







































 
 

 

1 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 11, No. 1, 1-14, 2024 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v11i1.5261 

© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Moroccan and Spanish agriculture comparative analysis 2008-2021 

 
Lahoucine Asllam1   
Ahmed Ait Bari2   

Mustapha Amzil3   

  
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2,3Laboratory for Studies and Applied, Research Economic Sciences, Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social 
Sciences, Ibn-Zohr Agadir University, Morocco. 
1Email: laho11@gmail.com  
2Email: a.aitbari@uiz.ac.ma  
3Email: mustapha.amzil@edu.uiz.ac.ma  

 
Abstract 

In the general context of Morocco's New Development Model, where public policies need all their 
credentials, and more specifically in the context of Morocco's new agricultural strategy (Green 
Plan), the challenge is to develop modern agriculture with high added value and high 
productivity, capable of competing with agricultural production in other countries. This article 
compares the overall characteristics of agricultural production in Spain and Morocco. To make 
this comparative analysis, we have focused on a set of agricultural statistical aggregates, such as 
cultivated area, level of production and yield in relation to each family of agricultural products. 
These are calculated, using the Laspeyres index, over the period 2008 to 2021. In addition, we 
have chosen 2008 as the base year for plotting the evolution of Moroccan agricultural 
performance against that of Spain. The results of our comparative analysis showed that 
agriculture in Spain is more stable than in Morocco, particularly in cereals and fresh vegetables. 
Thus, they showed that the majority of Spanish agricultural products outperform those of 
Morocco. On the other hand, this comparative analysis showed that Moroccan agriculture 
outperforms Spanish agriculture in the production of sheep, apples, fresh peas, carrots, turnips, 
broad beans, green beans, goat meat, dried lentils and chickpeas, and that Moroccan agriculture 
outperforms Spanish agriculture in the production of dates and unshelled peanuts.  

 
Keywords: Agricultural production, Plant products, Livestock products, Laspeyres index, Morocco, Spain. 

 
Citation | Asllam, L., Bari, A. A., & Amzil, M. (2024). Moroccan 
and Spanish agriculture comparative analysis 2008-2021. Agriculture 
and Food Sciences Research, 11(1), 1–14. 10.20448/aesr.v11i1.5261 
History:  
Received: 18 October 2023 
Revised: 4 December 2023 
Accepted: 15 December 2023 
Published: 22 December 2023 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group   
 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the 
study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned 
have been explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception 
and design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published 
version of the manuscript. 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 
2. Methodology for Comparing Agriculture in Morocco and Spain ............................................................................................. 2 
3. Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Performance between Morocco and Spain................................................................ 4 
4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 
 

 

 

 

 

 

mailto:laho11@gmail.com
mailto:a.aitbari@uiz.ac.ma
mailto:mustapha.amzil@edu.uiz.ac.ma
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v11i1.5261
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6046-2375
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9875-1775


Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

2 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Contribution of this paper to the literature 
The research makes a comparative analysis between Moroccan and Spanish agriculture, based 
on a set of agricultural statistical aggregates for each family of agricultural products, calculated 
using the Laspeyres statistical index for the first time, compared to previous studies between 
the two countries. 

 
1. Introduction 

The aim of this paper is to compare the overall characteristics of agricultural production between Spain and 
Morocco. The comparison of agricultural productivity between two countries is difficult to pin down, given the 
number of factors that come into play in determining the latter, namely the country's climate and geographical 
position, the type of farming practiced, the tools and technical arrangements put in place for each type of 
agricultural product and the area cultivated, as well as its fertility. It should be noted in passing that a country can 
only be said to be in a better position than another with regard to a given crop or agricultural product by 
comparing agricultural measurement metrics calculated in a similar way in the two countries in question and 
possessing the same unit of measurement. This paper would therefore focus on a quantitative analysis, focusing on 
a set of agricultural statistical aggregates such as cultivated area, level of production and yield in relation to each 
family of agricultural products. It is therefore a study centered on the desire to position one country in relation to 
another according to the indicators chosen. The indicators used in this paper are selected on the basis of their 
informative relevance to what they represent. For example, area under cultivation refers only to the amount of land 
cultivated for a given agricultural product, not to the type of area under cultivation. So, this indicator says nothing 
about whether a piece of land is conventionally cultivated or whether the cultivated area was an agricultural 
greenhouse, but simply indicates the amount of land cultivated for a given product. The first part of this 
comparative analysis will contain a presentation of agricultural comparison metrics, while the second part will 
detail the levels of these metrics between Morocco and Spain over a variable time-span, depending on data 
availability. 
 

2. Methodology for Comparing Agriculture in Morocco and Spain  
2.1. Data Structure  

The comparative analysis of agricultural production in Morocco and Spain will be carried out between 2008 
and 2021. The year 2008, at the start of the GMP (Green Morocco Plan) policy, has been chosen as the base year 
for tracing the evolution of the agricultural performance of one country in relation to the other. In this study, the 
agricultural performance of a given country for a given product or group of products is based on the level of 
production in tons, the harvested area in hectares, and the agricultural yield derived from the division of the two 
previous metrics [1, 2]. As a result, a given agricultural product or family of products is characterized by three 
main variables: Production, area and yield. To avoid redundancy when comparing the two countries, only 
production and yield will be retained. The data structure deployed in this study is organized along five dimensions: 

• The size of agricultural product families. 

• Size of agricultural products. 

• The dimension of parameters, i.e. production in tons, yield in 100ha/ton and area in hectares. 

• The geographical dimension, i.e. the realization of these parameters for agricultural products in Morocco and 
Spain. 

• The time dimension, i.e. the achievement of the above in each year between 2008 and 2021, i.e. 14 time points 
in total. 

Note in passing that the first dimension can itself be broken down into several other dimensions. In our case, 
we have decided to retain two sub-dimensions of this dimension, namely: 

• The crop and livestock product dimension. 

