 
at a speed of 12,000 rpm to form a layer of blood plasma, a gray-white layer (platelets and WBCs) and a red layer 
(RBCs). The value of PCV was determined by measuring the percentage of PCV volume using a micro hematocrit 
reader expressed as a percentage of the volume of the whole blood (Samour, 2015). Testing of blood hemoglobin 
levels was done by adding a solution containing potassium cyanide and potassium ferisianide (Drabkin’s reagent) 
into the blood to be measured. Ferisianida will change the iron from hemoglobin, which has valence two (ferro) to 
valence three (ferri) to form methemoglobin. The intensity of the color of the mixture was measured using a 
spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm, and transmittance reading expressed as Hb g/dL (Samour, 2015). 
The calculation of the total number of red blood cells was used to calculate the average volume of blood cells 
(MCV) and the average hemoglobin of white blood cells (MCH). Calculation of total red blood cells (Erythrocytes) 
was performed using a hemocytometer of Improved Neubauer counting chamber (Samour, 2015). Blood was 
sucked up to 0.5 using an aspirator on an erythrocyte pipette then Rees & Ecker solutions up to number 101 are 
listed on the pipette. The mixture was homogeneous with movement number 8 while covering both ends of the 
pipette with thumb and forefinger. A drop of liquid was put into the Improved Neubauer counting chamber. The 
red blood cell counts were carried out in 5 out of 25 boxes (each of which has 16 small boxes in it), namely in four 
boxes in the corners and one box in the Centre. The total number of red blood cells was N x 10,000/mm3; N = 
number of cells counted in five boxes. The next analysis was the total white blood cell count (WBCs), and to 
determine the differential white blood cell count; eosinophils, heterophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and 
platelets. To calculate the total leukocyte count was done similar to for the calculation for the total red blood cell 



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count, the difference being the micropipette, the solvent, and the position of the box counter in the Improved 
Neubauer hemocytometer. Calculation of the total number of white blood cells was done by counting the number 
of cells contained in four groups of boxes in the corner of the room. The total number of red blood cells was N x 
50/mm3; N = number of cells counted in four groups of boxes in the corner of the room (Samour, 2015). 
Calculations of erythrocyte indices consist of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin 
(MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Mean corpuscular volume is an expression of 
the average volume of individual erythrocytes calculated by the formula: MCV = (PCV x 10)/RBCs = MCV femto 
liters (fl). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin is an expression of the average hemoglobin content of a single erythrocyte 
calculated by the formula: MCH = (Hb x 10)/RBCs = MCH picogram (pg). Mean corpuscle hemoglobin 
concentration is the expression of the volume in erythrocytes occupied by hemoglobin, and it is calculated by the 
formula: MCHC = (Hb x 100)/PCV = MCHC (g/L). After the calculation of total white blood cells (WBCs) used 
Improved Neubauer hemocytometer, the next step was followed by leukocyte differential counts from observations 
of stained blood films made from blood film preparations that were fixed and stained with Giemsa-Wright stain 
(Samour, 2015). 
All tested parameters were analyzed as a completely randomized design by one-way ANOVA using the GLM 
procedure (SAS, 2009), and differences among treatment means were determined using the Duncan’s multiple 
range test.  
3. Results  
The results of some hematological parameters are illustrated in Figure 1, 2, and 3 for the chickens in period I and 
II. Figure 1 shows the value of PCV and total count of red blood cells (RBCs = erythrocytes) in period I (PVC I = 
PCV in period I and Erythrocytes I = erythrocites in period I) and in period II (PVC I = PCV in period II and 
Erythrocytes II = erythrocites in period II). In period I, PVC of the chickens fed diet supplemented with 0.75 % 
curcumin (C1=38.63) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the chickens fed the control diets (T01=34.38% and 
T02=34.75%), but no significant differences of PVC ware observed for the other treatments. In period II, the PCV 
was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the chickens fed diet supplemented with 1.50% curcumin (C3=37.88%) 
compared to the chickens fed the control diet (T01=34.64%), but no significant differences of PVC ware observed 
for other treatments. Furthermore, the RBCs of the chickens fed diet supplemented with 0.75% of ginger (Z1=3.42 
x 106/μL) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the chickens fed the control diet (T01=2.52 x 106/μL). However, 
no significant differences (P>0.05) on RBC counts were observed among the treatments in Period II.  

