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© 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 12, No. 1, 78-83, 2025 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v12i1.6906 

© 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Yield and fruit quality of Barhee date palms as affected by gibberellic acid, boron and 
active dry yeast sprays 

 
Mostafa, E.A.M.1 
Rasha, S. Abdel-Hak2 
N.E. Ashour3 

M.M.S. Saleh4   
 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2,3,4Pomology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 
1Email: ea.mostafa@nrc.sci.eg  
2Email: rashaabdelhak777@gmail.com  
3Email: nashour2008@yahoo.com  
4Email: mmsssa2000@yahoo.com  

 
Abstract 

The present investigation was conducted over two consecutive seasons on 15-year-old Barhee date 
palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivated in an exclusive orchard 63 kilometers along the Cairo-
Alexandria Desert Road in sandy soil under a drip irrigation system. For three times, bunches of 
the tested palms were misted with GA3, boric acid, or active dry yeast: once a day before pollination, 
once a month after fruit set, and once a month before harvest. GA3 was sprayed at the previous 
dates with 50, 100, and 50 ppm, respectively, while boric acid was sprayed at the same dates with 
2000, 1500, and 1000 ppm. Similarly, active dry yeast was sprayed at the same dates with 250, 500, 
and 250 ppm. The investigated treatments were compared with untreated palms. The findings 
indicate that all spraying treatments improved fruit properties, both chemical and physical, and 
boosted fruit set and yield compared to the control. In general, the most effective treatment to 
increase fruit set, production, and the physical and chemical properties in both seasons was the 
procedure of spraying inflorescences with active dry yeast three times (250, 500, and 250 ppm). 

 
Keywords: Active dry yeast, Boron, Barhee date palm, Fruit quality, Gibberellic acid, Yield. 

 
Citation | E A M, M., Abdel-Hak, R. S., Ashour, N. E., & Saleh, M. 
M. S. (2025). Yield and fruit quality of Barhee date palms as affected 
by gibberellic acid, boron and active dry yeast sprays. Agriculture and 
Food Sciences Research, 12(1), 78–83. 10.20448/aesr.v12i1.6906 
History:  
Received: 7 May 2025 
Revised: 2 July 2025 
Accepted: 11 July 2025 
Published: 15 July 2025 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, 
and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have 
been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been 
explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and 
design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version 
of the manuscript. 

 
Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................................................... 79 
3. Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80 
4. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 82 
5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 82 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 82 
 

 

 

 

 

 

mailto:ea.mostafa@nrc.sci.eg
mailto:rashaabdelhak777@gmail.com
mailto:nashour2008@yahoo.com
mailto:mmsssa2000@yahoo.com
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v12i1.6906
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2978-190X


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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
Comparing active dry yeast as a bioactive material with two chemical agents (GA3 and boron) 
may provide an opportunity for dry yeast to be used as an alternative treatment, especially if it 
produces distinctive results concerning fruit set, yield, and fruit properties of one of the most 
economical date palm cultivars. 

 
1. Introduction 

The oldest fruit crop grown domestically in the Middle East is the date palm, and many people rely heavily on 
its fruits for their nutritional needs. The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation has released statistics 
showing that Egypt is one of the top ten countries in the world for date production. There are approximately fifteen 
million fruitful female palms (14,955,331) planted on 115,610 feddans, yielding 1,684,917 metric tonnes of dried, 
semi-dry, and fresh dates [1]. 

In all agricultural systems, increasing crop yield through the effective use of fertilizers is a key objective. 
Researchers are motivated to develop more effective methods of fertilizer application because excessive nutrient loss 
from agricultural land causes public concern. The benefits of foliar fertilization include homogeneous fertilizer 
distribution, rapid nutritional response, and lawful application rates. Furthermore, it is simple to control concealed 
hunger [2, 3]. 

When applied topically, plant growth regulators are the most effective means for controlling growth, flowering, 
yield, and quality of fruit, particularly its size, as well as the maturation of the fruit. The growth regulators' capacity 
to expand date cell size and promote fruit development makes them well-known [4]. 

With GA3 spray at 100 or 150 ppm after 50 days of pollination, Sakkoty dates' fruit weight, flesh percentage, 
fruit dimensions, and moisture percentage all increased significantly compared to untreated ones. Total sugars were 
somewhat lower with GA3 than in the control [5]. 

When compared to the control, the chemical and physical characteristics of the Barhee cultivar were enhanced 
by spraying salicylic acid (SA), benzyl adenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). 
Growth regulator treatments generally improved the shelf life of Barhee date palms [6]. 

