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© 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 10, No. 2, 28-31, 2023 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v10i2.5209 

© 2023 by the author; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Participatory demonstration and evaluation of improved onion variety in East 
Shewa zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia 

 
Fistum Miruts1   

Belay Roba2   

Derara Sori3   

  
( Corresponding Author)  

1,2,3Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. 
1Email: fitsummiruts@gmail.com    
2Email: robabelay1984@gmail.com   
3Email: soriderara2016@gmail.com  

 
Abstract 

The study was carried out in selected districts of East Shewa zone Oromia regional state to 
compare the performance of a recently released onion variety (Nafis) with their recommended 
agronomic recommendations to a control (Bombay red) through an on-farm demonstration. The 
demonstration was implemented on 9.3 hectares of 37 farmers’ farmland. The Nafis variety 
outperformed the control, with a mean yield of 293.2 qt/ha. The mean technology gap was 106.8 
qt/ha and the technology index recorded was observed to be 26.7%. Farmers' preferences were 
used to evaluate onion varieties with criteria of yield, disease, bulb size, bulb color (deep red 
preferred), pungency, storability, and market preference. Nafis variety is preferred over the 
Bombay red variety. In addition, lack of improved seeds, high chemical costs, and insect and 
disease infestations are among the major constraints limiting onion production and productivity 
in the study area. Trips and fungi (Purple Bloch) have also been identified by farmers as a major 
disease affecting onion production in the districts. In general, the demonstrated variety (Nafis) 
was found to be feasible and preferred by the farmers to cultivate in the East Shewa zone as 
compared to the check (Bombay red). Therefore, onion yield in farmers' fields can be improved 
largely by cultivating the Nafis variety in the study area and similar environments. 

 
Keywords: Demonstration, Extension gap, East-Shewa, Onion, Technology gap, Technology index. 

 
Citation | Miruts, F., Roba, B., & Sori, D. (2023). Participatory 
demonstration and evaluation of improved onion variety in East 
Shewa zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food 
Sciences Research, 10(2), 28–31. 10.20448/aesr.v10i2.5209 
History:  
Received: 22 August 2023 
Revised: 13 November 2023 
Accepted: 27 November 2023 
Published: 6 December 2023 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Funding: This research is supported by Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural 
Research (Grant number: 62-05). 
Institutional Review Board Statement: The Ethical Committee of the 
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia has granted approval 
for this study. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the 
study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned 
have been explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception 
and design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published 
version of the manuscript. 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................................................... 29 
3. Result and Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 30 
4. Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................... 31 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 31 
 

 

 

 

 

mailto:fitsummiruts@gmail.com
mailto:robabelay1984@gmail.com
mailto:soriderara2016@gmail.com
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v10i2.5209
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1390-4669
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2835-8212
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3233-0995


Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2023, 10(2): 28-31 

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© 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This paper contributes to the existing literature in several ways. First, unlike most other 
studies, it focuses on the traits growers consider for sustainable onion production rather than 
evaluating the technology in yield performance only. Second, the study is unique in that the 
technology is new and contributes significantly to the farming community's production and 
productivity. 

 
1. Introduction 

In Ethiopia, onion is an important cash crop that is widely used to enhance the flavor of various foods. It is 
grown under both irrigation and rainfed conditions, by smallholder farmers and commercial growers, with, 
irrigation covering the majority of the land [1]. The study area has a high potential for onion production because 
of the abundance of irrigated farmland and the presence of relatively better market access [2].  

 According to a report from the Central Statistics Agency [3], the area covered by onions in 2019/20 was 
approximately 28,185.11 hectares, with a total production of 2,624,782.85 quintals. There was a 29% increase in 
area coverage and a 20% increase in production when comparing the 2019/20 onion cropping season to the 
2012/2013., Crop productivity, however, is decreasing year after year. There was a 25 qt/ha yield difference 
between the 2012/13 (100.24 qt/ha) and the 2019/20 (75.29 qt/ha) cropping season Table 1. 

