







































Agriculture and Food 

Sciences Research 
ISSN(E) : 2411-6653  
ISSN(P) : 2518-0193 
Vol. 3, No. 2, 59-65, 2016 
http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/AESR 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59 

 

Morphological Characterization of Deepwater Rice 

Genotypes 

 
M.M. Emam Ahmed1    

Md. Maksudul Haque2
    

A.B.M Arif Hasan Khan Robin3    

Mohammad Anwar Hossain4     
 

1Scientific officer, Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh 
Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh 
2Scientific officer (Golden Rice), Plant Breeding 
Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 
1701, Bangladesh 
3,4Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, 
Bangladesh  
 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
Abstract 

The experiments was conducted to study the early establishment morphological characters of advanced 

deep water rice.The parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of effective & non-

effective tillers were studied with different DAS as treatment  in field condition. The genotype BR224-

2B-2-5, BR5915-B-7, Bazzail-65 &Gabura showed more plant height at 30 DAS & 60 DAS. But 

HBJ.A.IV & Bazail-65 showed more plant height at 90 DAS & 120 DAS. BR224-2B-2-5 & BR5915-B-

7 showed more leaves and tillers at early stage (60 DAS). But HBJ.A.IV &Birpala showed better 

performance for same characters at later stage (90 DAS, 120 DAS & 150 DAS). The advanced genotype 

BR224-2B-2-5 is able to establish significantly at early stage as it showed vigorous growth against stress 

condition present at early stage. HBJ.A.IV and Birpala have potential of producing more leaves and 

tillers throughout the growth stages and HBJ.A.IV and Birpala is the tall type DWR cultivar as it 

produced more seedling height and plant height than others. The yield of the genotype BR224-2B-2-5 

and BR5915-B-7 are 3.07 t ha-1 and 2.71 t ha-1 respectively. Finally, the advanced genotype BR224-2B-

2-5 may be a good source to meet the future challenge.   
 

Keywords: Morphological, Characterization, Deepwater, Rice (Oryza Sativa L.). 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 60 

2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 60 

3. Result and Discussion................................................................................................................................................................ 61 

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................................. 64 

References ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 

 
 

Citation | M.M. Emam Ahmed; Md. Maksudul Haque; A.B.M Arif Hasan Khan Robin; Mohammad Anwar Hossain (2016). Morphological Characterization 
of Deepwater Rice Genotypes. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 3(2): 59-65. 

DOI: 10.20448/journal.512/2016.3.2/512.2.59.65       

ISSN(E) : 2411-6653 

ISSN(P) : 2411-6653 

Licensed:  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License  

Contribution/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. 

Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that 
no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been 

explained. 

History: Received: 16 August 2016/ Revised: 28 September 2016/ Accepted: 3 October 2016/ Published: 10 October 2016 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 

 

 

 

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Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2016, 3(2): 59-65 

 

 

 

 

60 

 

1. Introduction 
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important and extensively cultivated cereal crops in Bangladesh. Rice has been 

considered as staple food and about 80% of the total cultivated lands in Bangladesh are used for rice cultivation [1]. 

Bangladesh is the world’s fourth largest rice producer. In the last three to four decades, great efforts in rice research 

and farming innovations were made to boost rice production. The country’s total production has also increased to 

about 33.3 million tons (milled rice) in 2011 whereas Indonesia, India, and China produced 44.31, 103.8 and 135.1 

million tons respectively [2]. Furthermore, rice alone contributes about 9.5 % of the total agricultural GDP in the 

country. Among all crops, rice is the driving force of Bangladesh agriculture. In fact, food production in Bangladesh 

is dominated by a single crop (rice) and a single season (Boro, which accounts for over 60% of total rice production) 

[3]. 

Rice is considered as major crop in Bangladesh. It is not only the main source of carbohydrate but also provides 

69.61% of calories and 56.15% of the proteins in the average daily diet of the people [4]. The rice production also 

increased steadily along with net food demands (rice & wheat) and reached 32.1 and 33.3 million tons in 2009 and 

2010 [2]. 

Complete submergence annually affects about 16 million ha of rice in South and Southeast Asia, and about one 

third of the total rice growing area in Africa. The effect of damage caused by transient submergence is dependent on 

the characteristics of flood waters, including temperature, turbidity, concentration of dissolved gases, and extent of 

light penetration [5]. 

