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© 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 
Vol. 12, No. 2, 93-99, 2025 

ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 
DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v12i2.6961 

© 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 
 
 
Good agricultural practices in horticultural production under cover in the LVRN, 
Patagonia, Argentina 

 

Lucrecia Aviles1  

Facundo Zaragoza2  

Angel Mamani3  

Omar Ariel Gajardo4  

 
 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

1,2,3,4Complejo Universitario Regional Zona Atlantica y Sur. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, (8500) Viedma, 
Argentina. 
1Email: malezas@curza.uncoma.edu.ar 
2Email: facundozaragoza91@gmail.com 
3Email: angelsfranco@yahoo.com.ar 
4Email: omararielgajardo@hotmail.com  

 
Abstract 

The surface area of covered crops in the lower valley of the Negro River (Patagonia, Argentina) is 
significant, producing first fruits in summer and leafy vegetables in winter. Producers are 
interested in transitioning to agroecology, moving away from traditional management of 
horticultural crops. The objective of this work was to characterize vegetable production under 
cover in the Lower Valley of the Negro River. To achieve this, greenhouses of producers 
employing both management systems were surveyed. The methodology proposed by Sarandon was 
used, focusing on three dimensions of analysis: economic, social, and environmental. A survey was 
designed with indicators suggested by experts, and 16 establishments were visited to analyze the 
structure of the greenhouses, the crops present, and the quality of the soil and water. Most 
producers are beginning their activities with small modules, covering less than 2000 m2, with 
structures made of treated wood and covered with polyethylene. The technological level is low, 
requiring training and technical assistance to meet the local demand, with expectations of 
sustained growth over time. Around 10 different vegetables are grown in winter, and between 5 
and 7 species in summer, with tomatoes being predominant. Since producers in agroecological 
transition have only recently started, they differ from traditional producers in crop diversity, soil 
physicochemical and biological conservation, and low dependence on external inputs. 

 
Keywords: Crop diversity, Economic dimension, Environmental dimension, Greenhouse, Social dimension, Soil quality, Sustainability. 

 
Citation | Aviles, L., Zaragoza, F., Mamani, A., & Gajardo, O. A. (2025). 
Good agricultural practices in horticultural production under cover in 
the LVRN, Patagonia, Argentina. Agriculture and Food Sciences 
Research, 12(2), 93–99. 10.20448/aesr.v12i2.6961 
History:  
Received: 23 June 2025 
Revised: 25 July 2025 
Accepted: 29 July 2025 
Published: 4 August 2025 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 

4.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, 
and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have been 
omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been 
explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing 
interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and 
design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of 
the manuscript.  

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................................................... 94 
3. Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 96 
4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 99 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v12i2.6961
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-1324
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5170-3906
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7606-9827
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4872-9234
mailto:malezas@curza.uncoma.edu.ar
mailto:facundozaragoza91@gmail.com
mailto:angelsfranco@yahoo.com.ar
mailto:omararielgajardo@hotmail.com
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This research on the implementation of good agricultural practices in greenhouse crops 
demonstrates the benefits of agroecological management over traditional methods. Knowing the 
installed greenhouse capacity is vital for training producers, promoting crop diversification, 
improving soil quality, and reducing dependence on inputs, thereby ensuring growth that meets 
unmet local demand. 

 

1. Introduction 
The Lower Valley of the Negro River (LVRN) covers a total area of 80,000 hectares, of which 18,500 hectares 

are organized into farms with surface areas ranging from 30 to 120 hectares. These farms have a network of canals 
to facilitate surface irrigation, utilizing water from the Negro River, which is suspended during the winter months 
for system maintenance. Most farms are dedicated to agricultural production, including horticulture, fruit growing, 
and fodder, as well as livestock activities such as cattle and sheep fattening on irrigated pastures. Vegetable 
production is primarily carried out by small-scale producers who grow diversified crops to supply fresh food to the 
region. According to sworn crop declarations, 2,500 hectares are cultivated with vegetables, representing between 
10% and 14% of the total irrigated area in the LVRN. Of these, approximately 1,500 hectares are dedicated to onion 
production, 300 hectares to squash, and 700 hectares to various other vegetables [1]. 

