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© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 11, No. 2, 96-103, 2024 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6177 

© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Soils of the Baikal region: Mapping, use, transformation 

 
Irina Aleksandrovna Belozertseva1   

Daria Nikolaevna Lopatina2   

Andrei Anatolievich Sorokovoi3   

  
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2,3V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Ulan-Batorskaya str. 1, Irkursk, 664033, Russia. 
1Email: belozia@mail.ru   
2Email: dariatama@mail.ru  
3Email: geomer@irigs.irk.ru  

 
Abstract 

The article gives a brief overview of the soil cartographic work carried out in the Baikal region. 
The paper contains one of the authors' map of agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region. 
A fragment of the legend is shown. Suitable and unsuitable districts for their use in agriculture 
have been identified. Various types of business activities are recommended. Also provided are 
maps of the use of land of the most developed part of the lands of the Baikal region in 1980 and 
2023. In the Irkutsk-Cheremkhov plain with neighboring steppe areas, occupying 11% of the area 
of the region where the bulk of the farmland is located, relatively good natural and climatic 
conditions are noted. With the collapse of collective farms and state farms since the 1990s. More 
than 50% of former agricultural land was abandoned. A positive aspect of the "resetting" of the 
state system is the emergence of a reserve of agricultural land for use in the form of abandoned 
land with soils that have restored the level of fertility. The authors proposed a scale of qualitative 
assessment of the possibility of using land in agriculture, developed an assessment of the state of 
soil fertility, taking into account their regional characteristics. 

 
Keywords: Conditions, Mapping, Soil, Use. 

 
Citation | Belozertseva, I. A., Lopatina, D. N., & Sorokovoi, A. A. 
(2024). Soils of the Baikal region: Mapping, use, 
transformation. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 11(2), 96–103. 
10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6177 
History:  
Received: 21 October 2024 
Revised: 25 November 2024 
Accepted: 27 November 2024 
Published: 2 December 2024 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 License  
Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Funding: This research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation and 
the Ministry of Economic Development and Industry of the Irkutsk Region 
(Grant number: 23-27-10013 (05-62-824/24)). 
Institutional Review Board Statement: The Ethical Committee of the V.B. 
Sochava Institute of geography, Russia has granted approval for this study on 
12 March 2023 (Ref. No. 78). 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the 
study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as 
planned have been explained. This study followed all ethical practices during 
writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception 
and design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published 
version of the manuscript. 

 
Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 
2. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................... 97 
3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 103 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 103 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mailto:belozia@mail.ru
mailto:dariatama@mail.ru
mailto:geomer@irigs.irk.ru
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6177
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-2298
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-0822
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8987-7068


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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
Taking into account the new soil classification soil and agroecological zoning of the Irkutsk 
region was carried out. We were complited a land use map of the most developed part in 
agriculture of the Irkutsk region. The authors proposed a scale of qualitative assessment of the 
possibility of using land. 

 
1. Introduction 

Authors group [1-5] carried out ecological zoning of soils in the south of the East European Plain, Russia and 
the World. There are few materials on the soils of hard-to-reach mountainous regions [6]. An agroecological 
assessment of the soils of the Irkutsk region and adjacent territories is given in the works of Shpedt, et al. [7]; 
Ubugunov [8]; Ubugunov, et al. [9]; Lopatina and Belozertseva [10]; Seryshev and Somedun [11]; Atlas [12] 
and Kalep [13] etc. Published maps: "Soil zoning. Atlas of the Baikal region" [14]; "Soil and geographical zoning. 
Atlas of the Irkutsk Region"[15]. Any zoning for any purpose reflects the level of knowledge and production of the 
current time, cannot be unshakable and must be refined and improved as new knowledge of landscape components 
and conditions for improving production and environmental transformation becomes available. Information on the 
level of fertility, the ecological state of the soil cover of the region is constantly supplemented by new studies. 

 

2. Results and Discussion 
As a result of many years of work, together with colleagues from the Institute of General and Experimental 

Biology of the SB RAS, the Institute of Geography and Geoecology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, we 
were completed a series of soil-ecological maps for atlases and two wall maps (Soils of Lake Baikal Basin [16]) 
Soils of the Baikal natural territory [17]). Soils are united by natural zones. The most fertile soils are Mollisols 
(chernozems, umbrisols and other such types of soils) are shown in green and yellow light on the map. This soils 
are wide spread about 30% of the territory. 

 

 
Figure 1. Agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region. 

