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Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 7, No. 1, 46-50, 2020 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.512.2020.71.46.50 

© 2020 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

    
 

 
 
Faba Bean Variety Development for Yield, Quality, and Disease Resistance for 
Water Logged Vertisol Areas-Registration of a Faba Bean Variety Named 
‘Ashebeka’ 

 
Deressa Tesfaye1   

Gizachew Yilma2   

Gebeyew Achenif3   
Temesgen Abo4 

Tadese Sefera5   

Tamene Temesgen6   

 
(Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2,3,4,5Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center,  Asella, Ethiopia. 

 
6International Livestock Research Institutes, Addis Abeba, Ehtiopia. 

 

 
Abstract 

A faba bean (Vicia faba L.) variety named Ashebeka with a pedigree designation of EH01075-4 has been 
released in 2015 by Kulumsa agricultural research center in Ethiopia. The variety is best adapted to 
waterlogging vertisol environments of Ethiopia with altitudes ranging from 1900 to 2800 meters above sea 
level. The variety was developed through hybridization between N86108-5 and BPL1297-1. The candidate 
variety has been tested at four locations (Arsi Robe, Sagure, Ambo and Inewari) representing major 
waterlogging vertisol environments of the country during 2012 and 2013 main cropping seasons making 
eight test environments. The variety is mainly characterized by its higher grain yield and heavier seed size 
(885g 1000 seeds-1) than the standard checks and all the remaining genotypes in the trail. The variety 
Ashebeka showed 34% seed size advantage over Hachalu, the popular best standard check recently released 
for water logging vertisol production areas. Based on selected a parametric method that includes yield rank 
and stability, Ashebeka showed better performance stability across the test environments and over years than 
the standard checks, Hachalu and Walki. The variety showed better overall agronomic performance, and 
moderately resistance to major faba bean disease including root rot, rust and chocolate spot than the 
standard checks in the trial, and could be cultivated across mid to high altitude agro-ecologies with water-
logging vertisol conditions of the country. 

 
Keywords: Disease resistance, National yield trail, Water-logging, Variety development, Vertisol, Vicia faba L. 

 
Citation | Deressa Tesfaye; Gizachew Yilma; Gebeyew Achenif; 
Temesgen Abo; Tadese Sefera; Tamene Temesgen (2020). Faba 
Bean Variety Development for Yield, Quality, and Disease 
Resistance for Water Logged Vertisol Areas—Registration of A 
Faba Bean Variety Named ‘Ashebeka’. Agriculture and Food 
Sciences Research, 7(1): 46-50. 
History:  
Received: 14 January 2020 
Revised: 19 February 2020 
Accepted: 24 March 2020 
Published: 16 April 2020 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Acknowledgement: We would like to thank staff members of the Breeding 
and Genetics Research Units of Kulumsa, Holeta, Ambo and Debre-Birhan 
Agricultural Research Centers for their unreserved efforts in field trail 
management and data collection during the experimental period. We are 
thankful to Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research and Alliance for a 
Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) for funding the research throughout the 
varietal development process. We would also like to thank the International 
Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) for providing us 
with one of the parental lines. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................................................... 47 
3. Result and Discussions ................................................................................................................................................................... 48 
4. Variety Maintenance ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50 
5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 50 
 

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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
The study was conducted at four location (Arsi robe, Sagure, Enewari and Ambo) Agricultural Research 
Center to assess the genetic potential among the faba bean lines/ genotypes using RCBD designs. 

 
1. Introduction 

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is the most important pulse crop in terms of both area coverage and volume of annual 
production in Ethiopia. Presently, it occupies about 427,697 hectares of land with an annual national production of 
878,011 tons, with a productivity of 2.05 tons ha-1 [1]. Ethiopia is the first producer of faba bean in Africa and the 
second in the world next to the People’s Republic of China [2]. The crop is mainly cultivated in mid and high-
altitude areas, with an elevation ranging from 1800-3000 meters above sea level [3, 4].  

Faba bean were also known by N fixation crop which is considered as high among the grain legumes [5-
7]. It is cultivated for the purpose of both human food and animal feed,  especially for humans as nutritional 
and medicinal values [8, 9]. The crop contributes to the smallholder farmers as a source of protein in both 
rural and urban areas [8] and is an important source of income for farmers. 