Figure 1. PCV and RBCs (erythrocytes) in period I and II 
 
The results illustrated in Figure 2 show that no significant differences of Hb concentration were observed in period 
I, with a range of 12.34-10.39 g/dL. However, Hb concentration of C3 (12.10 g/dL) increased significantly (P<0.05) 
in chickens supplanted with 1.0% curcumin compared with the Hb level of T01 control group (T01=10.28 g/dL) 

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

T01 T02 C1 C2 C3 Z1 Z2 Z3

106/µL

PCV I

PCV II

Erythrocytes I

Erythrocytes II

%



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in period II. The results show that the treatments had no effect on MCHC in both period I and II, and the interval 
MCHC in period I was 34.83-28.75 g/dL, and in period II was 32.34-28-31 g/dL. 

Figure 2. Hemoglobin (Hb) and MCHC in period I and II 
 

 
Figure 3. MCH and MCHC in period I and II 

 
Figure 3 shows the parameters of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH). 
In the period II and I, no significant differences on MCVs were observed among treatments (P>0.05), and the 
interval value of MCV in period I was 146.90-109.79 fl, and in period II was 135.01-113.54 fl. In contrast to the 
MCV, dietary inclusion of the addition 1.5% (C3=34.61 pg) and 0.75% (C1=34.16 pg) ginger significantly 
decreased (P<0.05) MCH compared to control group (T01=49.94) in period I, but no significant differences on 
MCH (P>0.05) ware observed in period II.  
 

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

T01 T02 C1 C2 C3 Z1 Z2 Z3

g/dL

Hb I

Hb II

MCHC I

MCHC II

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

T01 T02 C1 C2 C3 Z1 Z2 Z3

fl

MCV I

MCV II

MCH I

MCH II
pg



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The WBC counts and differential leukocyte count in period II are presented in Table 1. Results revealed that the 
chickens fed diet containing 1.5% curcumin (C3=17.82) had significantly lower WBCs compared with control 
group (T01=25.97 x 103/µL). However, no significant differences were investigated in the percentage of eosinophil 
and basophil (P>0.05). The highest percentage of heterophils was observed for C3 (29.90%) and significantly 
increased (P<0.05) compare to control of T02 (27.42%), but the heterophil decreased significantly (P<0.05) in 
chickens of Z3 (24.85%) compare with control of T01 (28.21%). Furthermore, the percentage of lymphocytes of 
broilers was increased (P<0.05) by Z3 treatment (64.26%) compare to T02 control (57.90%), and treatment with 
1.0% of ginger (9.95%) decreased monocyte counts (P<0.05) compared to the T02 control 9.44%). Finally, Results 
revealed that birds fed diet containing 1.5% of ginger had significantly lower heterophils: lymphocytes (H/L) ratio 
compared with T02 control (P<0.05). Although there were differences among the leukocyte differential counts, 
they are still in the interval reference values (Thrall et al., 2012; Table 1). 
 
Table 1. The total WBC count and the total differential leukocyte count of the chickens at the end of period II) 

Treatment 
WBCs 

(x 103/µL) 
Eosinophils

% 
Heterophils

% 
Basophils

% 
Lymphocytes

% 
Monocytes 

% 
Heterophils/
Lymphocytes

T01 25.97 a 3.29 28.21 ab 0.49 62.68 abc 5.32 c 0.45 abc 
T02 23.54 ab 4.02 27.42 bc 1.23 57.90 d 9.44 a 0.47 ab 
C1 18.26 ab 2.85 26.42 bc 0.84 63.00 ab 6.89 bc 0.42 bc 
C2 23.34 ab 3.71 26.24 bc 0.55 62.69 abc 6.81 bc 0.42 bc 
C3 17.82 b 3.01 29.90 a 0.70 58.84 cd 7.55 abc 0.51 a 
Z1 22.46 ab 4.01 26.71 abc 0.74 61.83 abc 6.72 bc 0.43 bc 
Z2 24.07 ab 4.50 26.06 bc 0.51 62.98 ab 5.95 c 0.41 bc 
Z3 21.20 ab 3.89 24.85 c 0.68 64.26 a 6.33 bc 0.39 c 

Reference interval d  0-16 15-50 0-8 29-84 0-7 0.52-0.60 
 a-c Means not sharing the same superscript letter within each column differ at P<0.05. 
d Thrall et al. (2012) 
 