Most of the horticultural producers who settled in the region started as sharecroppers and now rent land on 
which they produce. They are compelled to lower costs by reducing labor expenses, and their production is 
generally family-based. Currently, horticultural production is conducted on a small scale, in an intensive and 
diversified manner, primarily for the domestic market and, to a lesser extent, for the regional markets such as 
Neuquén, Bariloche, and Comodoro Rivadavia. The population is estimated to consist of approximately 150 
producing families, mostly tenants who sell around 70% of their produce on the domestic market. Although there is 
limited information on the productive capacity of these horticulturists, they supply fresh vegetables to consumers in 
the Viedma-Patagones region [2]. 

The increase in the surface area of covered crops observed in recent years, with the aim of producing early 
summer crops and leafy vegetables in winter, indicates the interest of producers in changing traditional 
management of horticultural crops. This activity intensifies the use of the soil, which means that greater 
contributions of nutrients, generally of chemical synthesis, must be made, or crops must be rotated by moving the 
structures to other plots, negatively impacting the sustainability of the system. 

The greenhouse system is an enclosure delimited by a wooden or metal structure, covered by glass or any 
transparent plastic material, inside which vegetables and ornamental plants are usually grown during periods when 
external climatic conditions would not allow obtaining the desired products [3]. 

Already in García and Quaranta [4], emphasized the importance of having information on the horticultural 
sector and the territory that enables informed decision-making by different actors (such as the public sector, 
producer and consumer organizations, etc.) in the green belt of the town of La Plata, capital of the province with 
the largest number of inhabitants in Argentina. In the province of Río Negro, which is among the 10 least populated 
in the country, there is no systematized information on horticultural production, much less under cover. In this 
sense, Tellería et al. [5] highlighted the social aspect of vegetable production, highlighting the work of women and 
the precariousness of the production system. Zalazar [2] reported on the diversity of horticultural foods offered 
and quantified the economic impact of LVRN producers in the region. 

In order to have updated information related to the increase in the surface area of greenhouses, this work 
proposes updating the information on under-cover production systems, the quality of their soils, and the crops 
grown, differentiating between producers with conventional management and those in agroecological transition. 
 

2. Materials and Methods 
2.1. Study Site 

The Lower Valley of Río Negro (LVRN) is located in the SE of the province of Río Negro, Argentina (40° south 
latitude and 63° west longitude), on the southern bank of the homonymous river. The climate in the region is 
mesothermal semiarid, with an average annual rainfall of 394 mm and an average annual temperature of 14.2 °C. It 
is a fertile area with fine to medium textured soils. 

Figure 1 illustrates the geographic location of the LVRN in Patagonia, Argentina. 
 

 
Figure 1. Geographic location of the LVRN. 

 
To characterize the crops under cover, the production systems were studied in three categories: 
1. Survey of greenhouses: dimensions, construction materials, and crops. 
2. Analysis of soil and water quality: Physical and chemical aspects. 
3. Survey of producers: Environmental, economic, and social dimensions. 

 



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2.2. Survey of Greenhouses  
Based on geographic information and using Google Earth®, a total of 31 producers with varying amounts of 

covered surface area were identified. For the study, representative producers of each type were selected: 
conventional and agroecological, based on the suggestions of qualified informants. In June and September 2022, 16 
establishments of entrepreneurs who produce vegetables in greenhouses were visited: 12 producers who use 
conventional management with chemical synthesis inputs and 4 who manage production with low dependence on 
external inputs (agroecological transition). 

During each visit, in addition to the semi-structured interviews conducted with producers, the dimensions of 
the production modules (each of the buildings), the materials and construction design, orientation, and protection of 
the greenhouses and crops present were recorded. 
 