Deepwater rice (DWR) is grown in flooded conditions with water more than 50 cm (20 inch) deep. More than 

100 million people in South and Southeast Asia rely on deepwater rice for their sustenance. Many districts of 

Bangladesh are flooded during the rice cultivation season every year and thus, curtail the national rice yield by 

causing severe damage to the rice cultivated field. Therefore, it is high time to select potential rice cultivars for 

breeding program to develop submergence tolerant as well as flash flood resistant rice variety [6]. The topographical 

situation along with availability of water and sub tropical climate constitutes an excellent habitat for rice cultivation 

in Bangladesh. In fact, there are different rice ecosystems, namely upland (direct seeded pre-monsoon Aus), irrigated 

(mainly, dry season Boro), rainfed lowland (mainly monsoon season transplanted Aman, medium-deep stagnant 

water up to 50-100cm) [7]. 

Rice is a semi-aquatic plant and one of the most important crops cultivated in both tropical and temperate 

regions. DWR is grown in more than 50 cm water for one month or longer during the cropping season. Based on 

stature and depth of water, these are of two types: (i) traditional tall, and (ii) floating. Traditional tall cultivars are tall 

with long leaves, and grown at water depths between 50 and 100 cm; floating rice is grown in 100 cm or deeper 

situations. In Bangladesh most of the rice grown in the low lying areas during monsoon are floating rice, generally 

called as deepwater rice, locally known as broadcast aman, jolidhan, poushdhan etc. [8].  

In Bangladesh deepwater rice covers an area of 0.48 million ha [7] where there is no other option to cultivate 

modern T. aman varieties. In haor & beel areas like Sunamganj, Sylhet, Habiganj, B. Baria, Faridpur, Gopalganj and 

Pabna, local deepwater rice varieties are cultivated which have low yield potential [8].  

The depth of water in some areas can exceed 4 m as in floating rice areas. Apparently each of these types of 

floods requires specific adaptive traits, which necessitates the development of unique varieties [9]. Though DWR is 

cultivated in small areas with low yield, attention should be given to achieve breakthrough in yield potential. Many 

advanced lines of DWR having better yield potential have been developed by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 

(BRRI).  

Screening genotypes at seedling stages have several benefits, such as low cost, ease of handling, less laborious 

and getting rid of susceptible genotypes at earliest [10]. In vitro selection techniques involving the use of 

Polyethylene glycol (PEG), is one of the reliable methods for screening desirable genotypes and to study further the 

effects of water scarcity on plant germination indices [11, 12]. PEG is a non-penetrate and non-toxic osmotic 

substance which can be used to lower the water potential of culture medium [13]. The selected abiotic stress 

tolerance rice cultivars have a potential of direct introduction in to farmer fields [14] or utilize them in breeding 

programs to develop abiotic stress tolerance rice cultivars [14, 15]. 

Early establishment of crop is necessary for DWR to face the flood water throughout the growing season 

(typically one or two months). The crop established before monsoon begins or floodwater enters can withstand better 

in raising water level situation. Thus, effective crop growth can boost up total grain production at the end of the 

season. Crop improvement against moisture stress has been difficulty mainly for 1) lack of suitable screening 

technique that allows large population and 2) complexity in its arrival times and extents, since it occurs with different 

intensity and extent in different years. Growth study along with different plant structures is of utmost necessity for 

crop improvement under stress condition. Though DWR area is comparatively low compared to total rice area, there 

is necessity of working on it because there exist low lying rice areas where it is one and only option during Aman 

season.  

If high yield potential DWR varieties are introduced, there will be significant increase in national rice 

production. Hence there is need of advanced breeding lines to select for a rice variety suitable for DWR areas. 

Considering the above facts, the present research studies was undertaken to fulfill the following objectives: To study 

the osmotic stress tolerance of newly developed advanced DWR genotypes through PEG treatment and to study the 

extent of variation of growth status of advanced rice genotypes under osmotic stress and actual field conditions. 