2. Discussion 
The results of this study indicated that supplementations of ginger and curcumin up to a dose of 1.5%/kg of diets 
have improved in several hematological parameters, such as PVC, RBCs, and Hb. The results showed that the 
intervals of PCV were 38.63-33.5% in period I, and 37.88-34.5% in period II. When compared with the interval 
reference value (23-55%) from Campbell and Grant (2010), the packed cell volume of the chickens was in the 
interval reference. Therefore, the diets supplemented with curcumin and ginger of this study may be considered 
useful as a preventive measure against ascites, since the packed cell volume is an indicator for ascites as a natural 
physiological response in birds. Moreover, the interval of the total red blood cell counts in period I and II was 
(2.52-3.38 x 106 µL), with an average RBCs of 2.95 x 106/µL. Thus, the interval of erythrocyte counts was still in 
the reference interval of 2.50-3.50 x 106 µL (Weiss & Wardrop, 2010), and the overall Hb levels were still in the 
normal interval of 7-13 g/dL. Moreover, the interval value of MCHC (31.92-28.31 g/dL) and the interval value of 
MCV (109.79-46.90 fl) were still in the interval references of 35-26 g/dL and 140-90 fl, respectively. However, 
the MCH intervals in period I (49.95-34.16 pg) and in period II (56.83-41.83 pg) were higher compared with MCH 
interval reference (47.00-33.00 pg; 2010). 
The results of the study were in line with several previous studies. Research by administering ginger by oral 
infusion at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in hemoglobin 
and PCV concentrations compared with controls (AL-Moramadhi, 2010). Other studies have also shown that 
administration of ginger in doses of 200 mg/kg of feed provides hematological data that has implications for 
significant increases in PCV and hemoglobin, and the total number of total leukocyte count and percent heterophils 
in doses of 100 mg/kg of feed have also shown an increase. This means that immunologically, there was a 
significant increase in phagocytic activity of heterophils and antibody titers against several types of viral diseases 
at a dose of 100 mg/kg of feed (Saleh et al., 2014). The results of research conducted by Zomrawi et al. (2012) 
have proven that the addition of ginger powder at the level of 0.5% and 1.0% in feed can improve its performance 
and hematology parameters, and chicken can still tolerate the addition of up to 1.5% without affecting the measured 
parameters. However, treatment with the addition of ginger flour at a dose of 2.0% in broiler feed by Zomrawi et 
al. (2012) showed differences in Hb, PCV, total RBCs, percentage of MCHC, and a decrease in MCH compared 



