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Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 

Vol. 5, No. 1, 1-5, 2018 
ISSN (E) 2411-6653 / ISSN (P) 2518-0193 

DOI: 10.20448/journal.512.2018.51.1.5 

 

 
 
 
Nutrient Composition of Mushroom: Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacaum, ex. Fr. Kummer) 
grown on Different Agricultural Wastes 

 
Patience C. Obinna-Echem1

    

Franklyn A. Chukunda2   
 
 
1Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 

 
2Department of Forestry and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port 
Harcourt, Nigeria 

 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
Abstract 

The study evaluated the nutrient compositions of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacaum, ex. Fr. Kummer) 
grown using different agricultural waste: sawdust, sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum) peels, 
plantain leaves and corn cobs. The proximate compositions of P. ostreatus fruit bodies varied 
significantly (P≤ 0.05). Matured fruit bodies of P. ostreatus harvested from sawdust and sugarcane 
peel substrates had significantly (P≤ 0.05) the highest content of moisture (15.20%) and ash 
(5.23%) respectively. The Corn cob substrates yielded P. ostreatus with significantly (P≤ 0.05) the 
highest amount of protein (9.38%) and lipids (8.5%); and lowest amount of carbohydrates 
(51.76%). Crude fibre was found more in the fruit bodies of P. ostreatus harvested from sugarcane 
peel substrates (8.23%) followed by corn cobs (7.28% ). The mineral content varied significantly 
(P≤ 0.05) from 0.43 - 0.90, 0.12 - 0.30, 9.20 - 14.6, 7.30 -13.0 and 1.5 - 2.7 mg/100g for iron, 
sodium, potassium, phosphorus and calcium respectively. P. ostreatus from sugarcane peels had 
significantly (P≤ 0.05) the highest mineral content except for calcium. Vitamin C content ranged 
from 1.3 mg/100g for corn hob to 1.8mg/100g for sawdust. The study revealed that sugarcane 
peel and corn hob in terms of the proximate and mineral composition are better substrate for the 
growth of P. ostreatus. It is therefore recommended that these agricultural wastes should be used 
in the cultivation of P. ostreatus. Besides producing nutritious mushrooms, this will help to reduce 
the huge agricultural wastes within our environment that sometimes when not properly managed 
caused serious environmental pollution. 

 
Keywords: Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, Substrates, Proximate and mineral composition. 

 
Citation | Patience C. Obinna-Echem; Franklyn A. Chukunda 
(2018). Nutrient Composition of Mushroom: Pleurotus Ostreatus 
(Jacaum, ex. Fr. Kummer) grown on Different Agricultural Wastes. 
Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 5(1): 1-5. 
History:  
Received: 6 November 2017 
Revised: 10 January 2018 
Accepted: 15 January 2018 
Published: 17 January 2018 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Contribution/Acknowledgement: Both authors contributed to the 
conception and design of the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 
2. Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 
3. Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 
References ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 
 

 
 

 

 

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Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2018, 5(1): 1-5 

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1. Introduction 
Mushroom is a macro-fungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which may be above ground (epigeous) or below 

ground (hypogeous) of sufficient size to be seen by the naked eye and to be picked up by hand [1]. All mushrooms 
belong to the kingdom Mycetae, a group distinct from animals, plants and bacteria. Most mushrooms belong to 
either Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes.  Like plants, fungi have a distinct cellular structure but they lack the most 
important feature of plants, the ability to use energy from the direct sunlight through chlorophyll [2]. Since 
mushrooms do not possess chlorophyll, they depend on other plant material the substrate for their food. They may 
simply be referred to as saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic in nature [3].   

Saprophytic mushrooms depend and grow in plant and animal remains and waste such as animal droppings, 
dead animals, twigs, fallen leaves, dead wood and stumps organic matter, [3, 4] thus forming the first menu in the 
food chain or food web. They secrete acids and enzymes which degrade plant and animal remains, breaks down 
large and insoluble molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids and protein into smaller molecules that can be absorbed 
[5, 6]. 

Parasitic mushroom depend on other organisms for their existence. They are either obligate or facultative. 
Parasitic mushroom such as honey mushroom destroys hectares of forest; and act as agents of habitat restoration. 
Honey mushroom (Arinilla bulbosa) covered 37 acres in Michigan forest and was estimated to be 1500 years old 
[5]. Facultative mushroom are weak parasitic mushroom found in dying host plant. The deaths of these are caused 
by other organisms, or environmental stress. 