It is so far that, the commencement of faba bean breeding in Ethiopia was in the 1950’s with the establishment 
of Arsi Rural Development Unit (ARDU) followed by the then Alemaya College of Agriculture, now Haramaya 
University [10]. Production of faba bean in the country couldn’t attain the maximum yield potential of the crop 
because of biotic and abiotic stresses that collectively cause great yield losses. The major constraints to increased 
faba bean production are lack of improved varieties, chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), root-rot, Faba bean gall and 
rust diseases, insect, pests, broad leaf and grass weeds, water-logging, and cold and drought weather conditions 
[11-14]. Therefore, faba bean research program in Ethiopia has been focused on increasing production and 
productivities of the crop through developing and promoting improved cultivars with high and stable yield, and 
resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses [7, 15]. 

The potential of faba bean production in Ethiopia is its suitability as rotation crop in the cereal based system 
of not only potential production areas, but also in water-logged vertisol production environments of the country 
that has been mainly with a problems of root rot disease on faba bean.  So considering the water-logged vertisol 
production environments alone, faba bean is among the most important pulse crop occupying 14.6% of the 
cultivated vertisols in the country. However, water logging due to a nature of soil and poor drainage are pre-
dominant factor constraining an increase in production on this soil. Breeding of productive genotype under water 
logging was the only option to improving the productivity of faba bean under water logging condition. In order 
to convene the demand of the farmer’ lived in comparable agro ecologies, considerable efforts have recently been 
paid by faba bean breeding program to develop a variety resistant/tolerant to water-logging conditions leading to 
a release of a number of varieties. The purpose of this paper is therefore; to describe the merits of recently released 
faba bean (Vicia faba L.) variety named ‘Ashebeka’, developed for water-logging vertisol production environments 
of the country.  
 

2. Materials and Methods 
2.1. Breeding Procedures 

Crossing was done between N86108-5 x BPL1297-1 introduced from ICARDA and resulted pedigree 
designation of EH01075-4 at Holeta Agricultural Research Center during 2002 cropping season. Screen houses 
were routinely used in the early generations, i.e., F1, F2, F3 and F4, of a breeding cycle to prevent insects from 
causing cross-pollination. During these phases, pedigree selection was made for traits with high heritability such as 
seed size, grain yielding ability, plant habit, time of flowering and resistance to major diseases such as black root-
rot, chocolate spot and rust.  

Twenty-two elite individual lines selected from the F5 generation were promoted and evaluated at multi-
locations for yielding ability, seed size, major disease reactions and stability in a preliminary variety trial (PVT) 
conducted during the 2010/11 cropping season. From this trial, 12 promising genotypes were promoted and 
evaluated in a national yield trial (NYT) along with two recently released standard checks Walki and Hachalu at 
four representative waterlogging vertisol production areas of the country during 2012 and 2013 main cropping 
seasons. The locations where the trials conducted include Sagure, Ambo, Arsi robe and Enewari. Each year at each 
location was considered as a separate environment, making a total of eight test environments for this study. 
Biophysical description of the four test locations are given in Table 1. Finally, EH 00101-2 and EH01075-4 were 
selected as the most promising candidate varieties and evaluated along with two best standard checks, Hachalu and 
Walki, on 10 m x 10 m plots by the national variety release technical committee at 4 water-logging vertisol 
locations, each one on-research station and two on-farm fields during the 2014 cropping season. Eventually, 
EH01075-4 was recommended for commercial production and named Ashebeka. 
 

2.2. Description of Experimental Site  
 

Table-1. Biophysical description of the ten experimental locations used for national yield trial. 

Test 
locations 

Geographical position Altitude 
(m.a.s.l) 

Average 
rainfall (mm) 

Temperature (oC) 
Soil texture Soil pH 

Latitude Longitude Min Max 

Sagure 07012’N 39020’E 2300 620 5.8 23.6 Clay-loam 6.2 
A/robe 08005’N 39010’E 2200 820 10.5 22.8 Dark-clay loam 6.0 
Enewari 07005’N 39030’E 2780 1010 7.9 16.6 Clay-loam 5.0 
Ambo 08058’N 38014’E 2400 975.5 6.05 22.41 Dark-clay 4.9 

    
2.3. Experimental Layout 

The experimental layout for multilocation national yield trial (NYT) was arranged in a randomized complete 
block design with four replications. Each experimental plot has 4 rows with 4 m long and arranged with inter and 
intra block spacing of 1.5 m and 0.6 m, respectively. The seeds were sown at the rate of 50 seeds per row with 8 cm 



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plant to plant and 40 cm row to row spacing. Fertilizer was applied to each plot at the rate of 18 kg N and 46 kg 
P2O5 ha-1 in the form of diamonium phosphate at planting. Other agronomic practices were treated as non-
experimental variables and applied uniformly to the entire experimental area. For data analysis, grain yield from 
net plot size of 3.2 m2 was converted into kg ha-1 at 10% standard grain moisture contents.  
 