2.3. Soil and Drilling Water Analysis 

For soil characterization, a sample was taken consisting of five subsamples from the first 10 cm of soil in three 
conventional production greenhouses and three in agroecological transition. A water sample was also collected 
from the boreholes of four establishments to assess the quality of irrigation water during winter. 

In soil samples, clay content was determined by the Bouyoucos method, pH in a 1:2.5 water solution, electrical 
conductivity in saturation paste, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), total nitrogen by Kjeldahl, phosphorus by the 
Olsen method, organic matter by Bray-Curtis, and potassium by flame spectrophotometry. 

Comparisons between conventional systems and agroecological transition systems were made using ANOVA 
and LSD mean comparison test (p < 0.05). 

In June, when producers used drilling water because the irrigation system supplied by the Negro River was 
suspended to clean the canals, the pH was analyzed in water samples, as well as the electrical conductivity, soluble 
salt content, and sodium content determined by flame spectrophotometry. 
 
2.4. Producer Surveys 

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers, who were grouped according to the production 
system: conventional and in agroecological transition. The categories, descriptors, and indicators suggested by the 
experts and collected in the interviews are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. As a first step, the values of each variable 
were standardized on the scale recommended by Cieza and Sarandón [6]. In this work, the scale ranged from 0 to 
4, with 0 representing the least sustainable category and 4 the most sustainable, regardless of the original units of 
each indicator. They were thus converted and expressed in scale values. Level 2 was adopted as acceptable for all 
variables. For example, cultural biodiversity was evaluated with a scale of 5 values (from 0 to 4): 4 indicating six 
crops; 3 indicating five crops; 2 indicating four crops; 1 indicating three crops; and 0 indicating 1-2 crops. This 
facilitated comparison between different systems. 

With the systematized information, the values of the indicators were averaged to determine the value of the 
corresponding descriptor. The average of the final values was represented in spider web diagrams, as suggested by 
Sarandón et al. [7], to identify strengths and critical points of each system. 
 
Table 1. Categories of analysis for the environmental dimension suggested by local experts. 

Category  Descriptor Indicators 

Soil 

Conservation of physicochemical fertility 
Risk of salinization 
Fertilization management 

Conservation of physical properties 

Management of organic matter 
Tillage practices 

 

Conservation of biological conditions 
Use of pesticides 
Tillage practices 
Rotations 

Biodiversity  
Conservation of biodiversity Use of pesticides 

Crop variability 
Rotations 
Crop diversity 

Water 
Irrigation Water Quality 

 

Risk of salinization 

 
Table 2. Categories of analysis for the economic dimension suggested by local experts. 

Category  Descriptor Indicators 

Economic stability Productive diversity 
Number of cultivated species 
Land ownership 

Economic benefits 

Economic growth Economic growth 

Degree of technical development  

Hybrid seeds 
Type of heating 
Use of Venturi 

Use of manometer 
Temperature and humidity recording 

Dependence on external inputs 
Use of synthetic fertilizers 
Use of pesticides 

 
Table 3. Categories of analysis for the social dimension suggested by local experts. 

Category  Descriptor Indicators 

Quality of life  
 

Basic needs 
Access to health 
Access to education 

Producer satisfaction Degree of satisfaction 
Land ownership Land ownership 
Line of succession Children and family 

 



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3. Results 
3.1. Greenhouse Survey 