 

2. Materials and Methods 
The experiment was conducted at the Deepwater Rice Field of BRRI, Regional Station, Habiganj during the 

period of May, 2014 to November, 2014 to characterize seven advanced DWR genotypes morphologically. The 

experiment was carried at the field of BRRI, Regional Station, Habiganj from April to November in 2014. The site is 

at 245 N latitude and 913 E longitude having an elevation of 14 m from the sea level. The soil of the area is acidic 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2016, 3(2): 59-65 

 

 

 

 

61 

 

(pH 4.5) and clay type. Texture of the soil is heavy with high organic matter content (3.9%). On average yearly 

rainfall of that place is 2330 mm. In 2014, the highest temperature recorded in May is 33 C and the lowest in 

January is 12 C. The range of the on average flooding height is 250-300 cm that occurs in between July to August. 

The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The unit plot 

size was 5 x 5 m. Flash flood occurs from the last week of April to May and it is one of the highest risks of the haor 

(depressed) areas. 

 

2.1. Experimental Treatments 
The experimental treatments were as follows: 

A. Genotypes: 7 

i. BR224-2B-2-5B 

ii. BR5915-B-7B 

iii. Bazail-65 

iv. Gabura 

v. Lal-khama 

vi. Hbj.A.IV 

vii. Birpala 

B. Morphological data on different days after sowing (DAS): 5 

i. 30 DAS 

ii. 60 DAS 

iii. 90 DAS 

iv. 120 DAS 

v. 150 DAS 

 

2.2. Design of the Experiment 

2.2.1. Collection of Experimental Data 
Before harvesting according to treatments (30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS, 120 DAS and 150 DAS) following data 

was taken:  

i. Plant height (cm) 

ii. Number of leaves plant -1 

iii. Number of effective tillers plant -1 

iv. Number of non-effective tillers plant -1 

 

i. Plant height (cm) 

The height of five rice plants were measured from the ground level to the tip of flag leaf and mean plant height 

was recorded in cm. 

i. Number of leaves plant -1 

All the leaves present on same sample plants were counted and average data kept on data sheet. 

ii. Number of effective tillers plant -1 

All the effective tillers of five randomly selected plants were counted and were averaged. 

iii. Number of non-effective tillers plant -1 

All the non-effective tillers of same selected plants were counted and were averaged. 

iv. Yield (t ha-1) 

The grain was harvested when the plant reached 80% maturity and yield of each individual plot was 

estimated at 14% moisture. 

 

2.3. Statistical Analysis of Data 
The recorded data were compiled and tabulated in proper form for statistical analysis. Analysis for variance was 

done following the RCBD with the help computer package MSTAT software. The mean differences were compared 

with DMRT [16]. 

 

3. Result and Discussion 
3.1. Response among the Genotypes/Varieties for Different Plant Characters 

The mean squares of genotype for plant height, number of leaves, number of effective tillers and number of non-

effective tillers are significant indicating the presence of adequate variability among the genotypes for these 

parameters (Table 1).The results of genotypic responses to different DAS are presented in Table 2 and Figure 1, 2, 3 

and 4.The yield data is also presented here to make a justified conclusion to present study (Table 2 and Figure 5). 

 
Table-1. Summary of analysis of variance on some plant characters in field condition 

Sources of variance Degree of 

freedom 

 

Mean Square 

Plant height Number of 

leaves 

Number of 

effective tillers 

Number  of non- 

effective tillers 

Yield 

Factor A 

(Genotype) 
6 161.39** 438.35** 26.95** 1.02** 0.035** 

Factor B 

(Treatment) 
4 80786.10** 9685.06** 669.68** 15.82** 31.851** 

AB 24 255.02** 224.77** 12.73** 0.60** 0.035** 

Error 68 33.22 26.02 3.52 0.31 0.002 
Note: **significant at 1% level of probability 



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Table-2. Mean performance of different genotypes/varieties for different plant characters 

Name of the 

genotype/variety 

Plant height 

(cm) 

Number of 

leaves 

No. of effective 

tillers 

No. of non- effective 

tillers 

Yield 

(t ha-1) 