• The dimension that breaks down into 

• Cereals, Oilseeds, Pulses and Sugar  

• Fresh vegetables 

• Fresh Fruit 

• Meat  

• Milk  
 

2.2. Statistical Comparison Methodology  
The dimension of agricultural product families, as well as these sub-dimensions, are distinguished by their 

ability to synthesize several closely related agricultural products into a single aggregate. This aggregation of 
agricultural products is made possible by the Laspeyres statistical index. In this way, the temporal evolution of the 
production and yield of several agricultural products can be tracked in a single index, for example, the citrus 
production index instead of the quantity of oranges produced in tons alone. The choice of weighting within each 
agricultural product grouping is made on the basis of their respective prices in 2008 (base year) in the geographical 
area of Spain that serves as the base country for the comparison. The synthetic production index Vacher [3] is thus 
constructed as follows:     

𝐼𝑧0,𝑡
𝑔

=
𝑁𝑀𝑧0,𝑡

𝐷𝑧0

 

𝐼𝑧1,𝑡
𝑔

=
𝑁𝑀𝑧1,𝑡

𝐷𝑧0

 

With: 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

3 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

𝑁𝑀𝑧1,𝑡 = ∑ 𝑝𝑧0,𝑡0

𝑖

𝐼𝑔

𝑖=1

∗ 𝑞𝑧1,𝑡
𝑖  

𝑁𝑀𝑧0,𝑡 = ∑ 𝑝𝑧0,𝑡0

𝑖

𝐼𝑔

𝑖=1

∗ 𝑞𝑧0,𝑡
𝑖  

𝐷𝑧0
= ∑ 𝑝𝑧0,𝑡0

𝑖

𝐺

𝑖=1

∗ 𝑞𝑧0,𝑡0

𝑖  

𝑧 = (𝑧0, 𝑧1) designates the geographical area vector, 𝑧0 being Spain, and 𝑧1 being Morocco.   

𝑡 = (𝑡0, … , 𝑡14) is the time vector with 𝑡0 equal to 2008 et 𝑡14 equal to 2021. 

𝐼𝑔 : represents the number of agricultural products in a given grouping. There are several possible groupings 𝑔 

to be explained later [4]. 

𝐺: gathering of all agricultural products. 

𝑖 : is the agricultural product index within a grouping. 

𝑞𝑧0,𝑡0

𝑖  : is the quantity produced in product 𝑖 (or agricultural yield) year-round 𝑡0 in the geographical area𝑧0.   

𝑝𝑧0,𝑡0

𝑖  : is the price, in dollars, of the agricultural product 𝑖  year-round 𝑡0 in the geographical area𝑧0.  

𝑁𝑀𝑧1,𝑡 : is the total value, in dollars, of Morocco's agricultural production, from the𝐼𝑔, in the year 𝑡  in prices of 

respective agricultural products in Spain to the year 2008.   

𝑁𝑀𝑧0,𝑡 : is the total value, in dollars, of the agricultural production of Spain, the family 𝐼𝑔, in the year 𝑡  in 

prices of respective agricultural products in Spain to the year 2008. 

𝐷𝑧0
 : is the total value, in dollars, of agricultural production in Spain, of all agricultural products, in the year 

2008 in prices of the respective agricultural products in Spain in the year 2008.  
So far, we've outlined the method of aggregating several agricultural products into a single indicator to express 

their common production and yield. Now, we will proceed in the same way to express Morocco's comparative 
performance against Spain for a single agricultural product or group of products in a single combined index. In 
particular, this index would show the production and yield advantage of one over the other. The index Bernard [5] 
and Bernard [6] would be written as follows: 

𝐶𝑡
𝑔

=
𝐼𝑧1,𝑡

𝑔

𝐼𝑧0,𝑡
𝑔 =

𝑁𝑀𝑧1,𝑡

𝑁𝑀𝑧0,𝑡
 

In particular, 𝐶𝑡0

𝑔
 represents the advantage or disadvantage in 2008 of Morocco over Spain, in terms of 

production or yield, expressed in prices of Spanish agricultural products. 
 
Table 1. Weighting1 of agricultural products retained in each type of grouping. 

Agricultural product groups 
Agricultural products 

Weighting 

First Second Third Yield Production 

P
la

n
t 

p
ro

d
u

ct
s 

Cereals, oilseeds, 
pulses and sugar 
crops 

Cereals 

Oats 1 8 
Wheat 2 61 
Corn 5 27 
Barley 2 79 
Rice 7 10 
Triticale 1 1 

Oilseeds 

Unshelled peanuts 12 1 
Soybeans 2 1 
Rapeseed 1 1 
Sunflower seeds 1 14 
Olives 3 121 

Legume 

Broad and fava beans, dry 1 1 
Dry lentils 1 1 
Chickpeas, dried 2 1 
Dry peas 1 1 

Sugar crops Sugar, beet 8 6 

Fresh vegetables2 Fresh vegetables 

Fresh garlic 30 7 
Asparagus 18 3 
Eggplants 98 5 
Carrots and turnips 45 5 
Broad and fava beans, green 24 3 
Onions, shallots, fresh 56 1 
Fresh peas 34 6 
Tomatoes, fresh 121 99 

 
1 LUND, P.J. The Combination of Agricultural Output and Input Price Indices, Journal of Agricultural Economics, September 1994. 
   Bonnays  Guy, Floch Jean-Michel - L'indice des prix des produits agricoles à la production, méthodologie et séries longues - Insee, Archives et documents n° 
122 - novembre 1987, 122 pages.  
   Bourgey  Guy - L'indice  des prix des produits agricoles à la production : méthodologie base 1975 - Insee, Archives et documents n° 33 - octobre 1981, 88 
pages.  
2AGRESTE - Série D n° 17 - avril 1979 - L'IPPAP fruits et légumes en base 1970. 
  AGRESTE - données chiffrées n° 73 - novembre 1995 - 15 ans d'indice des prix des fruits et légumes. 
  AGRESTE - chiffres et données n° 132 - mars 2001 - IPPAP fruits et légumes base 1995. 
  AGRESTE - chiffres et données n° 165 - février 2005 - IPPAP fruits et légumes base 2000. 
  AGRESTE - chiffres et données à paraître fin 2009 - IPPAP fruits et légumes base 2005.  
  Fourastier Jean (sous la direction de) - L'évolution des prix à long terme, PUF 1969 (pp 121 à 170 pour les prix agricoles et alimentaires). 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

4 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Agricultural product groups 
Agricultural products 

Weighting 

First Second Third Yield Production 

Fresh fruit3 

Fruits except citrus, 
almonds, walnuts 
and dates red fruit 

Apples 22 11 

Pears 30 13 
Apricots 11 3 
Peaches and nectarines 28 31 
Plums and sloes 15 4 
Bananas 53 7 
Figs 8 1 
Grapes 8 132 

Citrus 
Lemons and limes 20 14 
Oranges 14 33 
Tangerines, mandarins 13 24 

Almonds, walnuts 
and dates 

Unshelled almonds 1 6 
Unshelled walnuts 10 1 
Dates 37 1 

Red berries 
Strawberries 150 18 
Raspberries 72 2 
Cherries 15 5 

L
iv

es
to

ck
 

p
ro

d
u

ct
s 

Meats Meats 

Beef and veal 1 48 
Sheep meat 1 16 
Goat meat 1 2 
Meat chicken 5 40 

Milk Milk 
Raw ewe's milk 1 15 
Raw goat's milk 1 12 
Raw cow's milk 7 98 

Note: The weights reported in this table represent the share of the dollar value of a given agricultural product in the total value of the sum of the 
values of all the agricultural products included in the analysis, in Spain, and in the year 2008.  