2.4. Statistical Analysis 
Data for grain yield and other important agronomic traits were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) 

using the Proc GLM procedure of SAS version 9.0 [16] to determine the existence of significant differences 
between faba bean genotypes. Proc mean procedure of SAS was used to generate means of traits by genotypes and 
environments. Comparison of the main effect was performed using LSD at 5% probability level. Selected stability 
parameters that encompass both yield and stability were selected and computed to estimate the genotypic yield 
stability across test environments. For example, a new approach, known as genotypic selection index (GSI), was 
used by taking the AMMI stability value (ASV) and mean grain yield into consideration. Another nonparametric 
stability method, a stratified ranking technique of Fox, et al. [17] where a genotype usually found in the top third 
for mean performance compared to all genotypes tested across environments is considered. All the stability 
parameters were computed using c a comprehensive SAS stability program developed by Hussein, et al. [18].  

 
3. Result and Discussions  

Result of analysis of variance shows highly significant differences (p≤0.01) among genotypes for gain yield, 

seed size, pods plant-1 to significant (p≤0.05) for plant height Table 2. Likewise, test environments exerted highly 

significant (p≤0.01) effects on the important agronomic traits including grain yield, 1000 seed weight, number 
pods plant-1 and plant height. The interaction effects of environments and genotypes were highly significant 

(p≤0.01) for grain yield and seed size and significant at (p≤0.05) probability level for number of pods plant-1 and 
plant height Table 2. Significant differences were observed between genotypes across environments for chocolate 

spot (p≤0.01), root rot (p≤0.01), and rust (p≤0.05). Moreover, highly significant differences (p≤0.01) observed 
among the test environments for all fusarium root-rot, chocolate spot and rust diseases Table 2 indicating that the 
test environments were differently influenced the reaction of the test genotypes towards the diseases.  
 
Table-2. Mean square significance of grain yield, 1000 seed weight, number of pods plant-1, plant height, and root-rot, chocolate spot and 
rust diseases of 12 faba bean genotypes tested across four locations during 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons.   

Source of variation 
Mean squares 

Grain yield 
(kg ha-1) 

Seed 
weight (g) 

Pod per 
plant 

Plant height 
(cm) 

Root 
rot 

Chocolate 
spot Rust 

Environment 86956763** 103324** 2130** 29552 ** 25.9** 11.6** 58.6** 
Block(Environment) 810897** 5149ns 134** 486** 1.6** 2.4** 0.8ns 
Genotype 919193** 278879** 84** 258* 1.6** 3.3** 1.2* 
Genotype x Environment 774559** 6210** 24* 140* 0.7ns 0.7* 0.5ns 
Mean 3455 855 13.3 123 2.5 4.5 2.9 
CV (%) 16.9 7.1 31.2 8.0 32.2 15.2 28.2 
R2 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.90 0.62 0.65 0.73 

 
3.1. Varietal Characteristics  

The newly released faba bean variety Ashebeka is characterized by an indeterminate growth habit having white 
with black spots flower color. The seed coat and cotyledon colors are light green and ceramic respectively. Its 
average seed weight is 885g 1000 seeds-1, which is heavier than the seeds of all other improved faba bean varieties 
released so far for water logging vertisol production areas of the country Table 3. The average number of days 
required by the variety to reach its 50% flowering and 95% physiological maturity were 58 and 151, respectively 
Table 3. The average plant height and number of pods plant-1 of Ashebeka are 125 cm and 13, respectively Table 3. 
The appropriate planting date for this variety would range from mid-June to early July. For a better harvest the 
variety must receive 46 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 18 kg ha-1 N at sowing. 
 
Table-3. Mean performance of selected agronomic traits of 12 faba bean genotypes tested across eight environments during 2012 and 2013 
cropping seasons. 