BR224-2B-2-5 127.67a 30.07bc 7.0b 0.87 bc 3.07 a 

BR5915-B-7 124.53 ab 26.53 c 7.13 b 0.87 bc 2.71 c 

Bazail-65 124.73 ab 26.53 c 6.60 b 0.67 c 2.97 b 

Gabura 120.53 bc 31.53 b 6.93 b 1.00 abc 2.74 c 

Lal-khama 118.73 c 36.33 a 8.07 b 1.2 ab 2.73 c 

Hbj.A.IV 119.87 c 39.13 a 9.80 a 1.4 a 2.75 c 

Birpala 120.53 bc 38.73 a 9.67 a 1.27 ab 2.30 c 

LSD (0.05) 3.95 3.69 1.39 0.39 0.07 

S.E() 1.40 1.30 0.49 0.13 0.01 

  Note: * The values bearing different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level of probability 

 

The plant height varied from 118.73 to 127.67 cm and maximum plant height (127.67 cm) was found in the 

genotype BR224-2B-2-5 whereas minimum plant height (118.73 cm) for Lal-khama (Table 2). In case of number of 

leaves, the data showed a variation from 26.53 to 39.13 and maximum number of leaves was found in Hbj.A.IV 

whereas minimum number of leaves in BR5915-B-7 & Bazail-65.The number of effective tillers varied from 9.80 to 

6.93 and maximum number of effective tillers was recorded for the genotype Hbj.A.IV whereas minimum number 

effective tillers for Bazail-65. BR224-2B-2-5, BR5915-B-7, Bazail-65, Gabura, Lal-khama showed no significant 

difference. The number of non effective tillers, varied from 0.67 to 1.4 and the highest value 1.4 was found in 

Hbj.A.IV and the lowest value was found for the genotype Bazail-65. In case of yield, the data varied from 2.30 to 

3.07 t ha-1 and the highest yield was obtained from BR224-2B-5-2 (3.07 t ha-1) and lowest yield from Birpala (2.30 t 

ha-1) (Table 2). 

 

3.2. Response of Genotypes/Varieties at Different DAS 

Mean squares due to different treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) were significant (Table 2). The effect of 

different DAS is shown in Table 3. Among the five treatments T5 (150 DAS) showed best result as the day increase 

plant responses significantly with DAS. Plant height and number of leaves were highly significant.  In case of 

number of leaves, number of effective and non-effective tillers there were no significant difference between T4 and 

T5 (Table 3). 

 
Table-3. Mean effect of different DAS on plant characters 

Different DAS Plant height (cm) Number of leaves Number of effective tillers Number of non- effective tillers 

T1= 30 DAS 

T2= 60 DAS 

T3= 90 DAS 

T4= 120 DAS 

T5= 150 DAS 

35.52 e 

100.62 d 

119.91 c 

153.43 b 

202.38 a 

4 d 

16.72 c 

39.28 b 

50.76 a 

52.67 a 

0.0 d 

4.52 c 

8.85 b 

12.62 a 

13.42 a 

0.0 c 

0.28 c 

1.19 b 

1.81 a 

1.91 a 

LSD (0.05) 3.34 3.12 1.17 0.33 

S.E. () 1.12 1.12 0.41 0.12 

Note: * The values bearing different letters in the same column are significantly different at 5% level of probability 

 

3.3. Effects of Genotype X DAS Treatment on Plant Characters 
Mean squares due to interaction (variety x treatment) were significant (Table 4.5). Interaction effects of genotype 

and treatment (DAS) on plant characters are presented in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4. The genotypes BR224-2B-2-5, 

BR5915-B-7, Bazail-65, and Gabura showed maximum plant height at T1 and T2 but HBJ.A.IV and Bazail-65 

showed maximum plant height at T3 and T4 (Figure 4.8). In case of number of leaves all the genotypes were same at 

T1 but BR224-2B-2-5, and BR5915-B-7 recorded the highest number of live leaves at 60 DAS (T2) (Figure 4.9). 

HBJ.A.IV and Birpala showed more leaves at T3, T4, and T5 (Figure 2). No tiller was observed at 30 DAS (T1). 