The weighting of each type of agricultural product is therefore calculated according to the following formula:  wz0,t0

i = 1000 ∗
pz0,t0

i ∗qz0,t0
i

Dz0

 . 

They correspond to the share of each agricultural product in the index Iz0,t0

G .  

 

2.3. Weight of Agricultural Products in the Comparison Procedure 
The rest of the study is based on this table, insofar as all the comparative indices between Spain and Morocco, 

𝐶𝑡
𝑔

, relating to the different groupings, reported in the graphs in the following chapter, have been constructed on 
the basis of the weightings proposed in it. These weights represent the percentage of each agricultural product in 
the production and yield index for the base year and the base country, in this case 2008 in Spain.  

In assessing the comparison between the agricultural performances of Morocco and Spain, we note from Table 
1 that agricultural products such as grapes, olives, tomatoes, cow's milk, barley and wheat have a considerable 
influence, as they are the mainstays of agricultural production in Spain in 2008, so any evolution in agricultural 
performance, whether in Spain or Morocco, is assessed, to a large extent, in the prism of these agricultural 
products. The approach of establishing weightings to group agricultural products into a single index or several 
indices is necessary to situate Morocco's performance in relation to that of Spain in several agricultural product 
groupings at once4. The synthetic yield index, for its part, has a different weighting structure, with particular 
emphasis on tomatoes, strawberries, raspberries and eggplants. 

 

3. Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Performance between Morocco and Spain 
3.1. Comparative Analysis of the Overall Agricultural Difference between Morocco and Spain 

Figure 1 presents a comparative analysis of the overall agricultural difference between Morocco and Spain, 
taking into consideration all agricultural products with different weightings; we can see that Morocco performs, on 
average, 32.5% of what Spain achieves in agriculture. In terms of annual fluctuations in Morocco's advantage over 
Spain, we note some variability around the values of 25% and 37.5% of performance compared to Spain. Spain's 
agricultural advantage is defined mainly by those products that have a significant weighting in the agricultural 
production index, namely grapes, olives, fresh tomatoes, raw cow's milk, barley, wheat, beef, chicken meat, oranges, 
peaches and nectarines, corn and so on (see Table 1). According to the same table, the barley production index in 
Morocco fluctuates considerably compared with that of Spain, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 47.57% in 
Morocco versus 21.46 in Spain, indicating that barley production in Morocco is twice as unstable as that of Spain. 
We can also cite a basket of products that are important in the comparison, where Spain's production is much more 
stable over time: raw cow's milk, wheat, chicken meat, oranges, corn, strawberries, sheep meat, apples, rice and 
sunflower seeds, and so on (see Table 1). 

 
3AGRESTE - Série D n° 17 - avril 1979 - L'IPPAP fruits et légumes en base 1970. 
  AGRESTE - données chiffrées n° 73 - novembre 1995 - 15 ans d'indice des prix des fruits et légumes. 
  AGRESTE - chiffres et données n° 132 - mars 2001 - IPPAP fruits et légumes base 1995. 
  AGRESTE - chiffres et données n° 165 - février 2005 - IPPAP fruits et légumes base 2000. 
  AGRESTE - chiffres et données à paraître fin 2009 - IPPAP fruits et légumes base 2005.  
  Fourastier Jean (sous la direction de) - L'évolution des prix à long terme, PUF 1969 (pp 121 à 170 pour les prix agricoles et alimentaires). 
4 Eurostat, Comparison in real values of the aggregates of ESA – 1980. Luxembourg, 1983. 
  Eurostat, Summary and comparison of trends in EC agricultural price indices (Output and Input) 1985-1993, Rapid Report on Agriculture, forestry and 
fisheries 19944. Luxemburg, 1994. 
  Eurostat, Agricultural land prices and rents in the EU. 1974-1995, Theme 5 Series C. Luxembourg, 1997. 
  Eurostat, Manual on the economic accounts for agriculture and forestry EAA/EAF 97 (Rev. 1.1), Theme 5 Series Methodology and Nomenclatures. 
Luxembourg, 2000. 
 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

5 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

 
Figure 1. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain. 

Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website of 
the food and agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 
The agricultural yield index, meanwhile, is largely driven by the following products: strawberries, fresh 

tomatoes, eggplants, raspberries, onions, bananas, carrots, dates and so on (see Table 1). Morocco is gradually 
losing its 20% advantage in 2009 to a -10% disadvantage by 2021. 
 

 
Figure 2. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for crops and livestock products. 
Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website of the food 

and agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 

3.2. Comparative Analysis of Morocco and Spain by First Grouping  
Figure 2 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for crops and 

livestock products. In fact Morocco's production disadvantage for livestock products is relatively stable and 
decreasing, with a downward trend from -70% in 2008 to around -63% in 2021. Morocco's yield performance for 
livestock products nevertheless remains far behind Spain, with a sustainable average disadvantage of -65%.  