Greenhouse crops constitute a small part of the productive structure of the LVRN in terms of surface area 
occupied. With a total of 20 ha out of 2,500 ha dedicated to horticultural production, they practically represent all 
the vegetables consumed in the region. Currently, 31 producers have greenhouses on their farms, totaling 94 
modules. Forty-one percent of the producers have a single module, 29% have expanded to two or three modules, and 
the remaining have more than four. Notably, two producers have 12 modules on their farms (Figure 2A). The 
increase in the number of modules per producer is due to the experience gained in managing this productive system, 
which encourages investment in infrastructure. Regarding the surface area of the modules, most producers build 
them 50 or 100 meters long to optimize the use of polyethylene rolls and align with the capacity of pressurized 
irrigation water pumping systems. Greenhouses used for agroecological production tend to be shorter, ranging 
from 25 to 30 meters, likely due to higher labor demands and the need for improved ventilation to control pests and 
diseases. Concerning width, there is no consistent pattern; modules vary between 9 and 45 meters, with a 
predominance of 30 meters. The chosen width correlates with the machinery used in the field. All greenhouses 
feature a gable roof design, with more than half measuring 5 meters at the center and 2.20 meters at the sides, 
incorporating zenith ventilation to enhance air circulation. Additionally, 41% have a central height of 3 meters, 
which may compromise air exchange due to construction costs and the absence of adequate windbreak curtains. Of 
the 94 covered production modules in the LVRN, 37% have an average surface area of 2000 m2 and 25% have an 
average surface area of 1000 m2 (Figure 2B). In other words, most of the modules are small; however, the number of 
modules in the establishments differentiates two categories of producers: those who are starting with this activity 
and have less than 1500 m2 of greenhouse space, and those who have already mastered the system with more than 1 
hectare under cover in production (Figure 2C). According to Hidalgo [8], having very small production units limits 
access to technology, training, and technical assistance. That is, the costs required to implement new technologies 
cannot be amortized by small-scale production. 

 

 
Figure 2. Structural characterization of the LVRN greenhouses. A) Number of modules per producer, B) Surface area of the modules built, and C) Total 
surface area per producer. The survey was conducted using Google Earth® for the 31 producers. 

 
The structures of the LVRN greenhouses are made of eucalyptus or palm poles that have been treated with 

sulphate; without this treatment, their lifespan is very short. Additionally, to extend the poles' useful life, they are 
painted with tar on the part that is buried. Generally, the thickness of the lateral poles and roof braces causes 
shading inside, which negatively impacts the crop during periods of high photoluminescent requirements [3]. For 
this reason, poles with a smaller diameter but made of resistant wood are selected in the region. 

The covering material used is 150-micron LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene). The incorporation of 
"long-lasting" additives, which protect it from ultraviolet radiation, and "long-lasting thermal" additives, which 
make it more opaque to long-wave radiation (thermal PE 0.2 mm = 15-18%), makes it a suitable material for 
production, especially in the winter months. Although the useful life of these polyethylenes is around four years, 
their low weight, the fact that they are sold in variable widths, and their good light diffusion facilitate their 
construction without the need for specialized labor (Figure 3). The orientation of the modules is mainly parallel to 
the prevailing winds of the WNW region. To protect the structures from the effects of cold winds, they are built 
close to windbreaks made of established poplars. Since the LVRN has irrigation channels, the modules are built 
close to the drains (drainage channels) to allow the percolation of irrigation water, thereby preventing waterlogging 
inside and salinization of the soil. Investment in technological equipment is low: they do not have a heating system, 
automated irrigation, automatic window opening, or high-temperature control that would help the plants develop 
better and avoid losses due to extreme temperatures. They do not evaluate or control the quality of the soil or 
irrigation water, which is detrimental to the sustainability of the system. 

 

 
Figure 3. Internal structure of greenhouses. 



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3.2. Soil Quality 
Plant growth is strongly influenced by soil salinity conditions, and vegetables are no exception [3]. In 

laboratory studies, no differences were observed between the variables analyzed in the soils of greenhouses where 
conventional production is carried out compared to those in agroecological transition. The plots where the 
greenhouses have been installed have a clayey loam texture with high pH values typical of the region. A high 
salinity (EC) with a high sodium content (SAR) is notable, probably associated with the quality of the water used for 
winter irrigation (Table 4). These salinity values are associated with yield losses of around 50%, according to 
Iglesias [3]. The yield is reduced by half in spinach, tomato, and lettuce with EC values of 9, 8, and 5 mS/cm, 
respectively. 