Genotypes DTF DTM PHT PPL TSW CHS R RR 

EH 01075-4 58 151 125 13 885 4.48 2.71 2.13 
EH 00098-2 58 151 126 13 856 4.96 3.04 2.46 
EH 00131-3 57 150 120 13 882 4.92 3.08 2.75 
EH 00101-2 57 145 123 14 905 4.63 2.92 2.58 
EH 01036-2 58 152 121 12 806 4.63 2.83 2.50 
EKCSR 010 57 150 123 13 901 4.75 2.75 2.88 
EKLS 0101 58 151 124 13 894 4.83 3.29 2.92 
EKLSS 020 57 144 127 13 857 4.38 2.79 2.17 
EH 06007-4 60 145 124 10 1075 3.83 2.46 2.33 
EH 06028-1 59 149 116 14 861 3.83 2.63 2.71 
Hachalu 58 151 124 16 662 4.58 3.04 2.42 
Walki 58 149 123 17 677 4.63 2.83 2.46 
Mean 58 149 123 13 855 4.54 2.86 2.52 
LSD (<0.05) 1.32 3.0 4.81 2.04 34.66 0.39 0.46 0.46 
CV (%) 4.3 3.8 7.9 31.1 7.1 15.2 28.2 32.2 

Note: Keys: DTF= days to flowering, DTM= days to maturity, PHT= plant height, PPL= number of pod per plant, TSW= thousand seed weight (g), 
GYDH= grain yield (kg ha-1), CHS = chocolate spot (1-9 scale), R=rust (1-9 scale), and RR= root rot (1-9 scale) 

 



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3.2. Yield and Quality Performance 
The average grain yield performance across environments of Ashebeka is ranged from the lowest of 1245 kg ha-1 

at Arsi-robe in 2012 to the highest of 6438 kg ha-1 at Enewari in 2013 cropping season, with mean overall 
environment of 3756kg ha-1  which is significantly higher than the best standard check, Hachalu (3470kg ha-1), in 
the trial Table 4. The newly released variety has yield advantage of 286 kg ha-1 (8%) and 393 kg ha-1 (12%) over the 
two standard checks, Hachalu and Walki, respectively Table 4. Ashebeka has produced 223g (33%) and 208g (31%) 
seed size advantage over the best standard checks, Hachalu and Walki, respectively Table 4.  
 
Table-4. Mean grain yield (kg ha-1) of the released faba bean variety Ashebeka tested over 8 environments during (2012-2013) cropping 
season as compared to the two standard checks. 

Genotypes 
Sagure 
2012 

Arsi-robe 
2012 

Inewari 
2012 

Ambo 
2012 

Sagure 
2013 

Arsi-robe 
2013 

Inewari 
2013 

Ambo 
2013 

Mean 

Ashebeka 4652 1245 3610 3274 4597 2965 6438 3264 3756 

Hachalu 3890 1345 2983 3505 4154 2816 5440 3627 3470 

Walki 4249 1281 2514 3406 4073 2980 5074 3327 3363 

Mean 4392 1313 2932 3164 4298 2697 5723 3007 3455 

LSD (< 0.05) 791 437 864 623 1226 780 869 890 287 

CV (%) 12.2 23.1 20.5 13.7 19.8 20.1 10.6 20.6 16.9 

 
3.3. Performance Stability and Adaptation Domain 

The variety Ashebeka was released for the mid-to-high altitude agro-ecologies of the country with water logged 
vertisol condition and receiving 700-to-1100 mm average annual rainfall. It is well adapted to water logging areas 
with an altitude range of 1900 to 2800 meters above sea level such as Ambo, Arsi-robe, Inewari, Sagure and similar 
agro-ecologies. Based on parameters that comprise both yield rank stability, Ashebeka showed relatively better 
performance stability across a range of water logging environments.  

Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) is gaining popularity and is currently the main 
alternative multivariate approach to determine genotypic performance stability in many breeding programs. 
Another approach called the AMMI stability value (ASV), which is based on the first and second interaction 
principal component axis (IPCA) scores of the AMMI model for each genotype, has also been developed recently. 
AMMI stability value (ASV), genotypic stability index (GSI), and a stratified ranking (FT3) of Fox, et al. [17] has 
been generated to evaluate performance stability of the genotypes across test environments. Genotypes with the 
lowest ASV and GSI values are considered as having stable performance across the test environments. Accordingly, 
upon its tremendous seed size advantage, the newly released variety Ashebeka revealed lowest values of ASV and 
GSI Table 5 and identified as the most stable variety among the tested genotypes. Similarly, Fox, et al. [17] 
proposed that genotypes which are ranked in the top third of the genotypes in largest proportion of the test 
environments as having most stable performance than the remaining. Based on the stratified ranking technique of 
the top third (FT3) parameter, Ashebeka was ranked as top yielding variety in the top third of the test genotypes in 
50% of the test environments Table 5, hence considered as the most stable variety.   
 