These low yield results indicate the presence of a large productivity gap, which is attributed to several 
constraints, the most significant of which are the lack of an authorized body that produces and distributes improved 
onion seed varieties and the use of inappropriate agronomic practices [2, 4]. With this in mind, the purpose of the 
study was to compare the performance of a recently released onion variety (Nafis) with the check (Bombay red) 
through on-farm demonstration and to analyze farmers' preferences for the demonstrated varieties. 

 
Table 1. Area coverage, production, and productivity of onion in Ethiopia. 

Production year Area coverage (ha) Production (qt) Productivity (qt/ha) Productivity change (qt/ha) 

2012/13 21,865.37 2,191,886.02 100.24  

2013/14 24,375.70 2,197,352.67 90.15 -10.09 
2014/15 22,771.88 2,307,451.89 101.35 11.2 
2015/16 29,517.01 2,648,493.54 89.73 -11.62 
2016/17 33,603.39 3,274,752.45 97.45 7.72 
2017/18 31,673.21 2,938,875.85 92.79 -4.66 
2019/20 28,185.11 2,624,782.85 75.29 -17.5 
Source:  CSA (2012/13 – 2019/20). 

 

2. Materials and Methods  
2.1. Description of the Study Area 

The research was carried out in three districts of the East Shewa Zone (Adama, Lume, and Adamitulu Jido 
Kombolcha) of the Oromia regional state. The zone has ten districts and is divided into 17.2% slight, 41.3% 
moderate, and 41.5% severe agricultural drought risk subzones. The zone economy is characterized by a mixed 
farming system that relies on a large rain-fed farm [5]. East Shewa Zone has three agroecologies namely highland, 
midland, and lowland. This Zone received an annual temperature range of 12-39°C. The Zone has a total land area 
of 971,159.21 hectares [6]. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the study areas.  
 

 
Figure 1. Map of the study area. 

 
 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2023, 10(2): 28-31 

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© 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

2.2. Farmer's Selection and Field Establishment 
As Adama, Lume, and Adamitulu Jido Kombolcha (ATJK) districts are potential areas in onion production, 

farmers who have access to irrigation, interest in the technology, a willingness to allocate and manage fields of the 
demonstration, and a willingness to collaborate with researchers and extension agents were chosen to host the 
demonstration. The newly released variety (Nafis) was demonstrated side by side with a locally popular variety 
(Bombay red).  A plot size of 0.25 hectares was used for each demonstration. In onion production, all recommended 
packages reported by MoA [7] applied for instance, using 40 cm water furrows with 20 cm rows on beds and 5 cm 
between plants in the demonstration plots are employed in farmers’ fields. All varieties were planted on the same 
day. Follow-ups and critical advice from respective researchers and agricultural experts have been provided to 
demonstration host farmers. The Melkassa Research Center provided complete onion technology packages for the 
demonstration.  
 

2.3. Training of Farmers  
Since training is one of the extension methods playing a significant role in increasing the awareness of the 

farming community on a particular technology, host farmers (37) and development agents (10) in the study were 
given training on onion production and management practices. The training consists of both theoretical and 
practical training. Researchers discovered gaps during their regular visits. To fill the observed gap, field-level 
training was provided to the farmers by grouping them into small groups and discussing issues raised by farmers.  
 

2.4. Data Collection and Analysis 
Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed through supervision and follow-up of the 

activity with the participation of all stakeholders. A data record sheet was created to collect all necessary data. 
Thus, field observation and contact with the target farmer during the field visit were used to collect data. Farmers' 
yield data and preferences for the variety were collected. Finally, the collected data was analyzed using simple 
statistical tools. The following equation was used to calculate the gaps between the potential yield and the 
demonstration yield, the extension gap, and the technology index [8]. 