Regarding fertility parameters, soils in greenhouses undergoing agroecological transition tend to be higher, 
although they are not yet statistically different from soils under conventional production (Table 4). However, the 
values observed under both greenhouse production systems are higher than those observed by Avilés et al. [9] in 
open-air soils where the nitrogen, organic matter and phosphorus content was 0.20 ± 0.01 g N /100 g, 2.90 ± 0.11 g 
OM/100 g and 27.7 ± 5.9 mg P/kg respectively, evidencing good fertility management within the greenhouse. The 
potassium contribution should be improved since the content is higher in the field than in greenhouses (632 ± 75 
mg K/kg). This deficiency in potassium content and increase in phosphorus content was also observed by Silveira 
and Barbazán [10] in greenhouses in Uruguay, who suggest that producers review fertilization practices.  
 
Table 4. Physicochemical characterization of greenhouse soils under conventional management and during agroecological transition. 

Soil quality  Conventional management Agroecological management 

Clay (g/100 g) 32.83 ± 9.58 38.73 ± 4.69 
pH 8.01 ± 0.15 8.00 ± 0.23 
EC (mS/cm) 11.41 ± 3.09 9.99 ± 2.26 
SAR  14.5 ± 2.1 11.7 ± 0.6 
N (g/100g) 0.22 ± 0.00 0.27 ± 0.05 
P (mg/kg) 135 ± 33 142 ± 21 
K (mg/kg) 254 ± 49 365 ± 67 
OM (g/100g) 4.30 ± 0.55 5.36 ± 0.49 

 
3.3. Irrigation Water Quality 

Regarding irrigation water, both in conventional production systems and those undergoing agroecological 
transition, during the summer season (August to April), farms have a water supply from the Negro River through a 
system of high-quality canals (EC 0.4 mS/cm and SAR < 1). The irrigation system employs drip hoses with a 
pressurizing pump and Venturi for fertilizer incorporation into the soil, although the smaller systems use a 
precarious bypass-type fertilization system that involves sucking fertilizer directly with the irrigation pump. During 
the winter months (May to July), the river water supply is suspended for canal system maintenance, prompting 
producers with greenhouses to perforate their farms to supply water to crops. Studies on some of these boreholes 
have detected high salt content (EC 6.1 mS/cm and SAR 18), which qualifies the water as unsuitable for crop 
irrigation according to the Riverside standard (C6, S3). This issue is exacerbated by the localized irrigation system 
and its repeated use over time. According to Castellón Gómez et al. [11], EC values higher than 3 mS/cm and SAR 
higher than 9 in irrigation water are associated with a severe degree of restriction for agricultural production. 

Due to the low annual rainfall in the area (392.2 mm), and particularly during months when irrigation water 
supply is cut off, where the average rainfall over the last 57 years was 92.2 mm [12], it is not feasible to accumulate 
rainwater for use during the winter season as proposed by Lobos Rodríguez, et al. [13] for the O'Higgins region in 
Chile. Producers should compare yield losses in summer crops due to soil salinization with the gains obtained from 
winter production and consider the possibility of suspending winter production under cover. They could also 
evaluate the feasibility of incorporating technology such as reverse osmosis equipment for the winter months. 
 
3.4. Survey of Producers 

The results of the interviews were grouped into three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social, 
according to the indicators suggested by the experts (Table 1, 2 and 3),comparing producers who carry out 
conventional management with those who are in agroecological transition (Figure 4).   

Regarding the environmental dimension, it is observed that both production systems manage irrigation 
similarly, reaching an acceptable level, aided by the contribution of river water during the summer season (Figure 
4A). A similar pattern occurs with fertilization management: conventional producers supply external nutrients 
through the fertigation system, optimizing the doses of these compounds with Venturi in the drip system during the 
crop cycle, while those in the agroecological transition stage provide manure and compost during seedbed 
preparation. Producers in the agroecological transition are distinguished by their low use of pesticides (including 
biopreparations), crop rotations, more conservative tillage practices, and the addition of organic matter. Crop 
diversity, in terms of species and varieties, is enhanced through seed exchanges with agroecological producers from 
other regions, preserving native germplasm and incorporating aromatic plants to control pests [1]. 