Note: Provinces: A - East Sayan and Khamar-Daban; B - Pribaikalye and Stanovoy Highlands; C - Irkutsk amphitheater. Districts: 
A1 - Highland East Sayan, A2 - Middle mountain South-Western Baikal region, A3 - Low mountain and foothill; B1 - 
Highland Baikal and Delyun-Uransky, B2 - Mid-mountain district of the Stanovoy Highlands, B3 - Patomsky low mountain, 
B4 - Foothill and low mountain district of the islands of Olkhon and Priolkhonya, B5 - Middle and low mountain Primorsky; 
C1 - Leno-Angarsk medium-altitude plateaus, C2 - Angarsk and Prilensky medium-altitude plateaus, C3 - Erbogachensky and 
Biryusinsky low plateaus, C4 - Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky and Kansko-Rybinsk plain, C5 - Pre-Baikal plain. 



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Created soil maps for areas of research. For example on the slide: Osinsky district soil map. Heavy Metal and 
Essential Plant Nutrition Maps for Osinsky district too [18]. Soil maps have also been drawn up for other areas of 
the Irkutsk region [19]. Various maps of soil pollution in different key areas have been compiled, for example, for 
such cities as Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude in Russia, Ulan Bator in Mongolia [20]. 

Maps of soil degradation and pollution were created: Baikal Lake basin, Baikal natural territory [21].The map 
shows the natural factors of the potential hazard of soil pollution. Areas of actual soil contamination and industrial 
sources are marked. The symbols show the lands of the mining industry. The degree of soil degradation of 
agricultural lands is shown. We were created Soil and ecological zoning of Lake Baikal basin [9]. 

Soil groups with relatively similar bioclimatic factors (M. Budyko’s dryness index, the sum of biologically 
active temperatures, type and productivity of vegetation) were combined into soil-ecological provinces, which are 
dominant in soil forming. Soils with the similar lithology and geomorphology features (rocks, relief) were grouped 
into districts. 

We created a map of agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region (Figure 1). 
A fragment of the map legend is shown (Table 1). The legend of the map shows: soils, soil-forming rocks, 

vegetation and their productivity, height above sea level, dryness index, the number of "active" temperatures, a 
period with a negative soil temperature, the duration of the warm period, the spread of permafrost, suitability for 
agricultural use. Suitable and unsuitable districts for their use in agriculture have been identified. Various types of 
business activities are recommended. 

 
Table 1. Map legend fragment "Agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region". 

P
ro

v
in

c
e
s 

D
is

tr
ic

ts
 

№
 

Soils Breeds Vegetation 

H
*
 

К
 *

 

∑
tm

o
re

 1
0

0
С

*
 

M
o

n
th

s*
 

D
a
y
s*

 

P
*
 

Р
V

*
 

S
u

it
a
b

il
it

y
*
 

E
as

t 
S

ay
an

 a
n

d
 K

h
am

ar
-

D
ab

an
 

H
ig

hl
an

d
 E

as
t 

S
ay

an
 

А
1

 

Regosol, 
Leptosol, 
Gleysols, 
Entic Podzols 

Crystalline shales, 
limestones, 
dolomites, 
granitoids, basalts, 
slag basalts  

Moss-lichen and shrub 
tundra, thickets of 
cedar dwarf, fragments 
of larch shrub 
woodlands and shrubs, 
rocky placers. 

1
1

7
5
-2

8
7

5
 

0
,5

-1
,0

 

6
0

0
-1

0
0
0
 

7
-8

 

5
0

-6
0
 

S
o
li

d
u

p
, 
to

1
0

0
-3

0
0

 м
 

2
0

-4
0
 

U
n

su
it

ab
le

 

Ir
k

u
ts

k
 a

m
p

h
it

h
ea

te
r 

Ir
ku

ts
k-

C
he

re
m

kh
ov

sk
y 

an
d
 

K
an

sk
o-

R
yb

in
sk

 p
la

in
 

В
4

 

Folic 
Retisols, 
Umbrisols, 
Luvisols, 
Phaeozems, 
Chernozem, 
Histosols 

Siltstones, 
mudstones, 
carbonate-free 
sandstones, red-
colored carbonate-
silicate deposits, 
limestones 

Pine and larch-pine 
forbs, steppe forests, 
fragments of islands of 
meadow-steppe 
vegetation  

4
0

0
-7

2
8
 

1
,5

-2
,5

 

1
4

0
0
-1

8
0

0
 

5
-6

 

9
0

-1
0

4
 

A
re

ab
se

n
t 

4
0

-8
0
 

M
o
st

ly
u

sa
b

le
 

Note: *– H - height above sea level; К– Dryness index as per [22] sum of air temperature more than 100 (∑t) [23]; Months - period with negative soil 

temperature; Days - Duration of warm period with air temperature more than 100С; P - Permafrost distribution; PV – Productivity of vegetation by 
[12]. 