• Technology gap = Potential yield – demonstration yield                                                       (1) 

• Extension gap = Demonstration yield – Yield under existing practice                                 (2) 

• Technology index = (Potential yield - demonstration yield / potential yield) x 100            (3) 
 

3. Result and Discussion 

3.1. Yield Performance  
The mean yield of the Nafis variety obtained under the demonstration was 271.19, 322.09, and 286.16 q/ha in 

the Adama, Lume, and ATJK districts respectively. The highest yield (346 qt/ha) was in the Adama district during 
2018/19 whereas the smallest yield (196.38 qt/ha) was in the same district during 2019/20 for the Nafis variety. 
The difference in yield amount over location and demonstration year was observed, which might be due to 
management differences in climatic deviations, as well as the change in the location of the demonstration in each 
year. The result of the demonstration revealed that the recently released varieties (Nafis) performed extremely well 
when compared with the check (Bombay red) during all the years of demonstration Table 2.  

Accordingly, a mean yield advantage of 33.9, 127.3, and 48.9% of Nafis variety was recorded over the check-in 
Adama, Lume, and ATJK districts respectively. The pooled mean shows also a 41.4% yield advantage of the Nafis 
variety over the check-in of all demonstrated districts. The yield improvement in onion and other crops under 
demonstration has adequately been documented by Abady, et al. [9] and Kinfe and Tesfaye [10]. 
 
Table 2. Yield performances of Nafis variety. 

Location Year No. of demo. Area Nafis yield (qt/ha) Check (qt/ha) Yield increment (%) 

Adama  
2018/19 8 2 346.00 232.37 48.90 
2019/20 5 1.25 196.38 164.97 19.04 

Mean 13 3.25 271.19 198.67 33.97 

Lume 
2018/19 8 2 311.27 101.34 207.14 
2019/20 5 1.25 332.90 225.83 47.41 

Mean 13 3.25 322.09 163.59 127.28 

ATJK 
2018/19 6 1.5 241.23 233.03 3.52 
2019/20 5 1.25 331.08 286.86 15.41 

Mean 11 2.75 286.16 259.95 48.90 
Pooled mean 37 9.25 293.15 207.40 41.35 

 

3.2. Technology Gap, Extension Gap, and Technology Index 
The newly released onion variety (Nafis) outperformed the control (Bombay red).  Table 3 shows that the 

percentage increase in yield over check is 36.5 in the Adama district, 97 in the Lume district, and 10 in the ATJK 
district. The technology gap in Adama, Lume, and ATJK districts was 128.8, 77.9, and 113.8 qt/ha, respectively. 
This may be attributed to differences in soil fertility status and weather conditions. As a result, it appears that 
location-specific recommendations are required to close the yield gap between different varieties. 

Regarding the extension gap, the Lume and Adama districts had the greatest extension gap (158.5 qt/ha). The 
extension gap highlighted the importance of educating onion-producing farmers through various means for the 
adoption of improved high-yielding varieties with the recommended packages. By using the Nafis variety, Farmers 
can change the trend of a wide extension gap. 

The technology index in Table 3 indicates the viability of the variety (Nafis) in the farmers' field. The lower the 
value of the technology index, the higher the technology's feasibility [11, 12]. Across districts, the technology 
index ranges from 19.48 to 32.2 percent.  The Nafis variety is found to be more feasible for farmers to produce in 
the study area than the Bombay Red variety (Check). 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2023, 10(2): 28-31 

31 
© 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Table 3. Productivity of onion (Nafis variety), yield gaps, and technology index. 

