Microsoft Word - p70-76.docx Agricultural Science; Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 ISSN 2690-5396 E-ISSN 2690-4799 https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v7n1p70 70 Published by IDEAS SPREAD Effects of Two Different Feeds on the Growth of Australian Freshwater Lobster Li Yongbo1, Li Guijuan1 & Lu Minfeng1 1 College of Biological Sciences and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Guizhou Duyun, China Correspondence: Lu Minfeng, College of Biological Sciences and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Guizhou Duyun 558000, China. Received: February 20, 2025 Accepted: March 20, 2025 Online Published: March 25, 2025 This study was supported by the project "Facility-based Cultivation Technology Research of Australian Freshwater Lobster (QNSY (sn)2023010)" from the Modern Industry College, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities. Abstract The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two different feeds on the growth of Australian freshwater lobster. The experimental data clearly showed that the different feeds had significant effects on the growth rate and weight gain of freshwater lobsters. In particular, feeds rich in microorganisms had the most obvious effect on the growth of lobsters and could effectively promote the rapid increase of their weight. the selection of appropriate feed types and formulations is crucial in freshwater lobster culture. This study not only revealed the effects of two different feeds on the growth of Australian freshwater lobster, but also provided a strong theoretical guidance for freshwater lobster culture practice. In order to improve the breeding efficiency and promote the sustainable development of the industry, we can improve freshwater lobster culture continue. Keywords: Australian freshwater lobster, types of feed, growth 1. Introduction Australian freshwater lobster (Cheraxquadricarinatus), a valuable aquatic resource, plays an important role in the high-end aquaculture industry due to its unique cultured potential and market value, showcasing broad prospects for cultivation. Renowned for its special taste and high nutritional value, the freshwater lobster has become a significant export aquatic product favored by international markets [1]. Currently, the Australian freshwater lobster aquaculture industry has gradually developed into an industry with considerable scale and potential. This not only promotes local economic development but also provides numerous opportunities for employment [2]. The breeding of Australian freshwater lobsters is primarily concentrated in inland regions, particularly Western Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria. These regions, as prime aquaculture zones, are endowed with advantaged breeding conditions that provide an optimal environmental foundation for lobster cultivation. Meanwhile, to promote industry development, local governments have formulated a series of supportive policies and regulations to ensure the stable growth of aquaculture. With advancements in breeding technologies and rising market demand, the industry will have a promising future [3]. In China, the introduction of Australian freshwater lobsters dates back to 1992, with Hubei Province pioneering its cultivation through types such as intensive pond breeding and rice paddy breeding. In recent years, the lobster aquaculture industry has rapidly expanded in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong. Building on existing techniques, Northern Guangdong mountainous areas have innovatively explored an eco-friendly aquaculture model of "lotus-lobster co-cultivation," while Zhongshan City has created a "rice paddy-lobster breeding model" based on symbiotic relationships between organisms. This approach not only maintains normal production of Australian freshwater lobsters but also yields high-quality rice [4]. The selection and quality of feed directly affect the growth and breeding efficiency of Australian freshwater lobsters (Cheraxquadricarinatus). Rational utilization of nutrient-rich feed can enhance growth rates, improve immune capacity, reduce mortality, and ultimately improve yield and quality [5]. Prioritizing feed quantity over quality not only leads to resource waste, environmental problem, but also impairs the disease resistance and growth performance of lobsters. Careful selection of feed types and components, regarding nutrient balance and formulation integrity, can significantly enhance growth efficiency and utilization rates [6]. Studies have shown as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 71 Published by IDEAS SPREAD that different types and compositions of feed have varying effects on lobster growth, with some feeds even enhancing stress resistance