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Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 11, No. 2, 182-186, 2024 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6250 

© 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Bio-geotextiles based acrylonitrile and their evaluation on radish plants (Raphanus 
sativus) 

 
Alcala-Sanchez Daniel1 
Tapia-Picazo Juan-Carlos2 
 

              
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, National Technological Institute of Mexico / 
Technological Institute of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico. 
1Email: das.oficial@hotmail.com  
2Email: juan.tp@aguascalientes.tecnm.mx  

 
Abstract 

In this study, two innovative biopolymers (BioP) were investigated for bio-geotextile (BioG) 
fabrication: an acrylonitrile-2-hidroxyethyl methacrylate-starch terpolymer (ST-AN), and a 
composite of acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate-chitosan terpolymer (CS-AN) blended with acrylonitrile-
methyl acrylate (AN-MA) copolymer. Using wet-spinning technique, bio-fiber (BioF) were 
produced, characterized and utilized in to construct BioG. BioF based on ST-AN and CS-AN 
exhibited linear densities of 10.7 and 19.8 denier, bulk densities of 1.21 and 1.16 g/cm³, tensile 
strengths of 74.7 MPa and 28.5 MPa, elongation of 10.7% and 11.2%, and moisture retention 
capacities of 88% and 65%, respectively. The BioG made with ST-AN improved soil moisture 
retention by up to 130%. Radish plants biometric measurement in pots with BioG revealed 
improvements in growth parameters: leaf length increased by 87%, leaf width by 45%, and stem 
thickness by 142% compared to controls. These findings highlight the potential of bio-based 
materials to advance sustainable engineering through innovative strategies in synthesis, processing, 
and application, offering a viable alternative for the partial or complete replacement of plastics 
associated with microplastic generation and persistent environmental pollution. 

 
Keywords: Acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate-chitosan, Acrylonitrile-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-starch, Bio-geotextile, Biopolymer, Radish, 
Sustainable engineering, Wet-spinning. 

 
Citation | Daniel, A.-S., & Juan-Carlos, T.-P. (2024). Bio-geotextiles 
based acrylonitrile and their evaluation on radish plants (Raphanus 
sativus). Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 11(2), 182–186. 
10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6250 
History:  
Received: 1 November 2024 
Revised: 4 December 2024 
Accepted: 13 December 2024 
Published: 26 December 2024 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, 
and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have 
been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been 
explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: Both authors contributed equally to the conception 
and design of the study. Both authors have read and agreed to the published 
version of the manuscript. 

 
Contents 
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 183 
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................................................. 183 
3. Results and Discussions ................................................................................................................................................................ 184 
4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 185 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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mailto:juan.tp@aguascalientes.tecnm.mx
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6250


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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This study investigates the evaluation of novel polymeric biomaterials within a wet-spinning 
system to produce fibers for bio-geotextile applications. It examines the physicochemical 
properties of bio-base fiber and their performance in radish cultivation systems, offering insights 
for future research on biomaterials in sustainable agricultural practices.  

 
1. Introduction 

Microplastics (MPs) are particles with sizes between 0.05 and 5 mm [1-5] originating from manufacturing 
processes or the breakdown of larger plastics. Accumulation of MPs is more prevalent in soil ecosystems than in 
aquatic environments, whit agricultural soils showing higher concentrations than urban soils [1]. MPs found in the 
soil ecosystem are mainly sourced from sewage sludge, tire wear, industrial processes, plastic waste, and agricultural 
films [1, 2]. These particles negatively impact soil properties, nutrient cycling, microbial activity, and plant growth 
by interfering with roots and nutrient absorption. MPs can even enter plant tissues, affecting overall plant health 
and reducing soil fertility, indirectly hindering crop development. Beyond soil and aquatic ecosystems, MPs pose 
significant health risks when they enter the human body via food, air, or direct contact, potentially damaging the 
digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Geotextiles are textile structures with a wide range of engineering 
applications; for example, they are applied in the soil filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement, protection and 
revegetation of eroded areas. Due to growing environmental concerns, a shift toward biodegradable geotextiles has 
emerged. The 90% of geotextiles are made from synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polyester, and polyamides, 
which are cost-effective and easy to produce and handle [6]. However, the exposure of these materials to 
environmental factors can cause their disintegration into MPs, resulting in high contamination of the environment. 
Materials of natural origin have been used to replace synthetic materials in the construction of geotextiles. Although 
these materials can be fully environmentally compatible and effective in removing heavy metals, they present some 
drawbacks, including hygroscopicity, which limits their filtering, drainage, and permeability capabilities, as well as 
short durability and significant loss of mechanical properties over time [7]. Another approach for creating such 
materials involves the production of fibers from biopolymers [6]. Recent advances in biodegradable polymers based 
on starch (ST) [8-13] and chitosan (CS) [14-18] have emerged as key candidates, that can be chemically modified, 
blended, or copolymerized with other monomers to enhance specific physicochemical properties such as solubility, 
mechanical strength, viscosity, hydrophilicity, and hygroscopicity [19-27]. These biopolymers are not only 
biodegradable but also exhibit multifunctional characteristics, such as the adsorption of chemical species [28, 29] 
and superabsorption of water [22, 30]. These advancements are critical for producing fibers suitable for the 
generation of geotextiles that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and capable of fulfilling roles that natural fibers 
cannot. Accordingly, our research aims to contribute to the development of new biopolymers that can be utilized in 
the production of biodegradable and biocompatible fiber to obtain bio-geotextile, with a focus on soil remediation 
and environmental protection. This study contributes to this field by producing biodegradable fibers from ST, CS, 
and acrylonitrile using a wet-spinning technique. A nonwoven bio-geotextile was then fabricated and evaluated 
through a simple experiment on the growth and development of radish plants. 
 

2. Materials and Methods 
Two biopolymers were synthesized for this study: Acrylonitrile-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-starch (ST-AN) 

and acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate-chitosan (CS-AN) terpolymers. The synthesis was conducted using aqueous 
suspension polymerization and a free-radical process, according to previous works [31]. The average molecular 
weight of ST-AN and CS-AN were determined to be 124 x103 g/mol and 49 x103 g/mol, respectively. The wet-
spinning process was performed on a laboratory-scale spinning machine, and following the operating conditions 
listed in Table 1 [32]. The resulting fibers were impregnated with a 15% (w/w) aqueous NPK-UREA nutrient 
solution (50:50 ratio) at room temperature. After 24 h, the fibers were dried in an oven at 50°C and weighed.  
 
Table 1. Operating conditions for wet-spinning. 

Variable ST-AN Based BioG CS-AN Based BioG 

Polymeric solution concentration, % wt* 14 18 
Blend ratio, (CS-AN/AN-MA) - 0.01 
Coagulation bath concentration, % wt 30 25 
Coagulation rate, m/s 1 1 
Drying temperature, °C 80 70 
Note: * % wt, weight percent. 

 
For soil evaporation and plant biometric measurement, experiments were conducted using recycled PET bottles 

as pots. The ST-AN based BioF was manually felted to develop networks of mechanically bonded fibers. The 
interwoven fibers were pressed for 24 h at room temperature. Table 2 provides the conditions used to evaluate ST-
AN based BioG performance. 
 
Table 2. Evaluation conditions for ST-AN based BioG. 

Test Code Weight, g/cm2 Nutrient*, g 

1 G200 - - 
2 G201 - 0.28 
3 G211 0.025 0.28 
Note: * Grams of NPK-UREA nutrient per grams of geotextile. 

  
BioG samples were placed at a depth of 15 mm and covered with soil. Radish seedlings, germinated for15 days, 

were placed into pots containing BioG or control soil. Experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under controlled 
conditions (25 ±2 °C during the day and 14 ±2 °C at night). Soil moisture content was periodically measured by 
collection and weighing oven-dried samples. Pots were irrigated uniformly, and plant growth was monitored for 



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seven weeks. Two pots were used for each test condition. Control pots without BioG were fertilized with solid 
nutrient mixes matching the BioG nutrient composition. 

 

3. Results and Discussions 
3.1 Characterization of Fibers 

BioF were produced using the wet-spinning method and characterized for their morphological and 
physicomechanical properties. Figure 1 and Table 3 show the results of BioF characterization. Microscopic analysis 
revealed differences in cross-sectional shape: ST-AN based BioF exhibited irregular shapes influenced by diffusion 
and counter-diffusion mechanism during coagulation, Figure 1, while CS-AN based BioF displayed circular shape. 
Both types of BioF showed porous morphologies whit macropores and longitudinal grooves, contributing to their 
functional properties. The morphology of ST-AN BioF exhibits microstructures resembling lignocellulosic fibers, 
which are determinant in its mechanical behavior and ability to retain moisture. According to the characterization, 
no significant differences in BioF density were observed. The ST-AN based BioF exhibit a high moisture retention 
capacity, likely due to the porous surface structure and the affinity with hydroxyl groups (OH) from starch and water. 
Conversely, CS-AN based BioF demonstrated a lower moisture retention capacity, which can be attributed to the 
hydrophobic nature of the copolymer used in the blend. Interestingly, the CS-AN based BioF show a greater capacity 
for nutrient absorption, which can be ascribed to the porous internal structure that allows for the penetration of the 
NPK-UREA solution. Mechanical testing revealed higher tensile strength for ST-AN BioF (74.7 MPa) compared to 
CS-AN BioF (28.5 MPa), indicating that specific interactions in the CS-AN/AN-MA composite may weaken its 
intermolecular forces, affecting its structural integrity. 

 

 
a) 

 
b) 

 
c) 

 
d) 

 
e) 

 
f) 

Figure 1. Images of BioF. a) and d), Cross-sectional shape of ST-AN and CS-AN/AN-MA based BioF, respectively; b) and e), 
longitudinal cut of ST-AN and CS-AN/AN-MA based BioF, respectively; (c) and f), longitudinal cut of ST-AN and CS-AN/AN-MA 
based BioF (whit nutrient NPK-UREA), respectively.   

 
Table 3. Characterization of BioF obtained by we-spinning. 

Properties ST-AN based BioF CS-AN based BioF 

Linear density (monofilament), denier 10.7 19.8 
Linear density (bundle), denier 1200 2220 

Nominal diameter, μm 34.0 60.7 

Density, g/cm3 1.21 1.16 
Tensile strength (monofilament), MPa 74.7 28.5 
Elongation, % 10.70 11.19 
Nutrient impregnation, % 39.8 58.5 
Moisture retention, % 88 65 

 

3.2 Preparation and Evaluation of Bio-Geotextile  
Nonwoven BioG constructed from ST-AN BioF was evaluated for its effects on soil moisture retention and radish 

plant growth. In Figure 2, the ST-AN based BioG obtained is shown. A simple experiment was carried out to analyze 
the effect of geotextiles on radish plant growth and soil moisture retention. In the experiment, radish seedlings with 
germination time 14 days were used. The effective application of geotextiles can be judged by soil moisture content 
and biometric parameters of plants. Figure 3 show the results of radish plant crops tested with and without the use 
of geotextiles.  
 



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Figure 2. Nonwoven geotextiles obtained from ST-AN BioF impregnated whit NPK-UREA nutrient. 

 
The results in Figure 3 indicate that geotextiles can aid soil moisture retention. This means that the water needed 

for irrigation can be reduced by using geotextiles. It should be noted that for the soil moisture retention test, all pots 
in the experiment were irrigated with the same amount of water, which allows for a comparative analysis. In the 
experiments that have soil with lower and higher percentage of moisture, experiments G201 (without geotextile, 
moisture retention of 5.48%) and G211 (with geotextile, moisture retention of 14.31%), respectively, a saving of more 
than 130% in irrigation water consumption can be achieved by using the geotextiles.     

Biometric analysis of radish plants demonstrated substantial growth improvements with BioG. Compared to 
control plants (G200), leaf length increased by 87%, leaf width by 45%, and stem thickness by 142%. Against G201, 
which used nutrient-only soil, the improvements were 37%, 25%, and 128%, respectively. These results indicate that 
nutrient-impregnated BioG can serve as a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization methods, providing 
controlled nutrient delivery and improving plant growth. 

 

 
Figure 3. Biometric parameters of radish plants with and without BioG 

 

4. Conclusion 
This study successfully developed biodegradable bio-fibers (BioF) using acrylonitrile-based terpolymers for the 

construction of bio-geotextiles (BioG). The BioG demonstrated performance in soil moisture retention and radish 
plant growth enhancement. Specifically, the use of ST-AN BioG resulted in a 130% improvement in soil moisture 
retention, significantly reducing water requirements for irrigation. Biometric analysis of radish plants highlighted 
substantial increases in leaf length (87%), leaf width (45%), and stem thickness (142%) compared to control 
experiments. These findings underscore the potential of bio-based materials as sustainable alternatives to 
conventional geotextiles, offering multifunctional solutions to address agricultural and environmental challenges. 
By reducing the reliance on synthetic plastics and mitigating microplastic pollution, BioG presents an eco-friendly 
option for soil remediation and crop productivity. Future research will focus on improving the mechanical properties 
of these fibers and exploring their applications in soil reinforcement and environmental protection. 
 

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