Symbiotic mushrooms live in harmony with other organism and they derive mutual benefit from each other. 
They are referred to as symbiotic or mutualistic mushroom. The hypha/mycelium releases or delivers salts, water 
and produces antibodies to protect the host plant from pathogens and other fungi while the mushroom benefits 
carbohydrates and other nutrients [7-9]. 

Commonly cultured mushrooms are saprophytic organisms that feed on dead plant materials. The part of the 
organism that we see and call a mushroom is really the fruiting body. Unseen is the mycelium-tiny threads that 
grow throughout the substrate deriving nutrients by breaking down organic materials. Some species of mushrooms 
can grow on a wide range of materials and others cannot. After the mycelium has grown throughout the substrate, 
and when its specific requirements are met, the mushroom will fruit [5]. 

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacaum, ex. Fr. Kummer) is one among the 40 known species of the genus Pleurotus, they are 
commonly referred to as “oyster mushroom”, grow widely in tropical and subtropical areas and easily artificially 
cultivated [10]. It is a facultative parasitic mushroom and commonly found in dying oak and cotton [11].  P. 
ostreatus has a broad, fan or oyster- shared cap spanning 5 to 25 cm natural specimens range from white to grey or 
tan to dark-brown; the margin is inrolled when young and smooth often somewhat lobed and wavy. P. ostreatus is 
popularly consumed all over the world due to their taste, flavor, high nutritional values and medicinal properties 
[10]. They provide many of the nutritional attribute commonly found in meat, beans, grains or other produce 
[12]. Mushrooms are rich sources of protein [12, 13] ash, lipid, crude fibre, and carbohydrate, minerals (Ca, Mg, 
Na, P, K, S, Mn and Fe). Mushroom are good sources of vitamins like riboflavin, biotin and thiamine Chang and 
Buswell [14]. Buigut [15] reported that good number of essential amino acids and water soluble vitamins are 
present in most edible mushrooms.  The nutritional and several medicinal properties of mushroom of the genus 
Pleurotus has been reviewed by some authors [10, 16]. Some of the medicinal properties include antitumour a 
property associated to the presence of polysaccharides [17] antigenotoxic and bio-antimitagenic acidity [18] 
antihypertensive and anti-hyperglycaemic activities [19]. Pleurotus tuber-regium is a common species in southern 
part of Nigeria and it is very useful to cure headache, stomach ailments, colds and fever [20].   

Mushroom has the ability to biodegrade organic matter and bioaccumulate potential nutrient essential for 
human wellbeing. Hence the cultivation of P. ostreatus using different agricultural wastes such as sawdust, 
sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum) peels, Plantain leaves and Corn cobs as substrate will be relevant in the 
reduction of the huge amount of these wastes. This may provide a partial solution to the nation’s waste 
management problems and the pollution challenges around the environment. In addition to the nutritional benefit 
that would be derived from the consumption of the cultivated mushroom. This study was therefore aimed at using 
different agricultural wastes to cultivate P. ostreatus and determine the proximate and mineral compositions of 
P.ostreatus fruit bodies from the different agricultural wastes. 
 

2. Materials and Methods 
2.1. Study Site 

The study was carried out at the laboratory of Forestry and Environment and Food Science and Technology, 
Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt. 
 

2.2 Source of Spawn  
Pleurotus ostreatus spawn used for the production was obtained from mushroom farm Dilomat Nigeria Limited 

located in Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt. 
 

2.3. Collection and Preparation of Substrates 
The sawdust residues were collected from the local wood industry at Elabuchi Port Harcourt. Sugarcane 

(Sacharum officinarum) peels and corn cobs were collected from sugarcane sellers’ dump and corn sellers at 
Ogbunabali Port Harcourt, plantain leaves were also collected from plantain plantations at Ogbunabali. The 
substrates were prepared as described by Sales-Campos [21]. Briefly, the substrates were sun-dried, crushed and 
packed individually in black polypropylene bags and labelled. 

Two hundred gram (200g) each of the substrate was humidified with 50% of water and the pH of 6.5 
maintained using 5g of calcium carbonate (CaCo3) in relation to the dry sample weight of the substrates [22]. 
 