and improving reproductive success rates. Therefore, feed quality and feeding strategies should be prioritized in Australian freshwater lobster farming. This will be of great importance to improving aquaculture efficiency, reducing production costs, and maintaining the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. By strengthening feed-related scientific research, optimizing feed formulations, and enhancing feed utilization efficiency, we can contribute to the advancement of the Australian freshwater lobster aquaculture industry [7-8]. The continuous development of modern biotechnology and animal nutrition technologies has facilitated the widespread use of microbial feeds in aquaculture. Microbial feeds, as a new eco-friendly feed, can enhance animal propagation and health [9]. However, there is still controversy over which kind of microbial feed has the optimal efficacy for different animal species. Therefore, research findings on the addition of two distinct microbial feeds still need to be further popularized, particularly for aquatic organisms such as Australian freshwater lobsters. Previous studies have demonstrated that microbial feeds can enhance animal growth by improving gut microbial diversity and digestive enzyme activity [10]. However, existing research findings also have certain limitations, such as small sample sizes and significant interference from bioenvironmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more comprehensive and in-depth studies to identify which microbial feed is more beneficial for the growth of Australian freshwater lobsters. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental Site The experiment was conducted in canvas-lined experimental ponds within the greenhouse facility of the College of Modern Agriculture and Industry, School of Biological Sciences and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities. The water quality was pure and pollution-free. 2.1.1 Base Feed The base feed consisted of a formulated feed specifically designed for Australian freshwater lobsters [11], with detailed feed composition provided in Table 1. Table 1. Ingredient composition of Australian freshwater lobster baits Ingredient Content /% Fish meal 14 Wheat flour 20 Wheat bran 4 Rice bran 5 Shrimp meal 11 Soybean meal 19 Peanut meal 10 Continuation of Table 1 Ingredient Content /% Brewer’s yeast 5 Fish oil 2 Soybean oil 1 Soybean lecithin 1 Bentonite 1 Choline chloride 1 Calcium lactate 2 Premix (vitamins/minerals) 3.5 Binder 0.5 Total 100 as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 72 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 2.1.2 Microbial Fermented Feed The primary components of the microbial fermented feed included fermented soybean meal, fermented rapeseed meal, and fermented mixed fish meal. The fermentation strains (laboratory-prepared yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and Bacillus) were used for mixed fermentation. The fermentation method followed Yang Shuhao [12], with specific procedures as follows: Fermentation Procedure: 1) Ingredients (soybean meal, rapeseed meal, mixed fish meal, and wheat bran) were fully blended according to the ratios specified in Table 2. 2) The mixture was homogenized with water at a raw material-to-water ratio of 1:2.5 (w/v). 3) After steaming and cooling, the blended substrate was inoculated with the strains. Fermentation Conditions: • Temperature: 25–30°C • Duration: 72 h • Termination criteria: Distinct sauce flavor and pH < 4.8 • Storage: Fermented material was stored in a cool, light-protected environment for later use. Table 2. Microbial fermented feeds and main ingredient contents ingredient Proportion (%) Soybean meal 45 Rapeseed meal 30 Mixed fish meal 10 Wheat bran 15 2.1.3 Yeast Extract Feed The main ingredient is brewer's yeast. The yeast extract originates from brewing by-products of Jianjiang Liquor Industry Development Co., Ltd. in Duyun City, Guizhou Province. Preparation method: • Prepare yeast mud with an appropriate amount of water to form a thick consistency. • Add hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH to 2.6. • Maintain the mixture in a 60°C water bath for 4-6 hours. • Add NaOH to adjust the pH to 6.4-6.5. • Dry the product for storage and future use. Detailed nutritional parameters of the yeast extract feed are provided in Table 3. Table 3. Main parameters of yeast paste feeds ingredient Proportion (%) Crude Protein ≥40 Crude Fiber ≤5 Crude Ash ≤16 Crude Fat ≥5 as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 73 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 2.2 Experimental Methods 2.2.1 Experimental Setup Twenty-seven shrimp cages were placed in aquaculture ponds with an average water depth of 0.25 m. • The yeast extract feed trial was divided into 4 groups: Groups A, B, C, and D. • The fermented feed trial was divided into 4 groups: Groups E, F, G, and H. • Each experimental group was paired with one control group and further subdivided into three parallel groups. • Data collection continued for 60 days. • The control groups were fed a specialized formula feed for Australian freshwater lobsters, with detailed composition provided in Table 1. 