The comparison of agricultural performance in crop products is highly unstable, as it is dictated by agricultural 
products whose annual production is highly variable depending on rainfall, in Morocco's case. As already 
mentioned in the comparison of overall agricultural performance between the two countries, the CV of the 
production indices of certain agricultural products determining the comparison are very high for Morocco, which 
has repercussions on the annual agricultural performance of this country in relation to Spain.                                      

 The analysis of yields for plant products is more or less stable, with a downward trend for Morocco over time. 
However, it can be assumed that the two countries have very comparable yields for plant products. 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

6 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

 
Figure 3. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for crops products. 
Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website 

of the food and agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 

3.2.1. Plant Products 
Figure 3 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for crops products. 

Actually Morocco is at a disadvantage to Spain in terms of production for the three selected agricultural product 
groupings. For the cereals, oilseeds, pulses and sugar crops group, Morocco outperforms Spain by 25%. Morocco's 
performance is highly fluctuating, given the CV it displays in the production index for agricultural products in this 
family. The main products driving the above comparative production index are: Olives, barley, wheat and, to a 
lesser extent, rice. Morocco is at an average disadvantage of -70% compared to Spain in fresh vegetable production. 
This grouping is dominated by fresh tomato production. Spain is also making strong annual progress in fresh 
vegetable production, at a much higher rate than Morocco, which explains the downward trend in Morocco's 
comparative performance index compared with Spain for this family.   In the fresh fruit family, Morocco ended 
2008 with a disadvantage of -80%, and progressed throughout the analysis to a disadvantage of -70% by 
2021.Despite the gap in agricultural performance between the two countries in terms of this grouping, there is a 
clear upward trend for Morocco in fresh fruit production over the period 2008-2021. The interpretation of this 
agricultural family is based on viticulture production (grape production), followed by citrus production (all 
varieties) and peach and nectarine production. Here again, fluctuations in the comparative production index are due 
to the instability of agricultural production in Morocco. In terms of yield, the comparison is a little different, since 
Morocco had a 50% advantage in 2009 in the fresh fruit grouping, then began a consistent loss of yield advantage 
to Spain, ending 2021 with a -10% disadvantage in the same family. For the other two groupings, fresh vegetables 
and cereals, oilseeds, pulses and sugar crops, the gap between the two countries is clearly visible, but the trend is 
clearly increasing in Morocco's favor.  

 

 
Figure 4. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for livestock products. 

Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website of the food and 
agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

7 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

3.2.2. Livestock Products 
Figure 4 presente the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for livestock 

products. In the comparison of animal products, three main products are compared: raw cow's milk for the milk 
category, and beef and chicken meat for the meat category, as they have the highest weights in the milk and meat 
production indices respectively. The evolution of the comparative milk production index can be interpreted as 
follows: Morocco's disadvantage is around -70% of Spain's performance in the same family. Moroccan milk 
production yields are also stable at under 20% of Spanish yields. When it comes to meat, Morocco achieves, on 
average, 50% of Spain's meat production index. It is interesting to note that Morocco's performance is improving 
year on year. Indeed, Morocco's meat production disadvantage in relation to Spain has been reduced by 20% 
between 2008 and 2021. Nevertheless, Morocco's yield is lower than Spain's. In 2008, Morocco's disadvantage was 
60%, rising to 50% by 2021. 
 

3.3. Comparative Analysis of Morocco and Spain by Second Grouping   
We'll now take a closer look at another level of grouping, breaking down the components of the groupings 

analyzed above. 
 

 
Figure 5. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for cereals, oilcrops, legumes & sugarcrops. 

Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website of the food and agriculture 
organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 
3.3.1. Cereals, Oilseeds, Pulses and Sugar Crops  

Figure 5 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for cereals, oil 
crops, legumes & sugar crops. We quickly notice a clear advantage for Morocco over Spain in terms of the 
comparative index of legume production, and a gain in advantage in terms of sugar crops over the period 2008-
2021. However, these two groupings do not have a significant weighting in the composition of the comparative 
index of plant product production. They therefore make only a small contribution to the overall assessment of the 
two countries' agricultural performance. Morocco's advantage in pulses is explained by an average performance 
advantage of 60% in dry chickpeas compared with Spain, and an average advantage of 50% in dry lentils, as well as 
an advantage of 265.7% in dry broad beans and fava beans, i.e. almost four times Spain's performance in this 
agricultural product. For the other two remaining groupings, cereals and oilseeds, Spain produces five times more 
than Morocco, with a much more stable production rate than Morocco. The two key products in these two key 
plant family groupings are, respectively, barley for cereals and olives for oilseeds.  In terms of comparative yields, 
Morocco has gained a lot in terms of yields for legumes and oilseeds in the last years of the 2008-2021 period, more 
precisely, from 2016 onwards. For cereals, Spain has twice the yield of Morocco.  

 

3.3.2. Fresh Vegetables 
Figure 6 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for vegetable. The 

aim of this graph is to show, in more detail, all the products contained in the fresh vegetable family. The products 
that exceed the 100% threshold in comparative production index (start of advantage gain for Morocco) at least 
once in the period between 2008 and 2021 are: green beans, carrots and turnips, fresh weights and fresh 
onions/shallots. For other agricultural products, the comparison is of little use given Spain's enormous 
performance advantage. We also note that fresh tomatoes dictate the evolution of the entire fresh vegetable family, 
given its considerable weighting in the comparative fresh vegetable production index. If Morocco gains an 
advantage between 2008 and 2021, it will necessarily be in one of the above-mentioned products. Morocco has 
achieved a significant rise in onion production, from a -50% disadvantage in 2008 to an advantage of over 100% in 
2017, i.e. double. It has also begun a process of regression in fresh pea production, moving from a comparative 
production advantage of 50% to a disadvantage of -40% by 2021. Carrots and turnips are very comparable in terms 
of production performance for both countries. 
 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

8 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

 
Figure 6. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for vegetable. 

Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website of the food and 
agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 

 
Figure 7. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for fruits. 

Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the 
website of the food and agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 

3.3.3. Fresh Fruit  
Figure 7 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for fruits. The 

comparative production index for the fresh fruit grouping is largely influenced by citrus. When this grouping is 
broken down into sub-groupings, as in the figure above, there is a wide gap in performance between the two 
countries, with Spain benefiting in citrus fruits, red fruits and other types of fruit. Morocco outperforms Spain by 
an average of 50% in the production of almonds, walnuts and dates. In terms of yield, Morocco has achieved a sharp 
rise since 2017 in almonds, walnuts and dates. For red fruits, it has been steadily declining since 2009, falling from 
an advantage of 100%, i.e. double Spain's yield, to finish on a par with Spain in 2021. 
 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

9 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

 
Figure 8. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for red and white meats. 

Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the website of the 
food and agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 
3.3.4. Meats 

Figure 8 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for red and white 
meats. In the interpretation of the meat grouping, Morocco was at an average disadvantage of -40% in production 
performance. This was mainly due to the high weighting of beef in the composition of the meat production index. 
As a result, it pulls down the comparative meat production index when Spain produces large quantities of this 
livestock product. Given this, when we look closely at the products making up this meat production index, we 
quickly see that Morocco has a very interesting advantage in goat and sheep meat production, which, it has to be 
said, have much lower weightings than chicken and beef in the representativeness of the meat grouping. Morocco's 
average advantage is 177% for goat production and 25% for sheep production. The average disadvantage is -60% 
for chicken and beef production. 

