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© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 11, No. 2, 170-174, 2024 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6238 

© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Performance of juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus cultivated in a recirculating 
aquaculture system with tanks of different colors 

 
Túlio, Pacheco Boaventura1   

Fábio, Aremil Costa Santos2   

Pedro, Paulo Cortezzi Pedras3   

Ronald Kennedy Luz4   

 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2,3,4Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of 
Minas Gerais – UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.  
1Email: tuliopb1@hotmail.com  
2Email: fabioaremil@gmail.com  
3Email: pedrocortezzi@hotmail.com  
4Email: luzrk@yahoo.com  

 
Abstract 

The tanks used in RASs can be manufactured in any color. RAS tank color can have a great influence 
on fish, with direct impacts on food capture and, consequently, performance and survival. This 
study investigated the influence of different tank colors on the performance and coloration of 
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Juvenile were cultivated in tanks of different colors (white, blue, and 
black) for 60 days.One hundred and forty-four juvenile P. hypophthalmus, weighing 2.18±0.5 g and 
measuring 6.76±0.17 cm in total length, were distributed among three RASs. Each RAS was 
equipped with a 200-liter rectangular filter, with mechanical and biological filter, a heating and 
water pumping system and four 30-liter tanks covered with colored adhesive (white, blue or black) 
that were filled with 28 liters of water. Therefore, each RAS was considered a color treatment 
(white, blue or black) with four replicates (tanks), which had a density of 0.43 juveniles per liter (12 
juveniles in each replicate). Juveniles cultivated in darker tanks exhibited darker coloration. 
Juveniles cultivated in blue tanks showed higher final weight (FW), total length (TL), and weight 
gain (WG) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). Juveniles cultivated in white tanks had lower 
TL and higher FCR. In conclusion, P. hypophthalmus juveniles performed better when cultivated in 
blue tanks. 

 
Keywords: Aquaculture, Catfish, Fish, Panga. 

 
Citation | Boaventura, T. P., Santos, F. A. C., Pedras, P. P. C., & Luz, 
R. K. (2024). Performance of juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus 
cultivated in a recirculating aquaculture system with tanks of 
different colors. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 11(2), 170–174. 
10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6238 
History:  
Received: 15 November 2024 
Revised: 3 December 2024 
Accepted: 17 December 2024 
Published: 23 December 2024 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Funding: This research is supported by Conselho Nacional de 
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Grant number: CNPq-Brasil –
150480/2023-7 and 402952/2021-9, 308547/2018-7), Fundação de Amparo à 
Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Grant number: FAPEMIG-Brasil – BPD-
00406-22 and APQ-01531-21), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de 
Pessoal de Nível Superior (Grant number: CAPES-Brasil – finance code 001). 
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, 
and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have 
been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been 
explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and 
design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version 
of the manuscript. 

 
Contents 
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 171 
2. Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 171 
3. Results ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 171 
4. Discussions .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 172 
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 173 
References .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 173 
 

 

 

mailto:tuliopb1@hotmail.com
mailto:fabioaremil@gmail.com
mailto:pedrocortezzi@hotmail.com
mailto:luzrk@yahoo.com
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6238
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-5417
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-8040
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-8880
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-5772


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171 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This study evaluates the effect of tank color in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) on the 
performance of juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus over 60 days. Blue tanks yielded better 
growth (weight, length, gain) and feed conversion compared to white tanks, which had the 
poorest results. 

 

1. Introduction 
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, popularly known as panga, is a freshwater fish native to the Mekong River in Asia. 

Characteristics, such as resistance, rapid weight gain and tolerance to high stocking densities, make the species 
appealing for aquaculture [1]. The sustainability of P. hypophthalmus production has been questioned in recent years, 
mainly due to disease outbreaks [2] and water pollution from untreated effluents [2, 3]. Implementation of the 
recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for P. hypophthalmus cultivation is one way to increase production while 
mitigating the effects of environmental impacts [2]. 

The tanks used in RASs can be manufactured in any color, although the majority sold are blue, green or black 
[4, 5]. RAS tank color can have a great influence on fish, with direct impacts on food capture and, consequently, 
performance and survival [4-7]; However, the influence of tank color is specific to each fish species, with some 
performing best in light-colored tanks and others in darker-colored tanks [5]. 

It was recently reported that juvenile P. hypophthalmus, cultured for 20 days, perform better in brighter (green 
and white) tanks [8]. However, no study has evaluated the influence of tank color on juvenile P. hypophthalmus when 
cultured for longer period. 

 

2. Materials and Methods 
This studywas approved by Committee for Ethics in Animal Use (CEUA/UFMG - 106/2021) and aimed to 

evaluate the influence of  tank color on the performance and survival of juvenile P. hypophthalmus. This estud was 
conducted at the Laboratorio de Aquacultura (LAQUA) of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) for a 
period of 60 days. 