2.2.2 Experimental Design A comparative experimental design was employed. Under consistent environmental conditions: • Control groups be fed with the same amount of basic feed. • Treatments for the two experimental feeds are detailed in Table 4. • The feed ration during the trial was determined as 5% of the weight of the lobster. Table 4. Experimental feed placement Feed Type Group Dietary Composition Yeast Paste Feed Trial A 90%formulated feed + 10% yeast paste Trial B 80% formulated feed + 20% yeast paste Microbial Feed Trial C 70% formulated feed + 30% yeast paste Trial D 60% formulated feed + 40% yeast paste Trial E 90% formulated feed + 10% fermented feed Trial F 80% formulated feed + 20% fermented feed Trial G 70% formulated feed + 30% fermented feed Trial H 60% formulated feed + 40% fermented feed 2.3 Aquaculture Management of Australian Freshwater Lobsters Before the trial: • The ponds and shrimp cages were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. • Experimental Australian freshwater lobsters were temporarily put in aquariums for one week for acclimatization before the formal trial. During the trial: • Environmental water parameters were regularly monitored, with pH maintained at 7.0-8.0 [5] to enhance calcium absorption and facilitate molting. • Uneaten feed was periodically cleaned. • Approximately one-third of the water was replaced weekly. 2.4 Measurement of Experimental Indicators During data collection, Lobsters from each group were captured, individually weighed, and recorded. Growth rate and weight gain rate of each experimental group were calculated relative to the control group. Growth parameter measurement: Lobsters were fasted for 24 hours after the feeding trial to minimize the impact of gastrointestinal contents on measurements, ensuring accurate and reliable growth data. Data collection: • The number of surviving lobsters per group was recorded. as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 74 Published by IDEAS SPREAD • Three lobsters per group were selected for measurement of total length and body weight. Measurement methods: • Total length: Straight-line distance from the tip of the extended cheliped to the center of the tail fan. • Body weight: Measured after blotting surface moisture with absorbent paper. Calculation formulas: • Growth rate (%) = [(Final length − Initial length) / Initial length] × 100% • Weight gain rate (%) = [(Final weight − Initial weight) / Initial weight] × 100% 2.4 Experimental Data Analysis The recorded length and weight data of Australian freshwater lobsters were categorized and counted using Excel spreadsheets. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 software, with P<0.05 indicating statistically significant differences and P<0.01 indicating highly statistically significant differences. 3. Result and Analysis Table 5. Effects of yeast paste diet on the growth of Australian freshwater lobster Group Initial body length/cm Final body length/cm Growth rate/% Initial body weight/g Final body weight/g Weight gain rate/% Control group 14 19.4±0.4c 39% 55 60.8±0.2b 11% A 14 20.4±0.1b 46% 55 61.7±0.3b 12% B 14 21.0±0.3a 50% 55 61.7±0.3b 12% C 14 21.4±0.4a 53% 55 64.8±0.2a 19% D 14 19.3±0.4c 38% 55 59.9±0.2c 9% Note: Different letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), while the same letters denote no significant differences (P > 0.05). The same applies to the following tables. The results of the yeast extract feed experiment in Table 5 showed that one-way ANOVA indicated: Body length: Experimental groups A, B, and C captured shrimp with significantly greater length than the control group, while group D showed lower values than the control. Groups B and C exhibited significantly greater shrimp length than group A, though group B was significantly lower than group A. Body weight: Group C demonstrated significantly higher shrimp weight compared to the control group, whereas group D showed significantly lower weight than the control. The shrimp weight in group C was significantly greater than that in group D. No significant differences were observed in shrimp weight between groups A, B, and the control group. In conclusion, the yeast extract feed dosage used in experimental group C could effectively promote both body length and weight growth in Australian freshwater lobsters. Table 6. Effects of microbial diets on the growth of Australian