BR224-2B-2-5, and BR5915-B-7 showed maximum effective tillers at 60 DAS (T2) (Figure 4.10). Like number of 

leaves HBJ.A.IV and Birpala showed maximum effective tillers at T3, T4, and T5 (Figure 2 & 3). The cultivar Gabura 

showed more non-effective tillers at T3 but HBJ.A.IV showed more number of non-effective tillers at T4 and T5 

(Figure 4). The genotypes BR224-2B-2-5, BR5915-B-7, Bazail-65, and Gabura showed maximum plant height at 30 

DASand 60 DAS.HBJ.A.IV and Bazail-65 showed maximum plant height at 90 DAS and 120 DAS (Figure 4.8). In 

case of number of leaves all the genotypes were same at 30 DAS. BR224-2B-2-5, and BR5915-B-7 showed 

maximum leaves at 60 DAS (T2) but HBJ.A.IV and Birpala showed maximum leaves at later stages (120 DAS 

and150 DAS) (Figure 4.9). No tiller was observed at 30 DAS (T1), BR224-2B-2-5 and BR5915-B-7 showed 

maximum effective tillers at 60 DAS (T2) (Figure 4.10). Like number of leaves HBJ.A.IV and Birpala showed 

maximum effective tillers at later stages (120 DAS and 150 DAS) as shown in Figure 4.9 and 4.10. Sanchez, et al. 

[17] reported that taller rice plants produce fewer tillers than shorter plants which are similar to the present study. 

Ashfaq, et al. [15] also observed that plant height and number of tillers are essential traits in boosting yield 

performance. 

 

3.4. Yield Performance  

After yield estimation of seven deepwater genotypes it was found that BR224-2B-2-5 has the highest yield 

performance (3.07 t ha-1) and Birpala showed the lowest yield (2.30 t ha-1) among all the genotypes (Table 3 and 

Figure 5). The yield also varied significantly in relation to different genotypes and the highest yield was found for the 

genotype BR224-2B-2-5(3.07 t ha-1) and lowest for Birpala (2.30 t ha-1) (Table 3). Similar results were reported by 

several authors [18, 19] to describe yield potentiality of rice in a continuously flooded ecosystem.  



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2016, 3(2): 59-65 

 

 

 

 

63 

 

 
Figure-1. Plant height of different rice genotypes at different treatments. Mean (SE) was calculated from three replicates from each treatment. 

T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 indicate 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS, 120 DAS and 150 DAS respectively. Bars with different letters are significantly 

different at P0.05 applying LSD test. 

 

 
Figure-2. Number of leaves of different rice genotypes at different treatments. Other details as in Figure 4.8 

 

 

Figure-3. Number of effective tillers of different rice genotypes at different treatments. Other details as in Figure 4.8 

 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2016, 3(2): 59-65 

 

 

 

 

64 

 

 
Figure-4. Number of non-effective tillers of different rice genotypes at different treatments. Other details as in Figure 4.8. 

 

 
Figure-5. Mean yield of different rice genotypes. Mean (SE) was calculated from three replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly 

different at P<0.05 applying LSD test. 

 

4. Conclusion 
In the study, seven advanced DWR genotypes were grown at field condition to evaluate their yield and yield 

contributing characters. The results indicated that advanced genotypes BR224-2B-2-5, BR5915-B-7, and Bazail-65 

showed early growth status in case of plant height, number of leaves, and even number of tillers. But later on, 

HBJ.A.IV and Bazail-65 recorded the highest plant height at T3 (90 DAS) and T4 (120 DAS). In case of number of 

leaves BR224-2B-2-5 and BR5915-B-7 has maximum number of leaves and tillers at 60 DAS. But HBJ.A.IV and 

Birpala showed more leaves and tillers at later stages (T3, T4 and T5). The cultivar Gabura showed more non-

effective tillers at early (T3) but HBJ.A.IV showed more number of non-effective tillers at T4 and T5. The highest 

yield was found for the genotype BR224-2B-2-5(3.07 t ha-1) and the lowest for Birpala (2.30 t ha-1).  We summarize 

that the advanced genotype BR224-2B-2-5 is able to establish significantly at early stage as it showed vigorous 

growth against stress condition present at early stage. HBJ.A.IV and Birpala have potential of producing more leaves 

and tillers throughout the growth stages and HBJ.A.IV and Birpala is the tall type DWR cultivar as it produced more 

seedling height and plant height than others. The yield of the genotype BR224-2B-2-5 and BR5915-B-7 are 3.07 t ha-

1 and 2.71 t ha-1 respectively. Finally, the advanced genotype BR224-2B-2-5 may be a good source to meet the future 

challenge.   

 

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