 
In most of the vast territory of the region (more than 70%), forestry is recommended under taiga forest 

vegetation, with the exception of specially protected natural areas, which make up a small area. The most optimal 
conditions for growing early ripening crops are the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky and Kansko-Rybinsky lowland 
dictrict, which occupies 11% of the region's territory, where productive chernozems, umbrisols, fluvisols have 
formed under meadow-steppe and steppe forest vegetation, covering 33% of the district's area or 3.7% of the 
Irkutsk region. 

We were complited a land use map of the most developed part in agriculture of the Irkutsk region (Irkutsk-
Cheremkhov plain and adjacent territories) (Figure 2), and use maps of certain areas of the Irkutsk region have 
been compiled.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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(a) 

 
(b) 

 
Figure 2. Agricultural land areas of the most developed part of the Irkutsk region in 1988 (a), 2023 (b). 

Note: 1 - Arable land, 2 - Deposit, 3 - Pasture, 4 - Forest, 5 - Rivers, 6 – Settlement. 

 
The area of agricultural land in the region is 4% and, in some areas, up to 48%, of which more than half is not 

used in agriculture, and in remote areas more than 70%, abandoned since the 1990s. After the "restructuring" of 
the government system. Some of the abandoned land is under pasture. 

The authors proposed a scheme for assessing the level of soil fertility (Table 2) [24].  



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Table 2. Scale for assessing the state of soils by indicators: рНн2о, density, content of physical clay, agronomically valuable aggregates, humus, nitrates, 
mobile phosphorus and potassium. 

рНн2о 

рНkcl 
NL 

Р2O5, 
mg/kg 

К2О, 
mg/kg 

NO3, 
mg/kg 

Humus, % S, % C PC, % 
D 
g/cm3 

SF ∑P 

<4.5 
<4.0 

Strong 
<25 <100 

<4,  
>130 

<1 <20 Verylow >40 >1.5 Bad1 <16 

4.6-5.5 
4.1-4.5 

26-50 101-200 4-8 2.1-3.0 20-40 Low <10 1.3-1.5 Unsatisfactor2 16-20 

5.1-5.5 
4.6-5.0 

Average 51-100 201-300 8-15 3.1-5.0 40-60 Average 10-20 1.2-1.3 Satisfactory3 20-24 

5.6-6.0 
5.1-5.5 

Weak 101-150 301-400 15-20 5.1-8.0 60-80 
Above the 
average 

20-30 1.2-1.1 Good4 24-30 

>6.1 
>5.6 

Notrequ
ired 

>150 >400 20-130 >8.0 >80 High 30-40 <1,1 Excellent5 >30 

Note: NL - need for liming; S - content of agronomically valuable structure (%); C - content of phosphorus, potassium, nitrates, humus and agronomically valuable 
aggregates; PC - content of physical clay (particles < 0.01 mm); D - density was assessed on a scale [25-27]; SF - assessment of soil fertility according to the 
above indicators. P - score; ∑ P - sum of points. 



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The assessment of the soil condition was carried out according to the author's methodology in the form of 
generalizing data and a system of indices of individual indicators (environmental reaction, density, content of the 
fraction of "physical clay", humus, nitrates, agronomically valuable aggregates, mobile phosphorus and potassium). 
Table fragment «Some soil indicators of the main key sites» (Table 3). 

It has been established that the soils of arable land and deposits of remote areas (Osinsky, Bokhansky, etc.) have 
the highest values of positive quantitative characteristics. According to agrochemical and agrophysical indicators, 
they belong to prosperous, the state of their fertility is assessed as "excellent", "good" and "satisfactory". The worst 
indicators of fertility are the soils of the Irkutsk region. The soils of the most developed part of the region 
(Cheremkhovsky, Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky districts) are assessed mainly as "good" and "satisfactory" 
(sometimes "excellent", rarely "non-renewable") according to the main agrophysical and agrochemical indicators. 
According to such agrophysical indicators as the content of a fraction of physical clay, and sometimes 
agronomically valuable aggregates and soil density of the most developed areas, they are mainly "unsatisfactory" 
and "bad" for their use for growing agricultural crops, which is mainly due to natural factors (rocks). The soils of 
the arable land used near large settlements of almost all regions need the introduction of mineral potash and 
phosphorus fertilizers, less often nitrogen (mineral or organic). There is a reserve of agricultural land for use in the 
form of abandoned land, but sometimes they need agrochemical, agrotechnical and other activities. 