freshwater lobster Group Initial body length/cm Final body length/cm Growth rate/% Initial body weight/g Final body weight/g Weight gain rate/% Control group 14 19.4±0.4bc 39% 55 60.8±0.2b 11% E 14 19.7±0.2b 40% 55 61.1±0.1b 11% as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 75 Published by IDEAS SPREAD F 14 19.5±0.2b 39% 55 62.5±0.2a 14% G 14 22.5±0.1a 60% 55 63.7±0.1a 16% H 14 19.1±0.1c 36% 55 59.4±0.3c 8% In Table 6, "Effects of Microbial Feed Experimental Groups on the Growth Potential of Australian Freshwater Lobsters," one-way ANOVA results demonstrated the following: Body length: Experimental Groups E, F, and G exhibited significantly higher shrimp lengths compared to the control group (P<0.05), whereas Group H showed a significantly lower length than the control (P<0.05). Group G surpassed both Groups E and F in shrimp length (P<0.05), while the difference between Groups E and F did not reach statistical significance. Body weight: Groups F and G had significantly higher shrimp weights than the control group (P<0.05), whereas Group H was significantly lower than the control (P<0.05). Group H showed significantly lower weights compared to Groups F and G (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between Groups F and G. Conclusion The microbial feed used in Group G significantly promoted both body length and weight growth in Australian freshwater lobsters. 4. Discussion Microbial feed utilizes the metabolic activity of microorganisms to ferment fibers that are difficult for animals to absorb into more digestible, absorbable, and utilizable feed. Consequently, microbial-treated feed can enhance the growth of animals. This approach also reduces costs in China’s graziery and improves meat quality [14]. Microbial feed is a kind of fermented organic feed containing biofertilizers. From an economic perspective, high quality aquaculture animals should grow up healthily without excessive financial burdens, thereby maximizing economic benefits. Recent studies indicate that antinutritional factors in feed can be effectively decomposed through microbial fermentation. During this process, proteins are hydrolyzed into small peptides and amino acids that are readily absorbed by animals. The fermented biological feed is rich in chelated compounds, minerals, and growth- promoting factors. Its special aroma also stimulates animal appetite, optimizing nutritional value and fostering growth [15]. According to Wang Yajun [16], feeding 15 percent of fermented soybean meal significantly increased their final body weight while reducing the feed coefficient, demonstrating statistically significant effects. (P<0.05) In this experiment, Groups C and G showed significantly greater harvested body length and weight in Australian freshwater lobsters compared to the control and other experimental groups (P<0.05). In contrast, Groups D and H showed the least improvement in growth metrics. The results revealed a increase in harvested length and weight across Groups A, B, C, E, F, and G. This suggested that moderate supplementation of yeast extract feed and microbial feed can improve lobster growth. However, excessive amounts of yeast extract or fermented feed (as seen in Groups D and H) limited growth rates. Due to water eutrophication, yeast proliferates in large quantities in water, which reduces dissolved oxygen levels and subsequently impairs lobster growth. Furthermore, the experimental results show that both insufficient and excessive usage amount of yeast extract or fermented feed adversely affects the growth of Australian freshwater lobsters. These findings emphasize the importance of balanced feed formulation in breeding lobster. References [1] Zhang, P., & Zhu, W. (2020). Research progress on the application of bio-fermented feed in freshwater crayfish aquaculture. Hunan Feed, (05), 30–33. [2] Yang, H., Liu, X., Sun, Z., et al. (2023). Effects of microbial additives on intestinal microbiota structure of freshwater crayfish. Feed Research, 46(01), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002- 2813.2023.01.017 as.ideasspread.org Agricultural Science Vol. 7, No. 1; 2025 76 Published by IDEAS SPREAD [3] Cui, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., et al. (2021). Efficient pond ecological aquaculture techniques for Australian freshwater lobsters. Fishery Guide to be Rich, (12), 47–50. [4] Gao, G., Xie, Z., & Bi, X. (2022). Comparative experiment on two different feeds for Australian freshwater lobster farming. Scientific Fish Farming, (08), 70–71. [5] Xia, S., Zhang, W., Tian, H., et al. (2023). 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South China Fisheries Science, 9(3), 39–43. Copyrights Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 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