Morocco also achieves an average advantage of 25% and 50% respectively for sheep and goat meat products, 
and an average disadvantage of -25% and -50% respectively for beef and chicken meat products. 
 

 
Figure 9. Evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for milk. 
Source:  The results of production and yield indices are constructed based on data available on the 

website of the food and agriculture organization of the united nation (FAO). 

 

 
 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

10 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

3.3.5. Milk 
Figure 9 presents the evolution of agricultural performance of Morocco compared to Spain for milk. Morocco is 

largely dominated by Spain in milk production, with an average disadvantage of -67% in raw cow's milk 
production, -90% in raw goat's milk production and -94% in raw ewe's milk production. This advantage gap is 
more or less stable from 2008 to 2021 for all types of milk production. The yields of these milk products are not 
very comparable between the two countries, since Morocco's comparative yield index is between 5% and 25% of 
Spain's, with a downward trend in ewe's and goat's milk and an upward trend in cow's milk since 2008.  
 

4. Conclusion 
In general, agriculture in Spain is more stable than in Morocco, especially for cereals and fresh vegetables. In 

the majority of agricultural products, Spain performs better than Morocco, with varying differences depending on 
the type of agricultural product. To sum up, Morocco produces 15% more grapes, 37% more olives, 30% more fresh 
tomatoes, 34% more raw cow's milk, 27% more barley and 84.5% more wheat than Spain. In terms of advantages, 
Morocco surpasses Spain in sheep production by 25%, 2% in apples, 20% in fresh weight, 5% in carrots and turnips, 
124% in green beans, 177% in goat meat, 265% in dried beans, 238% in figs, 50% in dried lentils, 20% in onions and 
60% in dried chickpeas, and far exceeds Spain in date and unshelled peanut production.  
 

References   
[1] J. Berger, "Measurement of agricultural price movements," Ministry of Economy, Finance and Planning, National Institute of 

Statistics and Economic Studies, 1995.  
[2] J. Berger, "Agricultural prices, observation and measurement – The agricultural product producer price index (IPPAP), 2000 base 

methodology," Insee Methods, vol. 114 pp. 9-30, 2006.  
[3] J. Vacher, "Indices statistiques: Quels outils pour quelles mesures?," INSEE PREMIERE, No. 15, 1991.  
[4] P. J. Lund, "The combination of agricultural output and input price indices," Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 

360-368, 1994.  
[5] P. Bernard, "Descriptive statistics: New method to understand and succeed," Economica, 1996.  
[6] P. Y. Bernard, "Descriptive statistics: New method to understand and succeed," Economica, 1990.  

 
Appendix 

Appendices: production and yield index statistics   
Tables 2 and 3 present production and yield index statistics for each type of agricultural product in our 

comparative analysis. 
 

Table 2. Production index statistics for each type of agricultural product. 

Weightings Agricultural products Statistics 𝑰𝒛𝟎,𝒕
𝒈

(Spain) 𝑰𝒛𝟏,𝒕
𝒈

(Morocco) 𝑪𝒕
𝒈
 

15 Strawberries Average Coefficient of 
variation (CV)  

18.9 (17.65) 21.4 (36.29) 117.8 (45.03) 

Trend 491 -512 -5937 
Minimum - maximum 15.0 - 23.9 17.3 - 48.0 75.3 - 290.3 

12.1 Tomatoes, fresh Average CV 13.3 (6.56) 13.2 (12.87) 99.4 (10.77) 
Trend 137 352 1675 
Minimum - maximum 11.9 - 14.6 9.9 - 15.5 80.6 - 121.7 

9.8 Eggplants Average CV 11.4 (10.95) 4.3 (20.96) 37.6 (18.78) 
Trend 273 128 285 
Minimum - maximum 10.0 - 13.8 2.7 - 5.2 22.9 - 48.0 

7.2 Raspberries Average CV 16.8 (43.86) 19.9 (5.12) 139.0 (38.58) 
Trend 1492 172 -10147 
Minimum - maximum 7.2 - 31.7 18.4 - 21.7 64.5 - 258.0 

5.6 Onions, shallots, fresh Average CV 5.9 (7.86) 4.4 (13.05) 71.8 (14.75) 
Trend 17 105 727 
Minimum - maximum 5.3 - 6.9 2.9 - 4.9 52.1 - 84.0 

5.3 Bananas Average CV 5.5 (6.67) 5.1 (6.57) 93.6 (10.18) 
Trend 65 -12 -1326 
Minimum - maximum 4.9 - 6.1 4.3 - 5.8 82.6 - 116.8 

4.5 Carrots and turnips Average CV 4.6 (4.82) 2.4 (25.05) 53.0 (25.79) 
Trend 33 -17 -731 
Minimum - maximum 4.2 - 5.0 1.4 - 4.0 29.2 - 90.3 

3.7 Dates Average CV 3.5 (15.83) 1.3 (13.30) 38.7 (27.60) 
Trend -42 18 764 
Minimum - maximum 2.6 - 4.5 1.0 - 1.6 27.3 - 59.1 

3.4 Fresh peas Average CV 3.6 (7.02) 3.3 (16.44) 91.0 (20.88) 
Trend 41 -70 -3007 
Minimum - maximum 3.1 - 4.0 2.1 - 4.1 56.8 - 127.2 

3 Fresh garlic Average CV 3.3 (7.00) 2.9 (29.64) 90.5 (31.63) 
Trend 32 -43 -2138 
Minimum - maximum 3.0 - 3.7 1.8 - 5.2 53.7 - 165.5  

Pears Average CV 2.7 (6.75) 1.7 (16.29) 63.4 (15.89) 
Trend -29 -15 61 
Minimum - maximum 2.5 - 3.0 1.3 - 2.2 50.9 - 87.5 

2.8 Peaches and nectarines Average CV 2.9 (11.00) 2.2 (14.77) 75.7 (20.65) 
Trend 42 -52 -2936 
Minimum - maximum 2.4 - 3.6 1.7 - 2.8 58.0 - 101.4 

2.4 Broad and fava beans, green Average CV 2.3 (4.59) 3.2 (24.74) 141.1 (26.63) 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

11 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Weightings Agricultural products Statistics 𝑰𝒛𝟎,𝒕
𝒈