Location  
Potential 

yield (qt/ha) 
Demonstration 

(qt/ha) 
Bombay red 

(qt/ha) 
% increase 
over check 

Technology 
gap 

Extension 
gap 

Technology 
index (%) 

Adama  400 271.19 198.67 36.50 128.81 72.52 32.20 
Lume 400 322.09 163.59 96.89 77.91 158.50 19.48 
ATJK 400 286.16 259.95 10.08 113.84 26.21 28.46 
Mean 400 293.15 207.40 47.82 106.85 85.74 26.71 

 
3.3. Farmers Feedback  

Farmers' preferences were used to evaluate onion varieties with criteria of yield, disease and insect resistance, 
bulb size, bulb color (deep red preferred), pungency, storability, and market preference. According to the ranking of 
onion varieties based on farmers' criteria, farmers preferred the Nafis variety over the Bombay red variety. Table 4 
presents below the onion producer farmers preference of onion variety based on their own criteria. As a result Nafis 
variety was preferred by all listed criteria for production. The focus group discussion participants mentioned that a 
lack of improved seeds, high chemical costs, and insect and disease infestations are among the major constraints 
limiting onion production and productivity in the study areas as shown in Table 5. Trips and fungi (Purple Bloch) 
have also been reported by farmers as a major disease affecting onion production in the districts.  
 
Table 4. Preference ranking of onion varieties based on farmers' preference criteria. 

Varieties  
Market 

preference 
Better 
yield 

Good 
bulb color 

Average 
bulb size 

Resistance 
to insect 

Pungency 
Resistance 
to disease 

Storability 

Nafis 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 
Bombay red 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 

 
Table 5. Major challenges of onion production. 

Major challenges Disease Insect Cost of pesticides Unstable price UIS* Total scores Rank 

Disease  Disease Disease Disease UIS 3 2nd 
Insect   Insect Insect UIS 2 3rd 
Cost of pesticides    Cost of pesticides UIS 1 4th 
Unstable price     UIS 0 5th 
UIS*      4 1st 
Note:  *UIS (Unavailability of improved seed). 

 

4. Conclusion and Recommendations 
The demonstration yielded an encouraging result and allowed stakeholders to demonstrate the new variety's 

productivity potential by comparing it to local variety on farmers' fields. This could alleviate some of the barriers 
to technology transfer and adoption.  According to the findings of the study, conducting demonstrations of the 
improved variety (Nafis) increased onion yield potential significantly. The crop's yield potential can be increased to 
a greater extent by cultivating the Nafis variety of onions in the East Shewa Zone.  As a result, the farming 
community's income and livelihood will improve. The study also emphasized the importance of educating farmers 
to improve their use of improved varieties. The demonstration also raised awareness and encouraged farmers to 
plant the newly demonstrated onion variety (Nafis). As a result, a strategy to address the wide farming community 
should be developed to increase onion production and productivity.  
 

References 
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[3] CSA, "Agricultural sample survey report on area and production of major crops, meher season," vol. 1. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: 
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[5] G. Legesse and K. V. Suryabhagavan, "Remote sensing and GIS based agricultural drought assessment in East Shewa Zone, 
Ethiopia," Tropical Ecology, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 349–63, 2014.  

[6] N. Asfaw, G. Shimalis, E. Yassin, and B. Beriso, "Crop production system and their constraints in East Shewa Zone, Oromia 
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[7] MoA, Horticultural crop packages, manual for agricultural extension experts. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Amharic Version, 2018. 
[8] S. Samui, S. Maitra, D. Roy, A. Mandal, and D. Saha, "Evaluation of front line demonstration on groundnut," Journal of the Indian 

Society Costal Agricultural Research, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 180-183, 2000.  
[9] S. Abady, G. Liku, and D. Yadeta, "Participatory varietal selection and evaluation of twelve sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) 

Moench) varieties for lowlands of Eastern Hararghe," International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 281-
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[10] H. Kinfe and A. Tesfaye, "Yield performance and adoption of released sorghum varieties in Ethiopia," Edelweiss Applied Science and 
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[11] N. Chauhan, "Impact and yield fissure inspection of gram through trainings and FLDs by KVK tapi in Gujarat," Indian Journal of 
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101243
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20200502.11
https://doi.org/10.33805/2576.8484.115