One hundred and forty-four juvenile P. hypophthalmus, weighing 2.18±0.5 g and measuring 6.76±0.17 cm in total 
length, were distributed among three RASs. Each RAS was equipped with a 200-liter rectangular filter, with 
mechanical and biological filter, a heating and water pumping system and four 30-liter tanks covered with colored 
adhesive (white, blue or black) that were filled with 28 liters of water. Therefore, each RAS was considered a color 
treatment (white, blue or black) with four replicates (tanks), which had a density of 0.43 juveniles per liter (12 
juveniles in each replicate). 

The tank colors were analyzed using the CIE L*, a*, b* coordinate system through a calorimeter application 
created by Research Lab Tools, São Paulo, Brazil (accessible via Google Play) [9]. The values measured included L* 
(luminosity: white = 100 to black = 0), a* (Red = +60 to green = -60 ), and b* ( Yellow = +60 to blue = -60) [4, 5] 
(Table 1). 
 
Table 1. Mean chromaticity parameters (mean ± standard deviation) for the tested tank colors (L: Lightness; a: Redness when positive, grey 
when zero, and greenness when negative; b: Yellowness when positive, grey when zero, and blueness when negative). 

Tank colors L* a* b 

Write 78.30±1.38 2.37±0.23 2.60±0.15 
Blue  64.81±1.64 -12.03±1.07 -45.06±3.90 
Black 18.72±0.96 2.18±0.23 -1.70±0.03 

                                                           

The animals were cultured for a period of 60 days, during which they were fed until apparent satiety twice a day 
(08:00 and 16:00), with 2–3 mm pellets of extruded commercial diet containing 38% crude protein. The food provided 
was previously weighed in individual containers. Thirty minutes after feeding, feces were removed using a siphon, 
and any remaining food was gathered, dried, and weighed to determine the amount consumed. Water quality 
parameters were assessed every three days. Temperature and pH were measured with a portable COMBO pH meter 
from HANNA, dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined with a digital oximeter from the same brand, and ammonia 
was analyzed using a LabconTest colorimetric kit. 

In the experiment final (60 days after cultivation), all fish were carefully wrapped in a damp cloth for weighing 
and measuring to determine their final weight (FW) and total length (TL). These biometric data were used to 
calculate feed consumption metrics, such as weight gain (WG) [((final weight - initial weight) / initial weight) × 
100] and feed conversion ratio (FC) (feed consumption / weight gain). For photographic documentation, three 
juveniles from each tank (n = 12 per treatment) were euthanized using a eugenol overdose (285 mg/L)[10]. Survival 
rates were evaluated by counting the remaining individuals.  

Data were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Levene's test for homoscedasticity, followed by 
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test at 5% probability. Infostat software was used for all data 
analyses. 

 

3. Results 
There were no differences in water quality parameters among RASs (P>0.05) (Table 2). Juvenile P. hypophthalmus 

cultivated in white tanks had lighter skin color and those cultivated in black tanks had darker skin color (Figure 1 
A). 

 
 
 
 

 

Note: The values of L*, a* and b. Are data obtained by the calorimeter application. Where: L: Lightness; a: Redness when positive, grey when zero, and 
greenness when negative; b: Yellowness when positive, grey when zero, and blueness when negative. 



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172 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Table 2. Water parameters obtained after 60 days of the cultivation of juveniles of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in tanks of different colors. 

Tank colors Temperature 
(°C) 

pH  Toxic ammonia 
(mg/L) 

Dissolved oxygen 
(mg/L) 

Write 27.2±1.3a 6.97±0.21a 0.010±0.003a 8.02±1.12a 
Blue 27.1±1.1a 7.01±0.19a 0.012±0.001a 7.98 ±1.03a 
Black 27.2±0.9a 6.98±0.21a 0.012±0.003a 8.12±0.98a 

 

 
Figure 1. Photograph of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus after 60 days of cultivation in tanks of different colors. White (A), blue 
(B) and black (C). The background of the photographs was removed using photoshop software. 

 
Survival did not differ significantly among treatments (P>0.05) (Table 3). No dead individuals were found inside 

tanks and reductions in survival were due to animals jumping out of the tanks, which occurred during the night.  
 
Table 3. Performance parameters (Mean ± standard deviation) obtained after 60 days of the cultivation of juveniles of Pangasianodon 
hypophthalmus in tanks of different colors. 

Tank color FW (g) FL (cm) WG (%) FC SUR (%) 

White 16.6±0.8b 12.9 ±0.2b 636.0±99.47b 0.92±0.07a 96.4±7.1a 
Blue 20.3±1.2a 14.2±0.2a 824.62±30.8a 0.66±0.08b 97.6±4.1a 
Black 19.2±0.6 ab 13.9±0.1a 736.0±30.5ab 0.72±0.04b 96.45±4.2a 

 
Juveniles cultivated in the blue tanks had significantly higher FW, FL and WG and lower FC than juveniles 

cultivated in white tanks (P<0.05) (Table 3). Juveniles cultivated in black and blue tanks did not differ significantly 
for FL and FC. Juveniles cultivated in black tanks had FW and WG values intermediate to those cultivated in blue 
and white tanks. Juveniles cultivated in white tanks had the lowest FL and highest FC (P<0.05). 

 

4. Discussions 
During the experiment, water temperature remained within the optimal range indicated for the cultivation of P. 

hypophthalmus [11]. The remaining parameters (pH, oxygen and toxic ammonia) remained within acceptable levels 
for fish cultivation in general [12, 13]. The difference in color observed for juveniles cultivated in thanks of different 
colors may be related to a change in skin pigmentation for camouflage in the environment, which is common to 
several species of fish [5] and explains the darker colors for fish cultivated in black tanks. 

There were no significant differences in survival rate among the juveniles cultured in tanks of different colors. 
Sebesta, et al. [14] studied the cultivation of Coregonus peled larvae in tanks of different colors and found that those 
cultivated in black tanks had the highest survival rate. Takeshita and Soyano [15] studied the effects of green, white, 
red and black tanks during juvenile Epinephelus coioides cultivation and found that those cultivated in black tanks had 
a higher mortality rate, which was attributed to a greater incidence of cannibalism. Monk, et al. [16] studied the 
cultivation of Gadus morhua larvae in white and black tanks and found no significant difference in survival rate. 
Nawang, et al. [8] also found no differences in survival rate for juvenile P. hypophthalmus cultured in green, black 

Note: The letters inserted in the table indicate the statistical difference in the results. Since all treatments received the same letter (a), it indicates that there is no difference in 
the results. Results with distinct letters represent a significant difference (p<0.05) according to ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test at 5%. 

Note: The letters (a and b) entered in the table indicate the statistical difference in the results. Results with different letters indicate a significant difference 
(p<0.05) as determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test at 5%. Lowercase letters denote a significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments. 
Final weight (FW) in g, final length (FL) in cm, weight gain (WG) in %, feed conversion (FC), and survival rate (Sur) in %. 



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and white tanks. Therefore, the survival rate of fish in tanks of different colors can vary depending on the species and 
its cultivation phase. 

The influence of tank color on animal performance is specific to each species and may depend on dietary 
characteristics and vision capacity. Boaventura, et al. [4] evaluated the influence of different tank colors (white, blue, 
green and black) on the cultivation of juvenile Colossoma macropomum and found that those cultivated in lighter 
colored tanks performed better than those cultivated in darker tanks. These authors hypothesized that this difference 
may have been due to a greater ease in locating and capturing food. Furthermore, these authors also reported that 
juveniles cultivated in darker tanks (black) had higher hemoglobin and lower triglyceride levels in the blood, which 
was attributed to greater movement, mainly to locate and capture food. In contrast, studying the influence of different 
tank colors on the catfish Lophiosirulus alexandri, Costa, et al. [17] found no significant differences in performance 
and survival, which was attributed to the ability of the species to locate food through smell, taste buds and free 
neuromasts. Still, Okomoda, et al. [18] studied the influence of tank color on juvenile Clarias gariepinus and found 
the highest performance for those cultivated in darker tanks (black), which was attributed to their preference for 
darker environments and possession of barbels to locate food in the absence light. Ferosekhan, et al. [19] reported 
that Pangasius pangasius larvae had their best performance when cultivated in darker colored (black) tanks. In 
contrast, Nawang, et al. [8] found juvenile P. hypophthalmus to have their best performance when cultivated in green 
and white tanks for a period of 20 days. The juveniles of the present study were cultivated for 60 days, so the 
difference found in relation to the data for larvae presented by Ferosekhan, et al. [19] may have been due to the 
adaptation of juveniles to the colors. Juveniles of several fish species were reported to have their best performance 
when cultivated in blue tanks, such as: Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [20]; beluga, Huso huso [21]; European 
catfish. Silurus glanis  [22] and the betta fish Betta splendens Saekhow, et al. [23]. Opiyo, et al. [20] found better 
performance for Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, cultivated in blue tanks, but this improved performance was accompanied by 
a worsening feed conversion rate. 

 

5. Conclusion 
In conclusion, juvenile P. hypophthalmus perform best when cultivated in blue tanks, with better food conversion 

when cultivated in white tanks. Nonetheless, studies aimed at understanding the influence of tank color at different 
phases of cultivation, as well as its influences on physiology, metabolism and well-being, should continue as they are 
fundamental for more sustainable breeding. 

 

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https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.201429
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01682.x
https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.01.004
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00374-6