It has been demonstrated that date palms benefit from boron spray application in terms of fruit set and quality 
because it affects a variety of plant functions, including hormone transition, flowering, pollen tube growth, and cell 
membrane functions. It also regulates the production of proteins, carbohydrates, and phenols, as well as the 
transportation of sugars from areas of production to places for growth and storage [7]. 

Fruit growth, setting, retention, yield, and quality are all positively impacted by micronutrients [8-10]. 
A number of functions, including protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, and sugar transport, depend on boron 

[11]. 
Certain microelements, such as boron, appear to significantly influence date palm yield and fruit quality, aiding 

in achieving proper fruit set and quality [12, 13]. 
Additionally, bio-fertilization is recommended as a safe fertilization technique to boost the productivity and 

quality of numerous fruit varieties. Certain strains, such as fixing bacteria and yeasts, are used as biological fertilizers 
to dissolve silicate, phosphorus, and nitrogen, making bio-fertilizers commercially accessible. Many advantages and 
benefits of employing active dry yeast as a bio-fertilizer are attributed mainly to the stimulation of photosynthesis, 
increased levels of vitamins, and cytokinin (a naturally occurring plant hormone) [14]. 

Active bread yeast was sprayed on Valencia orange trees once in March or August, or twice, to improve fruit set, 
growth, number, weight, and volume, as well as the yield and other fruit quality parameters [15]. 

When Sukary date palms were sprayed with yeast at 4% and 8%, the amount of soluble solids and total sugars 
was reduced [16]. 

The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of applying gibberellic acid, boron, and yeast to the 
inflorescences of Barhee date palms on fruit yield and quality. 
 

2. Materials and Methods 
This study examined the results of foliar spraying with GA3, boric acid, and active dry yeast on fruit set, yield, 

and quality over two consecutive seasons on 15-year-old, uniform Barhee date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivated 
in a private orchard located 63 kilometers along the Cairo-Alexandria desert road. 

With the exception of the tested treatments, the experimental palms were given the standard horticultural 
procedures used in the commercial orchard after being chosen as healthy, uniform, and almost identical in vigor. 

In both seasons, the same male pollen was used to pollinate every palm. A drip irrigation system was employed 
to irrigate the palms. The palms underwent four spraying treatments, each consisting of three replicates and three 
bunches (4 replicates × 3 replicates × 3 bunches = 36 bunches on 12 palms). The treatments were arranged in a 
randomized complete block design, and the experimental bunches were sprayed with GA3, boric acid, or active dry 
yeast three times: once a day before pollination, once a month after fruit set, and once a month before harvest. GA3 
was sprayed at the specified dates with 50, 100, and 50 ppm, respectively, while boric acid was applied at the same 
dates with 2000, 1500, and 1000 ppm. Similarly, active dry yeast was sprayed at the same dates with 250, 500, and 
250 ppm, respectively. 

In this manner, the treatments were sprayed with: 
1. Water only (Control). 
2. GA3 at 50, 100, and 50 ppm, respectively, at the three dates. 
3. Boric acid at 2000, 1500, and 1000 ppm, respectively, on the three dates. 
4. Active dry yeast at 250, 500, and 250 ppm, respectively, on the three dates. 

A 6:1 carbon to nitrogen supply was used to activate the dry, pure yeast powder, according to Barnett et al. [17]. 
Urea at 0.25% was added to the spraying solution for each treatment. A small handheld sprayer was used to apply 

the spray until runoff. The spraying solution was mixed with Tween 20 (1%) as a wetting agent. Fruits were 
harvested in early October when they were fully ripe, indicated by the color of their skin, which should turn yellow 
entirely. 



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The following measurements were carried out: 
Fruit set percentage: Ten strands per spath were measured for both abnormal and normal fruit set. The following 

calculation was used to determine the percentage of fruit setting: 
Fruit set % = (Total number of normal fruit set - Number of abnormal fruit set) / Total number of fruits × 100. 

 

2.1. Yield /Palm (Kg) 
Weighting bunches at harvest (early October in both seasons) allowed us to determine the overall production 

per palm. 
 

2.2. Average Bunch Weight 
The number of bunches per palm was divided by the total yield per palm to determine the average bunch weight. 

 

2.3. Average Fruit Number/Strand 
The number of fruits on ten randomly chosen strands was counted to establish the average number of fruits per 

strand. 
 

2.4. Fruit Physical Properties 
Ten fruits were randomly selected from each bunch (as a replication), and thirty fruits per treatment were used 

to assess the fruit weight, flesh, and seed weight (g), as well as the fruit length and diameter (cm). 
 

2.5. Fruit Chemical Properties 
Fruit chemical characteristics were assessed at harvest by measuring the percentage of total soluble solids and 

calculating the percentage of acidity by titrating against 0.1 NaOH, in accordance with the Association of Official 
Agricultural Chemists [18]. 

Using the Welbur method, the amounts of carotene and total chlorophyll (mg/100g peel fresh weight) were 
determined [19]. 
 

2.6. Statistical Analysis 
According to Snedecor and Cochran [20], analysis of variance was conducted on the data gathered for both 

seasons, and the means were separated at the 5% level using the Duncan multiple range test [21]. 
 

3. Results 
3.1. Yield 

Both bunch weight and the earliest fruit set are considered indicators of yield. The results in Table 1 demonstrate 
how GA3, boron, and active dry yeast sprays affected the percentage of fruit set and bunch weight of Barhee date 
palms during the two seasons. Throughout the two seasons under study, it was found that the outcomes followed a 
similar pattern. 

Compared to the untreated palms (Control), it was evident from the statistics that all treatments significantly 
increased the fruit set percentage, bunch weight, and yield per palm. The application of active dry yeast produced the 
highest yield per palm (149 & 155 kg), the heaviest bunch weight (14.96 & 15.50 kg), and the highest percentage of 
fruit set (70.30% & 71.56%) during the two seasons studied. 

In terms of the average number of fruits per strand, Table 1 demonstrates that the GA3 treatment produced the 
maximum number of fruits (22.6 & 23.1 fruits/strand), followed by the active dry yeast treatment (22.0 & 22.53 
fruits/strand). 

On the other hand, the control treatment gained the lowest fruit set (58% & 59%), bunch weight (11.8 & 12.2 
kg), yield per palm (118 & 122 kg), and fruit number per strand (19.2 & 19.6 fruit/strand) in both seasons of the 
study, respectively. 
 
Table 1. Effect of spraying GA3, boron, and active dry yeast on fruit set, bunch weight, yield per palm, and fruit number per strand of Barhee 
date palms during two seasons. 

Treatments Fruit set% Bunch weight (kg) Yield/palm  
(kg) 

Fruit 
number/strand 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

T1 Control 58.00d 59.53c 11.80b 12.20d 118.00c 122.00d 19.20d 19.63c 

T2 GA3 65.00c 68.00b 14.00a 13.43c 140.00b 134.30c 22.00b 22.53a 
T3 Boric acid 67.60b 69.00ab 14.16a 14.50b 141.66b 145.40b 21.06c 21.63b 
T4 Active dry yeast 70.30a 71.56a 14.96a 15.50a 149.66a 155.00a 22.60a 23.06a 
Note: Means having the same letters within a column are not significantly different at 5% level. 

 

3.2. Fruit Quality 
3.2.1. Physical Properties 

Results from both seasons indicate that spraying inflorescences with different treatments had a substantial impact 
on the fruit dimensions, fruit weight, flesh weight, and seed weight of Barhee date palms when compared to the 
control Table 2. 

In the first and second seasons, respectively, foliar spraying with active dry yeast produced the largest fruit 
length (3.6 and 3.7 cm) and fruit diameter (2.76 and 2.73 cm). Spraying GA3 produced fruit lengths of 3.57 and 3.56 
cm and fruit diameters of 2.7 and 2.8 cm in both study seasons. 

Throughout the two study seasons, the control treatment produced the smallest fruit dimensions, measuring 3.1 
and 3.2 cm for fruit length and 2.3 and 2.36 cm for fruit diameter. 



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The highest fruit weight (22.4 & 22.9 g) and flesh weight (20.96 & 21.33 g) were recorded in the first and second 
seasons, respectively, by foliar spray with active dry yeast. This was followed by foliar spray with boron, which 
produced fruit weights of 21.2 & 21.9 g and flesh weights of 19.60 & 20.26 g in both study seasons. The control 
treatment produced the lowest fruit and flesh weights, weighing 18.06 and 19.0 g for fruit and 16.66 and 17.46 g for 
flesh throughout the two experimental seasons. 

In terms of seed weight, the foliar spray containing boron produced the maximum seed weight (1.60 & 1.63 g), 
followed by the foliar spray containing active dry yeast (1.46 & 1.56 g) across the two study seasons. The foliar spray 
with GA3 yielded the lowest seed weight, weighing 1.16 and 1.26 g in both study seasons. 
 
Table 2. Effect of spraying GA3, boron, and active dry yeast on fruit dimensions, fruit weight, flesh weight, and seed weight of Barhee date palms during two 
seasons. 

Treatments Fruit length 
(cm) 

Fruit diameter 
(cm) 

Fruit weight 
(g) 

Flesh weight 
 (g) 

Seed weight  
(g) 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

T1 Control 3.1d 3.20c 2.30b 2.36b 18.06d 19.0d 16.66d 17.46d 1.40b 1.56a 
T2 GA3 3.5b 3.56b 2.70a 2.80a 20.03c 20.53c 18.86c 19.26c 1.16c 1.26b 
T3 Boric acid 3.3c 3.50b 2.73a 2.86a 21.20b 21.90b 19.60b 20.26b 1.60a 1.63a 
T4 Active dry yeast 3.6a 3.73a 2.76a 2.73a 22.43a 22.90a 20.96a 21.33a 1.46ab 1.56a 
Note: Means having the same letters within a column are not significantly different at 5% level. 

 

3.2.2. Chemical Properties 
Table 3 presents the results of GA3, boron, and active dry yeast sprays on various chemical characteristics of 

Barhee fruits over two seasons. These qualities include total soluble solids, acidity percentage, total sugars 
percentage, and TSS/acid ratio. 

GA3, boron, and active dry yeast sprays significantly enhanced the dates' chemical composition by increasing 
the percentages of total soluble solids, total sugars, and TSS/acid ratio, while decreasing the percentages of total 
acidity compared to untreated samples. 

The results might simply show that the total soluble solids were equal to the amount of sugar, and the overall 
acidity content was the opposite. 

In general, spraying active dry yeast resulted in the highest total soluble solids (32.53 & 32.90%), TSS/acid ratio 
(89.56 & 88.83), and total sugars (53.06 & 55.06%) during the two seasons of the study, respectively, followed by 
foliar spray with GA3, which recorded 31.2 & 32% for TSS and 86.66 & 84.93 for TSS/acid ratio. The second highest 
for total sugars (50.50 & 52.66%) was observed when boric acid was sprayed. The lowest percentages of TSS, 
TSS/acid ratio, and total sugars were obtained with the control treatment, which recorded 28.83 & 29.3% for TSS, 
58.03 & 57.43 for TSS/acid ratio, and 42.56 & 42.80% for total sugars in the first and second seasons, respectively. 

According to the results in Table 3 over the two study seasons, the water spray treatment (Control) had the 
highest fruit acidity percentages (0.49% and 0.51%, respectively). However, both GA3 and active dry yeast had the 
lowest overall acidity percentages (0.36% and 0.37%) for both seasons, respectively. 
 
Table 3. Effect of spraying GA3, boron and active dry yeast on TSS, acidity, TSS/acid ratio and total sugars of Barhee date palms during the 
two seasons. 

Treatments TSS% Acidity% TSS/acid Total sugars% 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st season 2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

T1 Control 28.83c 29.30c 0.49a 0.51a 58.03c 57.43d 42.56d 42.80d 
T2 GA3 31.20b 32.00b 0.36c 0.37c 86.66a 84.93b 46.46c 48.56c 
T3 Boric acid 28.73c 28.70c 0.43b 0.41b 65.16b 70.00c 50.50b 52.66b 
T4 Active dry yeast 32.53a 32.90a 0.36c 0.37c 89.56a 88.83a 53.06a 55.06a 
Note: Means having the same letters within a column are not significantly different at 5% level. 

 
All treatments significantly increased both reducing and non-reducing sugars throughout the duration of the 

two study seasons when compared to the control, as shown by the results in Table 4. The highest percentages of 
reducing and non-reducing sugars, 40.86% and 42.66%, and 12.03% and 12.4%, respectively, were produced by the 
palms sprayed with active dry yeast in both seasons. The control yielded the lowest results, with reducing sugars at 
32.3% and 32.36%, and non-reducing sugars at 9.36% and 10.1% during the two study seasons. The other treatments 
recorded intermediate results. 

According to the results in Table 4, the total chlorophyll content in the fruit peel was significantly increased by 
spraying inflorescences with active dry yeast. The highest content (6.44 and 6.53 mg/100g in fresh peel) was 
recorded in the first and second seasons, respectively, followed by foliar spraying with boric acid, which produced 
6.27 and 5.80 mg/100g in the fresh peel across the two seasons. During both study seasons, the control treatment's 
fresh peel had the lowest total chlorophyll concentration, registering 2.44 and 2.64 mg/100g. 

The findings in Table 4 show that the total carotene content in the fruit peel was significantly increased by 
spraying water only (control), which produced the highest content (8.31 & 8.49 mg/100g) in the first and second 
seasons, respectively, while the GA3 treatment resulted in the lowest content (3.29 & 4.06 mg/100g) in the two 
seasons. The other treatments yielded intermediate results. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 4. Effect of spraying GA3, boron and active dry yeast on reducing, non-reducing sugars, total chlorophyll and carotene of Barhee date 
palms during the two seasons. 

Treatments 
Reducing sugars% non-reducing sugars% 

Total chlorophyll 
mg/100g 

Carotene 
mg/100g 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st season 2nd season 1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

1st 
season 

2nd 
season 

T1 Control 33.20c 32.36d 9.36d 10.1c 2.44c 2.64c 8.31a 8.49a 
T2 GA3 36.03b 37.56c 10.43c 11.00b 2.47c 4.20b 3.29d 4.06d 
T3 Boric acid 39.50a 40.66b 11.00b 12.00a 6.27b 5.80a 6.43c 7.05c 
T4 Active dry yeast 40.86a 42.66a 12.03a 12.40a 6.44a 6.53a 6.49b 7.14b 
Note: Means having the same letters within a column are not significantly different at 5% level. 

 

4. Discussion 
The benefits of foliar fertilization include rapid reactions to applied nutrients, consistent fertilizer distribution, 

and low application rates [2]. Applying zinc and boron to date palms increased their productivity, fruit set 
percentage, and bunch weight [9]. 

Another theory is that boron enhances fruit removal force because it is involved in numerous enzymatic processes 
that control the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, which are essential for growth and development [8]. By 
applying boron and bio-fertilization, date palm fruit quality had improved. 

Many processes, including the transport of sugars and the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, depend on 
boron to enhance the weight and dimensions of fruits and to speed up their maturity [11]. 

Numerous researchers [8-10, 16] found that spraying micronutrients increased fruit yield and quality, and the 
obtained results were consistent with those findings. In addition to increasing productivity, proper boron nutrition 
is essential for fruit quality [22]. 

The obtained results are in line with numerous studies Sarrwy, et al. [8]; Omar, et al. [9]; Mostafa [10]; 
Khayyat, et al. [13]; Osman [23]; Ashour, et al. [24]; Harhash and Abdel-Nasser [25]; Soliman and Al-Obeed [26]; 
Zaen El–Daen, et al. [27] and Jabbar and Hassan [28] who found that foliar spray of boron on date palms 
significantly affected fruit setting. 

On the other hand, the GA3 application has a noticeable impact on fruit volume, diameter, and length. This effect 
may be explained by gibberellic acid's ability to increase cell elongation, as well as the elasticity and permeability of 
the cell wall, which increases the amount of water and nutrients entering the cells and causes them to swell and 
enlarge [29, 30]. 

Our obtained results agree with those observed in many experiments [24, 28, 31-33]. 
The presence of yeast is advantageous for fruit development, since applying 0.2% yeast solution to Keitte mango 

trees once during full bloom resulted in the development of fruits, increasing their weight and quantity per tree, as 
well as fruit length, width, and weight. Additionally, it improved the pulp-to-fruit ratio and increased total soluble 
solids [34]. With its abundance of cytokinins and nutritional components, yeast is a natural (safe and non-polluting) 
component. Additionally, it is rich in reducing sugars, enzymes, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins B1, B2, B3, and 
B12, all of which improve the chemical and physical properties of the fruits [35, 36]. This may be the reason for the 
effects of yeast extract. Additionally, yeast contains proteins and cytokinins that promote cell growth and division 
[17]. 

Regarding the impact of active dry yeast on the fruit's physical and chemical properties, the results obtained are 
consistent with those found in other studies [10, 16, 37, 38]. 
 

5. Conclusion 
Overall, it can be said that applying GA3, boric acid, and active dry yeast to the inflorescences of Barhee date 

palms one day prior to pollination, one month after fruit set, and one month before harvest, respectively, has a 
favorable impact on fruit set and fruiting. The active dry yeast spray outperformed the boric acid and GA3 sprays in 
both study seasons. 
 

References  
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Administration for agricultural Economy. Egypt: Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Agricultural Statistics, 2016. 
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