(Spain) 𝑰𝒛𝟏,𝒕
𝒈

(Morocco) 𝑪𝒕
𝒈
 

Trend 8 -96 -4886 
Minimum - maximum 2.1 - 2.5 2.0 - 5.2 87.5 - 244.9 

2.2 Apples Average CV 2.1 (8.31) 1.6 (15.46) 76.9 (17.03) 
Trend 6 -3 -380 
Minimum - maximum 1.7 - 2.4 0.9 - 1.9 41.5 - 98.1 

2 Lemons and limes Average CV 2.7 (19.45) 1.5 (25.59) 60.3 (42.50) 
Trend 70 -6 -2442 
Minimum - maximum 1.9 - 3.9 0.8 - 2.3 33.2 - 118.3 

1.8 Asparagus Average CV 2.0 (6.13) 3.1 (37.15) 155.2 (36.31) 
Trend -6 -48 -1999 
Minimum - maximum 1.8 - 2.3 1.1 - 5.3 54.4 - 259.0 

1.5 Cherries Average CV 2.0 (12.68) 2.9 (41.13) 142.7 (39.88) 
Trend 14 -5 -1334 
Minimum - maximum 1.5 - 2.4 1.4 - 5.1 72.0 - 274.5  

Plums and sloes Average CV 1.8 (9.98) 1.3 (21.10) 77.5 (25.87) 
Trend -4 39 2436 
Minimum - maximum 1.5 - 2.0 0.9 - 1.9 45.8 - 127.1 

1.4 Oranges Average CV 1.4 (12.47) 1.1 (15.11) 76.4 (19.71) 
Trend 30 10 -946 
Minimum - maximum 1.1 - 1.7 0.7 - 1.3 52.3 - 100.6 

1.3 Tangerines, mandarins, 
clementines 

Average CV 1.3 (8.75) 1.2 (21.40) 87.5 (22.75) 
Trend 11 36 2068 
Minimum - maximum 1.2 - 1.6 0.7 - 1.5 54.4 - 122.3 

1.2 Unshelled peanuts Average CV 1.1 (12.81) 0.9 (8.37) 79.6 (18.78) 
Trend -9 16 1347 
Minimum - maximum 0.8 - 1.3 0.7 - 1.0 59.7 - 113.2 

1.1 Apricots Average CV 1.2 (19.88) 1.8 (20.61) 153.1 (40.25) 
Trend 34 -47 -9512 
Minimum - maximum 0.8 - 1.6 1.1 - 2.4 80.0 - 274.3 

1 Unshelled walnuts Average CV 1.0 (11.77) 1.3 (30.30) 125.1 (34.44) 
Trend -17 -4 1765 
Minimum - maximum 0.9 - 1.3 0.8 - 2.3 83.6 - 249.5 

0.8 Figs Average CV 0.9 (22.60) 0.7 (18.63) 80.2 (31.00) 
Trend 34 5 -2184 
Minimum - maximum 0.6 - 1.2 0.3 - 0.8 28.3 - 130.8  

Grapes Average CV 0.9 (12.37) 1.3 (16.28) 138.0 (14.40) 
Trend 14 45 2722 
Minimum - maximum 0.8 - 1.2 0.9 - 1.6 100.8 - 176.8  

Sugar, beet Average CV 0.9 (7.26) 0.6 (8.85) 69.8 (8.12) 
Trend 4 8 544 
Minimum - maximum 0.8 - 1.0 0.5 - 0.7 62.5 - 84.6 

0.7 Raw cow's milk Average CV 0.9 (10.51) 0.1 (8.03) 17.0 (8.12) 
Trend 20 2 -166 
Minimum - maximum 0.7 - 1.0 0.1 - 0.2 15.0 - 20.4  

Rice Average CV 0.8 (3.57) 0.8 (15.69) 99.9 (17.37) 
Trend 0 15 1982 
Minimum - maximum 0.7 - 0.8 0.7 - 1.2 83.8 - 156.7 

0.5 Corn Average CV 0.6 (6.98) 0.0 (29.05) 7.0 (31.78) 
Trend 9 -1 -321 
Minimum - maximum 0.5 - 0.6 0.0 - 0.1 3.4 - 11.5  

Meat Chicken Average CV 0.5 (6.72) 0.2 (9.36) 48.4 (13.00) 
Trend 4 -3 -1053 
Minimum - maximum 0.4 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.3 36.9 - 60.0 

0.3 Olives Average CV 0.4 (23.35) 0.2 (15.91) 55.3 (33.52) 
Trend 5 -1 -911 
Minimum - maximum 0.2 - 0.6 0.1 - 0.3 34.6 - 91.7 

0.2 Wheat Average CV 0.2 (18.27) 0.1 (30.08) 57.8 (32.73) 
Trend 4 1 -374 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.2 21.2 - 90.1  

Soybeans Average CV 0.2 (11.56) 0.1 (0.00) 35.4 (12.53) 
Trend 4 0 -675 
Minimum - maximum 0.2 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.1 30.4 - 45.1  

Barley Average CV 0.1 (20.56) 0.1 (41.74) 40.5 (44.65) 
Trend 3 1 -387 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.0 - 0.1 10.3 - 71.6  

Chickpeas, dried Average CV 0.2 (18.46) 0.1 (32.24) 80.2 (43.48) 
Trend 1 5 794 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 45.1 - 152.6  

0.1 Unshelled almonds Average CV 0.1 (20.02) 0.2 (11.62) 161.5 (19.27) 
Trend 3 0 -4102 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 108.2 - 215.0  

Oats Average CV 0.1 (21.34) 0.0 (44.46) 52.5 (44.40) 
Trend 2 -2 -2540 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.1 13.6 - 80.2 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

12 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Weightings Agricultural products Statistics 𝑰𝒛𝟎,𝒕
𝒈

(Spain) 𝑰𝒛𝟏,𝒕
𝒈

(Morocco) 𝑪𝒕
𝒈
 

 
Broad and fava beans, dry Average CV 0.1 (14.86) 0.1 (33.56) 55.1 (37.79) 

Trend -1 0 1144 

Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.1 28.2 - 111.9  
Rape or colza seeds Average CV 0.2 (17.37) 0.1 (30.41) 64.3 (30.79) 

Trend 4 4 1504 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.1 39.0 - 97.1  

Sunflower seeds Average CV 0.1 (12.22) 0.1 (18.43) 110.9 (23.99) 
Trend 1 2 231 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 73.9 - 178.1 