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with the control treatment. The results of previous studies also showed that the 0.5% dose of curcumin addition 
had shown an increase in Hb, total RBCs, and PVC, but on further addition to a dose of 1.0% curcumin there was 
an increase in the number of white blood cells (Al-Noori et al., 2011). Furthermore, the study of Belal et al. (2018) 
showed that chickens receiving 1.5%/kg feed of ginger in powder form in feed showed significant increases in Hb 
(7.33 to 8.66 g/dL) and MCHC (27.67 to 29.45%). However, studies with a dose of 0.6% ginger powder did not 
have the potential to be used as growth promoters in broiler chicks. The results of this study showed that there 
were no significant differences in the hematological values and serum biochemical parameters between the 
treatment groups (Hassan et al., 2019). 
In contrast to the results of previous studies, the results of Amaduruonye et al. (2020) showed that the addition of 
ginger at doses up to 3.0% did not give a difference in effect on all haematological parameters observed, but did 
not have a detrimental effect on these haematological parameters. However, the results of this study indicate that 
supplementation of ginger root flour above 1.5% in the poultry diet can adversely affect the histopathological 
examination of the internal organs of broilers. An experiment using high doses of ginger by Ebegbulem (2018) 
was carried out to determine the effect of feeding ginger levels up to 8.0% on hematology and serum biochemical 
indices in broilers. The results showed that all hematological indices of birds were not significantly affected by 
these treatments. This study concludes that ginger can be added up to 6% in broiler chicken food without reducing 
its physiological status. On the contrary, supplementation of feed with ginger up to 1% has been able to increase 
body weight and hematological parameters as well as the chemical components of chicken blood (Isidahomen, 
2016). 
The values of H/L from blood analysis can be used as an indicator of stress (Al-Daraji and Salih, 2012) and can 
be used as reliable biomarkers that indicate any inflammations stimulated by feed-induced stress (Disetlhe et al., 
2018). The normal interval of H/L ratio according to Thrall et al. (2012) is 0.52-0.6, but H/L value of the research 
done by Al-Daradji and Salih (2012) was in the interval of 0.6-1.2. The high value within the range shows that 
animal are under stress, which if it lasts long means the animal has experienced an acute condition and H/L above 
1.3 the chicken has turned into sick. Therefore, the ratio of H/L can be used as an indicator of the long-term reaction 
of livestock to the environment. However, another study showed that application of the H/L method alone is 
inadequate (Cotter, 2015). Measurement of H/L could be combined with measurement of blood corticoid hormone 
as a form of short-term reaction of livestock to the environment. In this, study the value of the H/L ratio was in the 
interval of 0.39-0.51, including the treatment control, so the chickens were said to be in a non-stress condition. In 
general, hematology indices usually indicate the health status of animals. Although, there was a decrease in the 
count of white blood cells in the treatment with addition of curcumin, compared to the WBC counts based on 
Weiss and Windrop (2010) being in the interval of 12.0-30.0 x 103/µL, the results of this study were still in the 
interval of the references. Moreover, diet supplemented with 1.5% ginger (Z3=0.39) decreased H/L ratio of the 
chickens (P<0.05) compared to the control group (T02=0.47). These results indicated that diets supplemented with 
curcumin and ginger up to 1.5% had potencials in improving the general health status of broilers. 
3. Conclusion and Recommendation 
Conclusion: The use of curcumin and zingiber medicinal plants has been proven to improve hematological 
parameters from the results of this study, and some previous studies showed not only improving on hematological 
value but also on immune system. These improvements are supported by heterophils/lymphocyte ratio data on the 
addition of herbal plants curcumin and zingiber that have decreased significantly. These conditions indicate that 
the addition of medicinal plants of curcumin and ginger in broiler chicken diets can improve the hematological 
values and reduce stress levels of the chicken. 
Recommendation: The Indonesian government should be able to improve policies that have been taken to prohibit 
the total use of synthetic antibiotics. The recommendation aims to be able to encourage the use of medicinal plants 
in farmers as supplemented feed for especially preventing diseases. Furthermore, the use of medicinal plants will 
avoid cases of residue and resistance due to the use of uncontrolled synthetic antibiotics and will produce an 
environmentally friendly livestock system because the plants can utilize abundant natural products and low prices 
because they are easily cultivated. Finally, we urge the government to prohibit strictly the use of synthetic 
antibiotics completely and instead the government should use medicinal plants primarily for preventing disease. 
Acknowledgment 
The authors gratefully acknowledge the supporting fund of Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), Ministry of 
Research and Technology for this research conducted. The helful students and animal keepers of the Fapet farm, 
Jambi University are acknowledged for their assistance in performing the study. 
 



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    /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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    /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing.  Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
  >>
  /Namespace [
    (Adobe)
    (Common)
    (1.0)
  ]
  /OtherNamespaces [
    <<
      /AsReaderSpreads false
      /CropImagesToFrames true
      /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
      /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
      /IncludeGuidesGrids false
      /IncludeNonPrinting false
      /IncludeSlug false
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (InDesign)
        (4.0)
      ]
      /OmitPlacedBitmaps false
      /OmitPlacedEPS false
      /OmitPlacedPDF false
      /SimulateOverprint /Legacy
    >>
    <<
      /AddBleedMarks false
      /AddColorBars false
      /AddCropMarks false
      /AddPageInfo false
      /AddRegMarks false
      /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
      /DestinationProfileName ()
      /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /Downsample16BitImages true
      /FlattenerPreset <<
        /PresetSelector /MediumResolution
      >>
      /FormElements false
      /GenerateStructure false
      /IncludeBookmarks false
      /IncludeHyperlinks false
      /IncludeInteractive false
      /IncludeLayers false
      /IncludeProfiles false
      /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
      /Namespace [
        (Adobe)
        (CreativeSuite)
        (2.0)
      ]
      /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
      /PreserveEditing true
      /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
      /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
      /UseDocumentBleed false
    >>
  ]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
  /HWResolution [2400 2400]
  /PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice

