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Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 8, No. 1, 10-14, 2021 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.512.2021.81.10.14 

© 2021 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

    
 

 
 
 
The Effect of Planting Distance and Bokashi from Several Types of Organic 
Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Elephant Ginger Variety (Zingiber Officinale 
var. Roscoe) 

 
Desak Ketut Tri Martini1   

Desak Putu Raka Paramita2   

 
 

( Corresponding Author)  
1Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana, Indonesia. 

 
2Department of Tropical Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. 

 

 
Abstract 

Given the large market opportunity for ginger to meet consumption, it is necessary to seek 
various methods of increasing production, both in terms of quality and quantity. To achieve these 
result, ginger production in Indonesia must be expanded, intensified, and diversified in an 
appropriate and economically sustainable manner. The goal of this study was to see how spacing 
and bokashi from various organic fertilizers affected the growth and yield of elephant ginger. This 
experiment used a factorial design with a randomized block design (RBD) of two factors. The first 
factor is the spacing (J), which has three levels: 40 cm x 20 cm spacing (J1), 40 cm x 30 cm spacing 
(J2), and 40 cm x 40 cm spacing (J3). The second factor is organic fertilizer bokashi (B), which is 
made up of four experiments: no bokashi (Bt), pig manure bokashi (Bb), cow dung bokashi (Bs), 
and green manure bokashi (Bh). The experimental results were statistically analyzed using 
analysis of variance. Results showed that the interaction effect of distances and the type of bokashi 
with organic fertilizer has no significant difference (P 0.05) in the growth and yield of elephant 
ginger. The average net assimilation rate 90-105 dap, as well as the average plant growth rate 75-
90 dap were compared. The highest yield of fresh rhizomes per hectare was obtained in the at a 40 
cm x 20 cm spacing. 

 
Keywords: Planting distance, Organic fertilizers, Growth, Variance analysis, Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe, Bokashi 

 
Citation | Desak Ketut Tri Martini; Desak Putu Raka Paramita 
(2021). The Effect of Planting Distance and Bokashi from Several 
Types of Organic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Elephant 
Ginger Variety (Zingiber Officinale var. Roscoe). Agriculture and 
Food Sciences Research, 8(1): 10-14. 
History:  
Received: 10 March 2021 
Revised: 13 April 2021 
Accepted: 18 May 2021 
Published: 7 June 2021 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Acknowledgement: Both authors contributed to the conception and design of 
the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 
2. Material and Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11 
3. Result .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 
4. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 
5. Conclusion and Suggestion ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 
 

 
 

 

 

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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This study provided a piece of information about the effect and significance of planting distance 
and the usage of bokashi on the growth and yield of Elephant ginger variety (Zingiber officinale 
var. Roscoe). 

 
1. Introduction 

The ginger plant (Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe) is a pseudo-stemmed plant that grows upright and belongs 
to the Zingiberaceae family. The economic value of this plant is found in its rhizome. Whether fresh or processed, 
Ginger rhizome can be used for various purposes at a low cost [1]. Given the immense market opportunity for 
ginger to meet consumer demand, it is necessary to seek various production methods, both in quality and quantity. 
Ginger production in Indonesia must be expanded, intensified, and diversified in an appropriate and economically 
sustainable manner [2]. Setting the spacing needs to be considered because it is one way to increase the yield of 
broad unity rhizomes. The spacing is closely related to the plant's need for nutrients and solar radiation. In 
selecting the spacing, it must be considered that plant competition may occur, especially in nutrients, water, and 
radiation, which in turn can affect plant growth. 

In addition to spacing, fertilization is required to increase ginger yield, which aims to increase soil fertility, 
specifically in organic fertilizer bokashi, where the addition of organic matter into the soil is required for the life of 
microorganisms in the soil. Bokashi results from EM4 technology fermenting organic matter (green manure, 
manure fertilizer, compost, or plant residues), which can then be used as organic fertilizer to fertilize the soil and 
increase plant growth and production [3]. 

Plant growth is helped by proper spacing and the application of organic fertilizer bokashi. Although nutrient 
availability is limited, the spacing between individual plants determines the level of competition. Meanwhile, the 
use of organic fertilizer bokashi and directly adding nutrients to the soil increases nutrient availability. Plants can 
thus use the nutrients in the soil to grow. 

This study aimed to see how spacing and bokashi from various organic fertilizers affected the growth and yield 
of elephant ginger. The following hypotheses can be drawn from the objective: setting the spacing at 40 cm x 20 
cm will increase the growth and yield of elephant ginger, giving bokashi cow dung can increase the growth and 
yield of elephant ginger, and the interaction of 40 cm x 20 cm spacing, bokashi, and cow dung can increase the 
growth and yield of elephant ginger. 

 

2. Material and Methods 
2.1. Study Area and Material 

This is a paddy field experiment conducted in Pitera Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency at an altitude 
of approximately 500 meters above sea level. 9-month-old elephant ginger rhizome, green manure bokashi, pig 
manure bokashi, cow dung bokashi, and soil as a planting medium were used. Thiodan 36 BC and Dithane M-45 
are used to control pests and diseases. This is a factorial experiment with two factors and a basic randomized block 
design (RBD).  
 

2.2. Experimental Set Up 
The study area is a paddy field experiment conducted in Pitera Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency, at 

approximately 500 meters above sea level. 9-month-old elephant ginger rhizome, green manure bokashi, pig 
manure bokashi, cow dung bokashi, and soil as a planting medium were used. Thiodan 36 BC and Dithane M-45 
are used to control pests and diseases. Data analysis is a factorial experiment with two factors and a basic 
randomized block design (RBD).  

The variables to be observed were as follows: 
The number of tillers per clump, the fresh weight of rhizomes per clump, the weight of oven-dry stems per 

clump, the weight of oven-dry leaves per clump, the weight of oven-dry roots per clump, the weight of oven-dry 
roots per clump, the weight of oven-dry roots per clump, the weight of oven-dry roots per clump, the weight of 
oven-dry roots per clump, the weight of oven Clumps, harvest index, wet rhizome yield per hectare, oven-dry 
rhizome yield per hectare, leaf area index, average swallowed assimilation rate. Average plant growth rates are all 
variables to consider. At the ages of 75, 90, 105, and 120 days, observations were made regularly. 
 

2.3. Data Analysis 
The experimental results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. If there is a significant 

difference (F count> F Table 5% or 1%), the LSD test is used to determine a different treatment [4]. Regression 
analysis was used to determine the relationship between the various spacing treatments [4]. Correlation analysis 
was performed to determine the closeness of the relationship between the treatment given and the observed 
variables or the close relationship between the variables. 
 

3. Result 
According to the findings of the statistical analysis, the interaction between plant spacing and organic fertilizer 

bokashi type (JxB), spacing (J), and bokashi type (B) had a significant effect on the observation variable of the 
elephant ginger plant. 

 
 
 
 
 

 



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Table-1. The significance of the interaction effect between planting distance with organic fertilizer bokashi type (JxB) on the 
observation of elephant ginger’s variable 

No Observation Variable Treatment 

JxB J B 

1 Number of tillers per clump (fruit) ns ** ** 
2 Leaf Area Index (ILD) 

a. Age 75 dap 
b. Age 90 dap 
c. Age 105 dap 
d. Age 120 dap 

 
ns 
ns 
ns 
ns 

 
** 
** 
** 
** 

 
** 
** 
** 
** 

3 Average Net Assimilation Rate (LAB) 
a. Age 75-90 dap 
b. Age 90-105 dap 
c. Age 105-120 dap 

 
ns 
* 
ns 

 
** 
** 
** 

 
** 
** 
** 

4 Average Plant Growth Rate (LPT) 
a. Age 75-90 dap 
b. Age 90-105 dap 
c. Age 105-120 dap 

 
** 
ns 
ns 

 
** 
** 
** 

 
** 
** 
** 

5 Fresh Rhizome Weight Per Clump (gram) ** ** ** 
6 Fresh Rhizome Yield Per Hectare (ton) ns ** ** 
7 Weight of Oven Dry Rhizome Per Clump (gram) ns ** ** 
8 Yield of Oven Dry Rhizome Per Hectare (ton) ns ** ** 
9 Oven Dry Rod Weight Per Clump (gram) ns ** ** 
10 Weight of Oven Dry Leaves Per Clump (gram) ns ** ** 
11 Weight of Oven Dry Roots Per Clump (gram) ns ** ** 
12 Oven Dry Stable Weight Per Clump (gram) ns ** ** 
13 Harvest Index (%) ns ** ** 

Information: 
Note: ns = no significant effect (P> 0.05). 
* = significant (P≤0.05). 
** = very significant effect (P≤0.01). 
dap= days after planting. 

 
According to Table 1, the interaction between plant spacing and organic fertilizer bokashi (JxB has no 

significant effect (P> 0.05) on most of the observed growth and yield variables of ginger, with the exception of the 
weight of fresh rhizomes per clump. The average net assimilation rate between 90 and 105 dap, as well as the 
average growth rate between 75 and 90 dap. The spacing treatment (J) and the organic fertilizer bokashi treatment 
(B) had a significant (P0.05) to very significant (P0.01) effect on all observed variables. 
 

4. Discussion 
Except for fresh rhizome weight per clump, the average net assimilation rate (LAB) of age 90-105 dap, and the 

average plant growth rate (LPT) of age 75-90 dap, the interaction effect of spacing and organic fertilizer bokashi 
type (JxB) showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) on most of the observed variables. 

By giving bokashi cow dung (Bs) with a spacing of 40 cm x 40 cm (BsJ3), the average weight of fresh rhizomes 
per clump, the average net assimilation rate (LAB) at 90-105 dap, and the average plant growth rate (LPT) aged 
75-90 dap were obtained in the spacing (J) and organic fertilizer bokashi treatment (B), namely 247.56, 0.69, and 
0.21 grams. The interaction occurs because the level of competition against light, nutrients, water, and space is 
lower at the 40 cm x 40 cm spacing and is also supported by cow dung bokashi, which has a higher nutrient 
content compared to bokashi pig manure and green manure bokashi. As a result, the combined influence appears to 
affect the growth of the elephant ginger plant positively. 

The spacing effect on oven-dry rhizome yield per hectare was highly significant (P0.01). The highest average 
yield of fresh rhizomes per hectare was at a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm (J1), namely 20.49 tons or a 36.60 percent and 
57.40 percent increase, respectively, over the treatment spacings of 40 cm x 30 cm (J2) and 40 cm x 40 cm (J3). The 
greater the spacing, the lower the weight of fresh young harvest rhizomes per hectare. 

The spacing effect on oven-dry rhizome yield per hectare was highly significant (P0.01). The highest average 
yield of fresh rhizomes per hectare was at a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm (J1), namely 20.49 tons or a 36.60 percent and 
57.40 percent increase, respectively, over the treatment spacings of 40 cm x 30 cm (J2) and 40 cm x 40 cm (J3). The 
greater the spacing, the lower the weight of fresh young harvest rhizomes per hectare. Meanwhile, the spacing 
treatment with rhizome yield per hectare showed a quadratic relationship with the equation Y = 0.0175 X2 - 
1.4267 X + 42.009 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.911. 

With a high population, there will be maximum utilization of solar radiation at the start of growth to affect the 
increase in the rate of photosynthesis, and the formation of more dry matter. Furthermore, high yields at denser 
spacing or higher plant populations per hectare influence the high leaf area index. The increase in population is 
followed by an increase in shade between plant leaves, as evidenced by the increasing average leaf area index (ILD) 
with narrower spacing. The average leaf area index (ILD) values at 75, 90, and 105 days after planting were higher 
at a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm (J1), i.e., 0.45, 0.50, and 0.61, compared to a spacing of 40 cm x 30 cm (J2), that is 
0.40, 0.48, and 0.60, and a spacing of 40 cm x 40 cm (J3), i.e., 0.39, 0.50, and 0.59. The results showed that the plant 
population at a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm (J1) is higher than other spacings, because in a dense population, it allows 
for the best use of light at the beginning of growth. With a high population at the start of growth, there will be 
maximum utilization of solar radiation to affect the increase in the rate of photosynthesis, and the formation of 
more dry matter. The high leaf area index is influenced by the high yield at closer spacing. The relationship 
between fresh rhizome yields per hectare and average leaf area indexes aged 75, 90, 105, and 120 dap (r = 0.645 **, 
0.443 **, 0.433 **, and 0.533 **) demonstrates this. 

The level of relative competition was the lowest at 40 cm x 40 cm (J3) due to a high number of fresh weight 
and oven-dry weight of rhizomes per clump at a wider space J3. This resulted in better development of plant 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2021, 8(1): 10-14 

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organs. The higher average oven-dry weight of roots, leaves, and stems per clump in plants planted with a spacing 
of 40 cm x 40 cm (J3) demonstrates this. Plant growth, particularly leaf growth, will result in a large leaf area per 
plant. The presence of numerous leaves, supported by healthy roots and the availability of adequate growth factors, 
will result in increased photosynthetic activity and photosynthesis. It can be seen from the net assimilation rate and 
growth rate of plants aged 75-90, 90-105, and 105-120 dap at a spacing of 40 cm x 40 cm (J3), which is relatively 
higher than the spacings of 40 cm x 30 cm (J2) and 40 cm x 20 cm (J1). Furthermore, good growth will support 
high yield per plant, as evidenced by the very significant positive correlation between the average net assimilation 
rate and the average growth rate of plants aged 90-105 and 105-120 dap oven-dry weight of rhizomes per plant. 
clumps, namely r = 0.330 *, 0.339 * *, and 0.491 * *, 0.483 * *. 

Increased average leaf area index (ILD) can improve net assimilation rate (LAB) and plant growth rate (LPT) 
in plants aged 75-90, 90-105, and 105-120 dap, with the highest average obtained at a spacing of 40 cm x 40 cm 
(J3). The high LPT was supported by the high average oven-dry leaf weight per clump, oven-dry stem weight per 
clump, and oven-dry root weight per clump at a spacing of 40 cm x 40 cm (J3), which were 4.56, 3.16, and 3.77 
grams, respectively. A significant correlation between oven-dry leaf weight per clump and average plant growth 
rate (LPT) aged 90-105, 105-120 dap (r = 0.654 * * and 0.585 * *) was found, the weight of oven-dry stems per 
clump with a plant growth rate (LPT) of 90-105, 105-120 dap (r = 0.670 * * and 0.646 * *) and oven-dry root 
weight per clump with a plant growth rate (LPT) of 90-105, 105-120 dap (r = 0.592 * * and 0.602 * *). According 
to Monteith [5] plant growth is equivalent to photosynthesis rate. Meanwhile, the rate of photosynthesis is 
determined by the amount of light that plants are able to intercept [6]. Plants will produce more dry matter as a 
result of the relationship between plant growth rate and leaf area index. 

The effect of organic fertilizer type bokashi on fresh rhizome yield per hectare was significant (P0.01), as was 
the effect on oven-dried rhizome yield per hectare (P0.05). Cow dung bokashi (Bs) produced the highest average 
yield of fresh rhizomes per hectare, namely 19.40 tons, representing an increase of 22.48 percent, 24.74 percent, and 
39.70 percent, respectively, when compared to pig manure bokashi (Bb), bokashi green manure (Bh), and no 
bokashi (Bt). The high weight of fresh rhizomes per clump, which was also obtained in the treatment of cow dung 
bokashi (Bs), supported the increase in yield of fresh rhizomes per hectare, i.e., 218.79 grams. When compared to 
pork dung bokashi (Bb), green manure bokashi (Bh), and no bokashi (Bt), the number increased by 19.56 percent, 
24.10 percent, and 34.63 percent, respectively. It was demonstrated by a highly significant positive correlation (r = 
0.657 * *) between fresh rhizome yield per hectare and fresh rhizome weight per clump. The increased number of 
tillers per clump aided the increase in fresh rhizome weight per clump. When cow dung bokashi (Bs) was used, the 
number of tillers per clump increased by 5.25 percent, 27.71 percent, and 40.00 percent, respectively, when 
compared to pork manure bokashi (Bb), green manure bokashi (Bh), and no bokashi (Bt).) whose respective scores 
were 4.44, 4.11, and 3.75. It was demonstrated by a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.838 * *) between 
the number of tillers per clump and the weight of fresh rhizomes per clump. 

Cow dung bokashi (Bs) produced the highest yield of oven-dried rhizome per hectare, namely 0.60 tons, 
representing an increase of 16.30 percent, 21.67 percent, and 32.54 percent, respectively. In comparison, 0.52 tons 
of pork manure bokashi (Bb), 0.50 tons of green manure bokashi (Bh), and 0.46 tons of no bokashi (Bt) were 
produced. The increased oven-dry rhizome yield and fresh rhizome yield per hectare were supported by a 5.29-
gram increase in oven-dry rhizome weight per clump in cow dung bokashi (Bs). The number has increased by 7.24 
percent, 21.35 percent, and 32.91 percent, respectively, when compared to pork manure bokashi (Bb), bokashi green 
manure (Bh), and without bokashi (Bt). In the bokashi treatment of cow dung (Bs), the increase in oven-dry 
rhizome weight per clump was supported by an increase in fresh rhizome weight per clump of 218.79 (r = 0.465 * 
*). 

Increases in the average leaf area index (ILD) of 75, 90, 105, and 120 dap in the treatment of organic fertilizer 
bokashi (B) influenced the weight of leaves, roots, and oven-dry stems per clump in the treatment of cow dung 
bokashi (Bs), as well as the height of fresh rhizome weight and oven-dry rhizome weight per clump in the 
treatment of cow dung bokashi (Bs). As evidenced by a highly significant positive correlation between oven-dry leaf 
weight per clump and average leaf area index (ILD) at 75, 90, 105, and 120 dap (r = 0.517 **, 0.635 **, 0.724 **, 
0.713 * *), there was a significant correlation between oven-dry stem weight per clump and the mean leaf area 
index (ILD) at 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after planting (r = 0.582 **, 0.668 **, 0.744 **, 0.735 * *), there was a 
significant correlation between fresh weight of rhizomes per clump and the mean leaf area index (ILD) aged 75, 90, 
105 and 120 dap (r = 0.470 **, 0.553 **, 0.504 **, 0.476 ** ), a significant correlation between oven dry rhizome 
weight per clump with mean leaf area index (ILD) at 75, 90, 105 and 120 dap (r = 0.681 **, 0.433 **, 0.335 **, 
0.470 ** ). 

Increased light interception from a higher leaf area index (ILD) would boost net assimilation. Cow dung 
bokashi (Bs) had the highest average net assimilation rate (LAB) aged 75-90, 90-105, 105-120 dap of 0.31, 0.69, 
0.46 mg/cm2/hr1 or increased respectively to 29.07 percent, 40.82 percent, and 12.20 percent compared to bokashi 
pig manure (Bb) 34.78 percent, 43.75 percent, 15 percent compared to green manure bokashi (Bh) and 40 (Bt). In 
addition to the increase in the average leaf area index, the increase in oven-dry leaf weight per clump in the 
treatment of cow dung (Bs), namely 5.82 grams or in percentage i.e., 48.85 percent, 50.0 percent, and 80.0 percent 
compared to the provision of green manure bokashi (Bh), was also due to the increase in oven-dry leaf weight per 
clump in the treatment of cow dung (Bs), namely 5.82 grams or an increase of 48.85 percent (Bt). 

The use of bokashi, an organic fertilizer, can help plants grow faster. The increase in plant growth (LPT) rate 
reflects this. When cow dung bokashi (Bs) was provided, the average plant growth rate (LPT) at the age of 75-90 
dap increased by 40 percent, 75 percent, and 110 percent, and the plant growth rate (LPT) at the age of 90-105 dap 
increased by 40 percent, 75 percent, and 110 percent, respectively. - Compared to the treatment of bokashi pig 
manure (Bb), bokashi green manure (Bh), and no bokashi, plant growth rate (LPT) aged 105-120 dap increased by 
41.38 percent, 51.85 percent, and 95.24 percent, respectively (Bt). Plant growth rates increased by cow dung 
bokashi (Bs) can increase net assimilation rate and leaf area index. 

The amount of dry matter produced by plants increases as the plant growth rate (LPT) increases. Increased 
leaf weight, roots, stems, and oven-dry stems per clump in the organic fertilizer bokashi treatment also contributed 
to the increase in average plant growth rate (LPT). Evidenced by a significant correlation between oven-dry leaf 



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weight per clump with the average plant growth rate (LPT) aged 90-105 dap and 105-120 dap (r = 0.654 **, and 
0.585 **), a very positive correlation. The oven-dry root weight per clump and the average plant growth rate 
(LPT) of 90-105 dap and 105-120 dap (r = 0.592 ** and 0.602 **), the positive correlation was very significant 
between oven-dry weight per clump. clumps with an average plant growth rate (LPT) of 90-105 dap and 105-120 
dap (r = 0.670 **, and 0.646 **), and a significant correlation between oven-dry weight per hill plant growth 
(LPT) 90-105 dap and 105-120 dap (r = 0.652 **, and 0.620 **). 

The availability of nutrients required by plants to carry out physiological and biochemical processes in the 
plant body encourages good vegetative growth. The use of manure can provide macro and micronutrients to plants 
while also developing the lives of microorganisms in the soil [7]. Furthermore, the presence of these 
microorganisms is said to accelerate the weathering process in the soil, increasing soil fertility. It is aided by the 
high organic matter content of manure. Furthermore, bokashi cow manure improves soil physical properties by 
increasing groundwater buffering capacity, soil water content, soil permeability, and aeration while decreasing the 
influence of surface runoff and erosion. 

Cow dung bokashi can increase yield due to cow dung's high organic matter content in the soil. Cow dung 
fertilizer contains more nutrients than pig and green manure, particularly nitrogen content, where the nitrogen 
content in the experimental soil is shallow, requiring plants to rely heavily on cow dung bokashi. Nitrogen is 
required to produce amino acids, the formation of proteins, the formation of new cells, cell division, cell 
enlargement, tissue growth, stem elongation, leaf growth, and vegetative growth in general—nitrogen aids in 
forming leaf chlorophyll molecules, which serve as a platform for the photosynthesis process. The activity level of 
microorganisms in each treatment varies due to differences in chemical composition or nutrient content in the 
organic matter [8]. Moreover, variations in the activity of these microorganisms will affect the rate of carbon 
dioxide release and the organic compounds produced. 

Giving bokashi can boost the population of beneficial microorganisms in the soil to the point where it 
outnumbers harmful microorganisms. With this dominant population, these microorganisms will play a more 
significant role in organic matter decomposition and increase the availability of nutrients that plants can use to 
grow. 
 

5. Conclusion and Suggestion 
Based on the results and discussion, it is possible to conclude that the interaction between plant distance and 

organic fertilizer type has no significant effect on all observation variables of elephant ginger, with the exception of 
fresh rhizome weight per clump. The average net assimilation rate (LAB) is 90-105 dap, with a 75-90 dap plant 
growth rate. Cow dung bokashi yields the highest fresh rhizome yield per hectare. Elephant ginger has a high 
growth rate of about 20.5 percent. The yield of oven-dry rhizomes increased by 36.60 percent, 57.40 percent, and 
33.20 percent, 60.33 percent when compared to spacings of 40 cm x 30 cm and 40 x 40 cm. 

The discussion and conclusions that have been described can be given and or with a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm 
to obtain high yields of elephant ginger and cow dung bokashi. As a consideration, more research should be 
conducted, paying special attention to the dose of bokashi cow dung used and the treatment of narrower spacing on 
the same land conditions. 
 

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[2] H. B. Santoso, Elephant ginger. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1994. 
[3] G. J. Umpel, Experience of effective microogranism technology application. Jakarta: National Seminar on Agriculture, 1997. 
[4] I. M. N. Tenaya, "Determining the optimal population using the fan design method on cabbage in lowlands," Scientific Report, 

Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Unpublished, 1986. 
[5] J. L. Monteith, "Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, 

Biological Sciences, vol. 281, pp. 277-294, 1977.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1977.0140.  
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Rhino Harvested Young, Scientific Report, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)1991. 
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