The analysis of the economic dimension indicates that land ownership and economic growth are adequate and 
similar in both production systems (Figure 4b), because the enterprises in agroecological transition consist of 
families of conventional producers adopting the new production system based on the capital they already possess. 
This enables them to gradually enter a niche of specific consumers. They do not depend on external inputs, which 
enhances their qualifications, and due to consumer demand (market), they have been expanding the diversity and 
variety of crops. However, both types of producers, possibly due to their low educational level [2] and limited 
experience in covered systems, present a critical point in terms of the degree of technicalization, as observed by 
Mundo Coxca et al. [14]. In the crops under cover of the town of Puebla in Mexico, they suggest strengthening the 
link between research and government centers at their different levels with tomato producers through continuous 
advice and training. In this sense, Hernández Suárez [15] observed that the federal programs, which were crucial 
for the establishment of greenhouses and the growth of their number in Zacatecas (Mexico), were granted to low-
income producers with insufficient capacities to face all the vicissitudes of this type of activity, which is highly 
uncertain and risky. 



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Since producers in agroecological transition are members of the same families that produce conventionally, the 
social dimension is similar in most of the evaluated indicators (Figure 4C). They live on the same property, in the 
same home, belong to the same family, have access to the same health system, but are more satisfied with their 
production due to the response of consumers and because they perceive an improvement in their living conditions. 
 

 

 

 
Figure 4. Comparison of covered production systems in the LVRN: conventional vs. agroecological 
transition. A) environmental dimension; B) economic dimension; and C) social dimension. 

 

3.5. Winter and Summer Crops 
Although production is traditionally divided into two seasons: winter, for green leafy crops, and summer, for 

fruit crops, these criteria are becoming less distinct. At the farm level, practices involve cultivating different crops 
throughout the year. Protected cropping is a practice aimed at extending the productive season, which allows for 
early and late harvests. 

In the area, the main winter crops are planted in a staggered manner to supply the town with lettuce in its 
different varieties (curly, head, and butter lettuce), spinach, chard, celery, broccoli, parsley, beetroot, among other 
minor crops. Particularly, producers in agroecological transition add aromatic species that fulfill the double purpose 
as a crop and pest regulator, such as mint, lavender, marigold, certal, citronella, rosemary, etc. In each module, 
between 7 and 10 different crops were observed, which implies a complex management by having to regulate the 



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irrigation and fertilization regime by sectors, although this allows them to offer greater diversity of products to 
local consumers and expand commercial sales. 

Summer crops are generally less diversified and are sown on a single date to facilitate logistics and 
management of irrigation and fertilization, compensating for the supply to consumers with field crops. Among the 
crops grown on larger areas in greenhouses, the tomato stands out in its different varieties: pear, platense, red 
cherry, yellow cherry, and chocolate cherry. Bell peppers, peppers, eggplant, green beans, strawberries, broad beans, 
and cucumbers are also produced, and some farmers even add melon to obtain early fruits. 
 

4. Conclusion 
The surface area of covered crops in the LVRN is significant and responds mainly to the local demand for food. 

As producers gain experience, they risk adding modules and diversifying production. However, the technological 
level is still low and requires training and qualified technical assistance to fulfill the still unsatisfied local demand, 
predicting sustained growth over time. 

Producers in agroecological transition in the LVRN replaced the cultivation system, convinced of the 
improvement in family health and the social recognition acquired, which encourages other producers who see in 
this system a healthy, sustainable, and economically viable alternative. 
 

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https://doi.org/10.24215/2346898Xe108
https://doi.org/10.24215/16699513e121
https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v11i5.2010
https://doi.org/10.22201/enesl.20078064e.2020.22.70248