0.1 Raw ewe's milk Average CV 0.0 (12.59) 0.0 (9.08) 17.9 (19.50) 
Trend 1 0 -707 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 13.9 - 23.2  

Raw goat's milk Average CV 0.1 (19.81) 0.0 (9.86) 8.6 (20.12) 
Trend -2 0 206 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 5.6 - 11.1  

Dry lentils Average CV 0.1 (28.09) 0.1 (42.54) 97.9 (43.50) 
Trend 2 2 -271 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.0 - 0.2 18.5 - 147.9  

Dry peas Average CV 0.1 (26.95) 0.0 (25.89) 49.2 (38.37) 
Trend 3 0 -2131 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.1 17.1 - 76.6  

Beef and veal Average CV 0.1 (2.72) 0.1 (7.22) 78.1 (5.47) 
Trend 1 2 726 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 70.9 - 86.4 

  Goat meat Average CV 0.0 (4.67) 0.0 (13.43) 159.8 (11.77) 
Trend 0 0 2405 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 141.0 - 203.8  

Sheep meat Average CV 0.0 (3.21) 0.0 (9.53) 121.3 (9.86) 
Trend 0 0 -443 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 97.4 - 133.9 

 
 

Table 2 shows production index statistics for each type of agricultural product. 
 
 

Table 3. Yield index statistics for each type of agricultural product. 

Weightings Agricultural products Statistics 𝑰𝒛𝟎,𝒕
𝒈

(Spain) 𝑰𝒛𝟏,𝒕
𝒈

(Morocco) 𝑪𝒕
𝒈
 

13.2 Grapes Average CV 13.5 (10.12) 0.8 (12.50) 6.2 (14.46) 
Trend 81 20 114 
Minimum - maximum 11.8 - 16.6 0.6 - 1.0 4.6 - 1.0 

12.1 Olives Average CV 15.0 (24.33) 2.9 (23.35) 20.4 (37.27) 
Trend 281 97 281 
Minimum - maximum 8.3 - 21.3 1.7 - 4.1 12.2 - 4.1 

9.9 Tomatoes, fresh Average CV 11.1 (10.67) 3.2 (6.03) 29.0 (11.87) 
Trend 141 15 -246 
Minimum - maximum 9.2 - 12.8 3.0 - 3.5 23.5 - 3.5 

9.8 Raw cow's milk Average CV 10.8 (7.02) 3.6 (12.90) 33.6 (9.39) 
Trend 178 95 351 
Minimum - maximum 9.8 - 12.0 2.7 - 4.0 26.8 - 4.0 

7.9 Barley Average CV 5.9 (21.46) 1.5 (47.57) 26.7 (54.32) 
Trend 33 -36 -725 
Minimum - maximum 4.1 - 8.1 0.4 - 2.7 5.6 - 2.7 

6.1 Wheat Average CV 6.1 (18.97) 5.0 (33.88) 84.5 (39.44) 
Trend 141 30 -1311 
Minimum - maximum 4.4 - 7.8 2.3 - 7.3 31.5 - 7.3 

4.8 Beef and veal Average CV 4.6 (6.85) 1.7 (16.49) 38.0 (14.10) 
Trend 54 65 960 
Minimum - maximum 4.2 - 5.2 1.3 - 2.0 27.3 - 2.0 

4 Meat Chicken Average CV 4.6 (8.68) 1.8 (14.75) 38.7 (8.51) 
Trend 86 54 453 
Minimum - maximum 4.0 - 5.2 1.4 - 2.3 32.2 - 2.3 

3.3 Oranges Average CV 3.1 (9.77) 0.9 (14.97) 28.0 (14.56) 
Trend 40 21 291 
Minimum - maximum 2.6 - 3.5 0.7 - 1.1 21.5 - 1.1 

3.1 Peaches and nectarines Average CV 3.5 (12.94) 0.3 (35.86) 7.8 (36.74) 
Trend 37 20 536 
Minimum - maximum 3.0 - 4.5 0.2 - 0.4 4.7 - 0.4 

2.7 Corn Average CV 3.1 (11.46) 0.1 (57.40) 3.1 (67.82) 
Trend 34 -9 -352 
Minimum - maximum 2.5 - 3.7 0.0 - 0.2 0.7 - 0.2 

2.4 Tangerines, mandarins Average CV 2.4 (21.14) 1.0 (38.31) 42.5 (44.53) 
Trend -7 76 3651 
Minimum - maximum 1.9 - 4.0 0.4 - 1.5 15.1 - 1.5 

1.8 Strawberries Average CV 2.1 (14.53) 1.0 (36.93) 51.5 (47.36) 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

13 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Weightings Agricultural products Statistics 𝑰𝒛𝟎,𝒕
𝒈

(Spain) 𝑰𝒛𝟏,𝒕
𝒈

(Morocco) 𝑪𝒕
𝒈
 

Trend 43 -19 -2141 
Minimum - maximum 1.7 - 2.6 0.7 - 2.3 35.5 - 2.3 

1.6 Sheep meat Average CV 1.3 (9.06) 1.6 (15.35) 125.0 (19.43) 
Trend -18 48 5252 
Minimum - maximum 1.2 - 1.6 1.2 - 1.8 77.1 - 1.8 

1.5 Raw ewe's milk Average CV 1.9 (7.33) 0.1 (8.93) 6.6 (9.96) 
Trend 15 0 -48 
Minimum - maximum 1.5 - 2.0 0.1 - 0.1 5.7 - 0.1 

1.4 Lemons and limes Average CV 1.7 (20.65) 0.1 (24.55) 3.7 (17.89) 
Trend 70 3 43 
Minimum - maximum 1.1 - 2.2 0.0 - 0.1 2.4 - 0.1 

Sunflower seeds Average CV 1.4 (13.59) 0.1 (39.72) 3.9 (38.83) 
Trend -10 -2 -136 
Minimum - maximum 1.0 - 1.8 0.0 - 0.1 1.8 - 0.1 

1.3 Pears Average CV 1.0 (18.25) 0.1 (15.17) 9.6 (23.12) 
Trend -39 0 374 
Minimum - maximum 0.8 - 1.3 0.1 - 0.1 7.1 - 0.1 

1.2 Raw goat's milk Average CV 1.2 (5.31) 0.1 (14.73) 9.6 (19.52) 
Trend 7 -1 -100 
Minimum - maximum 1.1 - 1.3 0.1 - 0.2 7.8 - 0.2 