Table-5. Stability status of the genotypes as revealed by ASV, GSI and FT3 stability parameters. 

No Entry Yield ASV RY RASV GSI TOP VIPC1 VIPC2 

1 EH 01075-4 3756 9.5 1 2 3 50.0 3.624 -8.113 
2 EH 00098-2 3403 21.1 8 7 15 25.0 14.670 -6.606 
3 EH 00131-3 3480 35.9 5 10 15 50.0 26.179 1.531 
4 EH 00101-2 3671 8.2 2 1 3 62.5 5.455 -3.371 
5 EH 01036-2 3363 36.1 10 11 21 37.5 -21.466 -20.876 
6 EKCSR 010 3492 13.5 4 4 8 12.5 9.374 -4.301 
7 EKLS 0101 3191 22.5 12 9 21 12.5 -10.289 -17.555 
8 EKLSS 020 3596 21.7 3 8 11 50.0 -14.627 8.225 
9 EH 06007-4 3480 41.6 6 12 18 25.0 -22.826 27.487 

10 EH 06028-1 3197 10.0 11 3 14 0.0 -6.270 -5.109 
11 Hachalu 3470 20.0 7 6 13 37.5 10.177 14.307 
12 Walki 3363 16.6 9 5 14 37.5 6.000 14.379 

Note: Key: ASV = AMMI stability value, RY = yield rank, RASV = AMMI stability value rank, GSI = genotypic stability index, FT3 = % of 
the environments where genotypes fall in in the top third high yielding genotypes, VIPC1 = varietal interaction principal component one, 
VIPC2 = varietal interaction principal component two.  

 

3.4. Reaction to Major Diseases  
Black root-rot caused by Fusarium solani complex is the most destructive faba bean disease causing up to 70% 

yield losses under sever condition in water logging production areas. Agronomic practices such as use of raised 
seedbed, crop rotation, planting date adjustment, fungicide applications and use of certified seeds may provide 
partial protection against the foliar and root diseases of faba bean. However, the most effective and eco-friendly 
disease control method is through developing resistant or tolerant cultivars. Developing resistant or tolerant 
varieties to major diseases such as chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), black root-rot (Fusarium solani), and rust 
(Uromyces viciae-fabae) are among the major objectives of the national faba bean breeding program. Chocolate spot, 
fusarium root-rot, and rust diseases have been scored using on (1-9) scale and were analyzed to determine the 
reaction of the released variety Ashebeka to these diseases as compared to the recently released standard checks. 

Consequently, the released variety Ashebeka showed an average reaction of 4.48, 2.13 and 2.71 compared to 
4.58, 2.42 and 3.04 for that of the best standard check, Hachalu, in the trial for chocolate spot, Fusarium root-rot 
and rust, respectively Table 3, and is characterized as moderately resistant to these major diseases. 
 



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4. Variety Maintenance 
The breeder and foundation seed will be maintained by Kulumsa and Holeta Agricultural Research Centers. 

 

5. Conclusion  
As Fusarium root-rot of faba bean is reported highly relevant pathogen causing significant yield losses in water 

logging vertisol production areas that covers 13% of the country potential highland arable land, increasing grain 
yield along with seed size is a recent prime objective in faba bean breeding programs of the country. So far, large 
scale field phenotyping of the host reactions to Fusarium root-rot disease using sick plots has been done and 
resulted in the development of highly resistant breeding materials among which only few small-to-medium seeded 
varieties has been released and recommended for commercial use. The current variety, Ashebeka, has combined high 
yield with heavier seeds has produced 33% and 8% seed size and yield advantage, respectively, over the best 
standard check, Hachalu, in the trial and believed to meet the seed quality required for export market. Therefore, 
wide cultivation of Ashebeka variety will enhance productivity and marketability of the crop and believed to play 
significant role in improving farmers’ livelihood in water logging agro-ecologies. 
 

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