In colder conditions of low plateaus (Erbogachensky and Biryusinsky okrug, covering about 20% of the 
region), it is possible to grow early ripening crops of vegetables and greens in greenhouses (closed ground). In the 
driest and moderately cold conditions (foothill and low-mountain districts of Olkhon Island and Priolkhonya, 
which make up less than 1% of the area) with rocky soils of low thickness, pasture farming using natural pastures is 
recommended. About 25% of the land in the high- and mid-mountain areas of the region is not recommended for 
use either in agriculture or in forestry. Lands on which endemic and relict vegetation species grow must be 
included in protected areas. In some cases, the territory of protected areas can be expanded, for example, on the 
southern coast of Lake Baikal. 



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Table 3. Some soil indicators of the main key sites of the Irkutsk, Cheremkhovsky, Bokhansky, Osinsky, Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky districts of the Irkutsk region, assessment of their fertility level (Fragment).. 

Location Vegetation, use Soils Рorizon 
рН 
H2O 

Humus, 
% 

NH4 
mg/kg 

NO3m
g/kg 

Р2O5 

mg/kg 
К2О 

mg/kg 

PC 
% 

D 
g/cm3 

S 
% 

∑P SF 

Irkutskregion 
Near the village of 
Novolisikha 

Arable land 
Agricultural 
(Anthrosol) 

А 
5.8 
4 

0.6 
1 

4.75 
16.6 

4 
3 
1 

22 
1 

24 
4 

1.35 
2 

24.7 
2 

19 unsatisfactory 

Cheremkhovsky region 

1 km north of 
Kasyanovka village 

Background area, 
grass with sedge steppe 
meadow 

Chernozems AU 
6.9 
5 

12.2 
5 

30.1 
2.5 
3 

160 
5 

498 
5 

43 
1 

0.61 
5 

68 
2 

26 excellent 

2.5 km northwest of 
the village of 
Petrovka 

Land under steam, 
surepka, weedy vegetation 

Agricultural 
umbric 

РU 
6.9 
5 

3.7 
3 

7.3 
11.7 

3 
35 
2 

110 
2 

57 
1 

1.56 
1 

60 
3 

15 unsatisfactory 

Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky region 
2 km northwest of 
Ust-Orda village 

Arableland, 
rye 

Agricultural 
chernozems 

PU 
7.2 
5 

5.4 
4 

5.34 
1.80 

1 
39 
2 

175 
2 

41 
1 

1.48 
2 

24.4 
2 

14 unsatisfactory 

1.2 km northwest of 
the village of 
Pokrovka 

Land under steam, 
oats with weedy vegetation 

Agricultural 
haplic 
fluvisols 

PU 
8.2 
5 

19.0 
5 

12.22 
17.20 

4 
39 
2 

408 
5 

55 
1 

1.21 
3 

43,0 
3 

23 good 

Bokhansky, Osinsky region 

Chernihiv village 
Arable land, 
weedy vegetation 

Agricultural 
chernozems 

PU 
7.9 
5 

5.4 
4 

11.3 
8.1 
3 

49 
2 

200 
3 

21 
4 

1.14 
2 

71 
4 

27 good 

Zakharovskaya village 
Abandoned land more than 
30 years ago, pasture, grass 
meadow 

Agricultural 
umbric 

PU 
7.2 
5 

7.7 
4 

13.8 
8.7 
3 

325 
5 

950 
5 

39 
5 

0.90 
5 

71 
4 

36 excellent 

Note: PC - content of physical clay (Particles < 0.01 mm); D - Density was assessed on a scale; S - Content of agronomically valuable structure (%);∑ P - Sum of points; SF - Assessment of soil fertility according to the above indicators. 
The numerator shows the values of the indicator, the denominator - points.  

 



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3. Conclusion 
Taking into account the new soil classification [27] soil and agroecological zoning of the Irkutsk region was 

carried out. Agroecological zoning of soils took into account the entire set of natural and climatic conditions.  
In most of the vast territory of the region (more than 50%), forestry is recommended under taiga forest 

vegetation, with the exception of protected areas, which make up a small area. The most optimal conditions for 
growing early ripening crops are the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky and Kansko-Rybinsk lowland district, which 
occupies 11% of the region's territory, where productive chernozems, umbrisols and fluvisols have formed under 
meadow-steppe and steppe forest vegetation, covering 33% of the district's area or 3.7% of the Irkutsk region. 
Almost all lands suitable for agriculture in Soviet times were plowed. However, at this time 45% of the agricultural 
land of the region is abandoned, and in remote areas more than 70%. According to agrochemical indicators, the 
soils of most of the abandoned lands are in good and satisfactory condition and can be returned to agricultural 
circulation. 
 

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