1.1 Apples Average CV 1.0 (9.05) 1.0 (28.26) 102.4 (30.54) 
Trend -6 58 6380 
Minimum - maximum 0.8 - 1.1 0.7 - 1.4 61.1 - 1.4 

1 Rice Average CV 1.3 (11.56) 0.1 (28.10) 6.4 (31.09) 
Trend -18 2 288 
Minimum - maximum 0.9 - 1.4 0.0 - 0.1 1.9 - 0.1 

0.8 Oats Average CV 0.7 (25.31) 0.0 (75.76) 3.5 (77.77) 
Trend 12 -2 -309 
Minimum - maximum 0.5 - 1.1 0.0 - 0.1 0.4 - 0.1 

0.7 Fresh garlic Average CV 1.1 (30.86) 0.1 (36.85) 6.0 (56.13) 
Trend 75 0 -470 
Minimum - maximum 0.7 - 1.7 0.0 - 0.1 3.4 - 0.1 

Bananas Average CV 0.7 (6.41) 0.6 (16.34) 78.1 (13.97) 
Trend 8 19 1668 
Minimum - maximum 0.7 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.7 57.8 - 0.7 

0.6 Unshelled almonds Average CV 0.9 (31.46) 0.4 (19.95) 44.9 (19.96) 
Trend 50 14 -720 
Minimum - maximum 0.5 - 1.5 0.3 - 0.6 30.0 - 0.6 

Fresh peas Average CV 0.8 (19.73) 0.9 (22.69) 121.9 (36.21) 
Trend 32 -33 -8866 
Minimum - maximum 0.6 - 1.1 0.6 - 1.2 56.5 - 1.2 

Fresh peas Average CV 0.5 (19.05) 0.5 (23.98) 98.3 (32.26) 
Trend -18 13 6165 
Minimum - maximum 0.4 - 0.7 0.3 - 0.6 47.0 - 0.6 

0.5 Eggplants Average CV 0.6 (11.27) 0.1 (34.06) 22.4 (31.36) 
Trend 14 7 634 
Minimum - maximum 0.5 - 0.8 0.1 - 0.2 9.4 - 0.2 

Carrots and turnips Average CV 0.5 (4.93) 0.5 (27.92) 105.9 (32.18) 
Trend -1 8 1746 
Minimum - maximum 0.4 - 0.5 0.3 - 0.9 57.0 - 0.9 

Cherries Average CV 0.8 (15.34) 0.1 (37.75) 11.8 (32.43) 
Trend 17 5 410 
Minimum - maximum 0.5 - 1.0 0.1 - 0.2 7.4 - 0.2 

0.4 Plums and sloes Average CV 0.4 (14.44) 0.3 (39.41) 64.5 (51.94) 
Trend -10 21 6780 
Minimum - maximum 0.3 - 0.5 0.1 - 0.4 28.0 - 0.4 

0.3 Apricots Average CV 0.4 (22.44) 0.3 (21.49) 93.3 (45.40) 
Trend 12 -10 -7032 
Minimum - maximum 0.2 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.5 51.0 - 0.5 

Asparagus Average CV 0.4 (13.75) 0.0 (87.59) 2.8 (92.03) 
Trend 10 -2 -557 
Minimum - maximum 0.3 - 0.4 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 

Broad and fava beans, 
green 

Average CV 0.2 (15.99) 0.5 (28.81) 224.9 (31.16) 
Trend -5 -19 -3854 
Minimum - maximum 0.2 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.8 138.8 - 0.8 

0.2 Raspberries Average CV 0.5 (70.46) 0.0 (6.84) 1.6 (53.84) 
Trend 77 0 -184 
Minimum - maximum 0.2 - 1.2 0.0 - 0.0 0.5 - 0.0 

Goat meat Average CV 0.2 (8.42) 0.6 (14.51) 277.3 (13.18) 
Trend 1 19 7044 
Minimum - maximum 0.2 - 0.2 0.4 - 0.7 211.7 - 0.7 

0.1  Unshelled peanuts Average CV 0.0 (85.33) 0.2 (13.98) 21497.6 (133.82) 
Trend 0 -4 -2464850 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.0 0.2 - 0.3 1891.3 - 0.3 



Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-14 

14 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Weightings Agricultural products Statistics 𝑰𝒛𝟎,𝒕
𝒈

(Spain) 𝑰𝒛𝟏,𝒕
𝒈

(Morocco) 𝑪𝒕
𝒈
 

Dates Average CV 0.0 (28.10) 1.1 (19.21) 3461.4 (52.66) 
Trend -1 43 186325 

Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.0 0.7 - 1.5 1622.4 - 1.5 
Soybeans 
 
  

Average CV 0.0 (49.21) 0.0 (0.00) 45.2 (70.50) 
Trend 0 0 -5667 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 19.3 - 0.0 

Broad and fava beans, 
dry 

Average CV 0.0 (34.29) 0.2 (38.66) 365.7 (46.84) 
Trend 0 -7 -15285 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.2 49.5 - 0.2 

Figs Average CV 0.2 (33.37) 0.5 (23.76) 338.0 (33.03) 
Trend 12 19 -8059 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.7 131.0 - 0.7 

Rape or colza seeds Average CV 0.1 (59.85) 0.0 (46.55) 1.9 (53.26) 
Trend 18 0 -162 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.3 0.0 - 0.0 0.9 - 0.0 

Dry lentils Average CV 0.0 (28.42) 0.1 (50.54) 149.4 (47.76) 
Trend 1 1 -1286 
Minimum - maximum 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.1 6.7 - 0.1 

Unshelled walnuts Average CV 0.1 (12.68) 0.1 (32.61) 84.3 (28.12) 
Trend 4 4 171 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 49.3 - 0.2 

Onions, shallots, fresh Average CV 0.1 (27.07) 0.1 (38.26) 124.9 (43.81) 
Trend -2 10 6123 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 40.3 - 0.2 

Chickpeas, dried Average CV 0.1 (35.34) 0.1 (33.49) 159.9 (38.76) 
Trend 3 3 -4036 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 44.9 - 0.2 

Dry peas Average CV 0.2 (26.60) 0.0 (44.59) 13.3 (47.76) 
Trend 3 -1 -773 
Minimum - maximum 0.1 - 0.2 0.0 - 0.0 2.3 - 0.0 

 
Table 3 shows yield index statistics for each type of agricultural product.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

Asian Online Journal Publishing Group is not responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability, etc. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. 
Any queries should be directed to the corresponding author of the article. 
 