 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2018, 5(1): 1-5 

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2.4. Pasteurization and Inoculation 
The substrates were sterilized using autoclave at 1210C at 15 lbs pressure for 15 munities to kill microbes or 

contaminates associated with the substrates. After inoculation in aseptic conditions, incubation was performed 
inside a humid chamber for one month at the temperature of 28+ 20C and relative humidity of 85-90%. Water was 
sprinkled regularly until primordial emergence [23, 24]. 
 

2.5. Proximate Analysis 
The proximate compositions of the mushroom from the different substrates were analyzed using the standard 

analytical methods [25]. Moisture was determined by drying at 80oC to a constant weight in an air oven (Sanyo 
Gallenkamp, Weiss Technik, West Midlands, UK). Ash was determined gravimetrically in a muffle furnace (Sanyo 
Gallenkamp, Weiss Technik, West Midlands, UK) at 550°C for 6 h. Determination of protein was by Kjeldahl 
method. After distillation and titration, the nitrogen was corrected using a factor of 4.38 for mushrooms [1]. 
Lipids were estimated by exhaustive extraction of 2g of sample with petroleum ether in a rapid Soxhlet extraction 
apparatus (Gerhardt, Bonn, Germany). Crude fibre was obtained as the difference from the weight of ash subtracted 
from the increase of weight on the paper due to the insoluble material after the acid hydrolysis of the fat free 
samples and the filtration into ashless filter paper. Carbohydrate was determined by difference.  
 

2.6. Mineral Assay 
The atomic absorption method was employed for mineral element assay. Mineral element of Pleurotus ostreatus 

was determined by preparing solutions of their ashes. The quantitative measurement of each element: iron, 
magnesium, sodium, calcium phosphorus and potassium using GBC Avanta Ver 2.02 Atomic Absorption 
Spectrophotometer (Japan). Phosphorus was determined on the ash solution using the molybdenum blue method 
[25].  
 

2.7. Vitamin C Determination 
The vitamin C content of the Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms was determined using standard analytical 

methods [25]. Briefly, 10 ml of the prepared sample in a 50ml conical flask was titrated against 2, 6 – 
Dichlorophenol solution until a fiant pink colour persisted for 15 seconds.  
 

2.8. Experimental Design and Analysis of Data 
The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD); the treatment was replicated 

five times. Data were statistically analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a probability of 5%.  
 

3. Results and Discussion  
3.1 Proximate Composition of Pleurotus Ostreatus Grown on Different Agricultural Wastes 

The proximate compositions of mature fruit bodies of P. ostreatus grown on different agricultural substrates 
varied significantly (P≤ 0.05) as shown in Table 1. Moisture is required for the normal biochemical activities in 
living things and also plays a role in the keeping quality of the harvested plant. The moisture content of the mature 
fruit bodies of P. ostreatus harvested from the different agricultural substrates ranged from 11.03 - 14.21 % for 
Plantain leaves and Sugarcane peels respectively. The moisture content in this study is lower than the report by 
Roy, et al. [12]. The variation may be dependent on various factors, such as harvesting time, maturation period, 
substrate and environmental conditions of growth and storage [26]. Giving the uniform condition of growth of P. 
ostreatus in this present study, the variation could be attributed to the substrate used. 
 

Table-1. Proximate composition (%) of Pleurotus ostreatus grown on different agricultural wastes 

Agricultural 
substrates  

Moisture  Total Ash  Protein Total lipids  Crude fibre Total carbohydrate  

Plantain leaves  11.03±0.18d 2.85±0.15c 17.82± 3.05c 5.8 ± 0.05b 14.25±0.20d 59.28±0.60c 
Sawdust  15.20±0.20a 5.23±1.20a 16.80±0.25d 5.3 ± 0.04c 16.20±0.25c 56.47±0.40d 
Sugarcane peels  14.21±0.25b 3.10±0.11b 18.20±0.42b 5.6 ± 0.08c 18.23±0.21a 54.86±0.52b 
Corn cobs  12.14±0.22c 3.08±0.20b 19.38± 0.58a 8.5 ± 0.06a 17.28±0.30b 51.76±0.37a 

    Note: Mean values with the same superscript in the same column are not significantly (P≤0.05) different. N= 5±SD. 
 

The amount of protein, lipids and carbohydrate in the mature fruit bodies of the P. ostreatus grown on different 
agricultural substrates were in the range of 19.38 - 16.80%, 8.5 - 5.3% and 51.76 - 59.28% respectively. The result 
showed that the different agricultural wastes produced P. ostreatus with high protein content but corn hob substrate 
had significantly the highest amount. This suggests that P. ostreatus can be a valuable source of protein for use in 
other products like incorporation into complementary foods. The carbohydrate content is in agreement with the 
report that Carbohydrates constitute the prevailing component of mushroom dry matter, usually about 50-60% 
[10]. According to Kalac [27] the various carbohydrate compounds of mushrooms which include monosaccharide, 
their derivatives and oligosaccharides are important in the proper functioning of the alimentary tract. 

The lipid content varied from 5.3% for P. ostreatus harvested from sawdust to 8.5% for corn hob. The low lipid 
content confirms the report that mushrooms are generally low in oil and fat, although they may contain some 
essential fatty acids and can be recommended as good supplements for patients with cardiac problems [10, 28]. 
Muhammad, et al. [29] reported that protein, and fat content of various Pleurotus species was enhanced by different 
agro wastes used for the cultivation. Matured fruit bodies of P. ostreatus harvested from sugarcane peel substrates 
had significantly (P≤ 0.05) the highest content of ash (5.23%). Ash is an indication of mineral component. The high 
percentage of protein, carbohydrate, crude fibre moisture in the mushroom fruit bodies cultivated on different 
substrates conforms to the report of Chukunda, et al. [30] and Ukoima, et al. [31].  
 
 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2018, 5(1): 1-5 

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Table-2. Mineral and Vitamin c Compositions of Pleurotus ostreatus Grown on Different Agricultural Wastes 

Agricultural substrates  

                          Mineral (mg/100g dry weight basis)              

Vitamin C Iron 
(Fe) 

Sodium 
(Na) 

Potassium 
(K) 

Phosphorus 
(P) 

Calcium 
(Ca) 

Plantain leaves  0.43±0.01c 0.12±0.02b 9.20±0.02c 7.30±0.04c 2.7±0.02a 1.6±0.03 
Sawdust  0.65±0.02b 0.22±0.01a 12.6±0.04b 10.8±0.03b 1.5±0.03b 1.8±0.04 
Sugarcane peels  0.90±0.04a 0.30±0.03a 14.6±0.05a 13.0±0.05a 1.7±0.04b 1.5±0.01 
Corn cobs  0.85±0.03a 0.25±0.01a 12.3±0.04b 10.5±0.04b 1.2±0.04b 1.3±0.01 

       Mean values with the same superscript in the same column are not significantly (P<0.05) different. 
 

3.2. Mineral and Vitamin C Composition of Pleurotus Ostreatus Grown on Different Agricultural 
Waste 

The results of mineral composition of Pleurotus ostreatus grown in different substrates showed significant differences 
(P≤0.05) among the various substrates (Table 2). Sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and iron found in the fruit 
bodies of P. ostreatus were in the range of 0.12 - 0.30, 9.20 -14.6, 7.30 - 13.0, 1.2 - 2.7 and 0.43 - 0.85 mg/100g 
respectively. Mature fruit bodies from sugarcane substrate had significantly (P≤0.05) the highest amount of minerals 
followed by those of the corn hobs except for calcium.  Fruit bodies from plantain leaves substrate was significantly 
(P≤0.05) the highest in calcium content. The rich minerals found could be attributed to the composition of the substrate 
and the ability of the mushroom to utilize these components from the substrates. The sodium content of the mature fruit 
bodies of P. ostreatus was lower than the report of Roy, et al. [12]. According to Chang and Quimio [19] low sodium 
content in mushrooms makes them ideal for persons with heart and kidney ailments. It has been reported that the 
proximate and mineral composition of edible mushroom were found to be significant for human consumption [13, 32, 
33]. 

 

4. Conclusion 
Research on conversion of agro-industrial wastes into some other useful forms is on-going and mushroom is said to 

be the most important bioconversion product. In this study: the different agricultural wastes (sawdust, sugarcane 
(Sacharum officinarum) peels, plantain leaves and Corn cobs) used to cultivate P. ostreatus produced mature fruit bodies 
with appreciable amount of nutrients. Sugarcane peel and corn hob in terms of the proximate and mineral composition 
are better substrate for the growth of P. ostreatus. Besides producing nutritious mushrooms, there is an added value in 
converting these agricultural wastes into foods and feeds. This will help proofer solution to environmental pollution 
problems created by unmanaged agro-industrial wastes around Port Harcourt Metropolis. 

 
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