96 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Agriculture and Food Sciences Research Vol. 11, No. 2, 96-103, 2024 ISSN(E) 2411-6653/ ISSN(P) 2518-0193 DOI: 10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6177 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Soils of the Baikal region: Mapping, use, transformation Irina Aleksandrovna Belozertseva1 Daria Nikolaevna Lopatina2 Andrei Anatolievich Sorokovoi3 ( Corresponding Author) 1,2,3V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Ulan-Batorskaya str. 1, Irkursk, 664033, Russia. 1Email: belozia@mail.ru 2Email: dariatama@mail.ru 3Email: geomer@irigs.irk.ru Abstract The article gives a brief overview of the soil cartographic work carried out in the Baikal region. The paper contains one of the authors' map of agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region. A fragment of the legend is shown. Suitable and unsuitable districts for their use in agriculture have been identified. Various types of business activities are recommended. Also provided are maps of the use of land of the most developed part of the lands of the Baikal region in 1980 and 2023. In the Irkutsk-Cheremkhov plain with neighboring steppe areas, occupying 11% of the area of the region where the bulk of the farmland is located, relatively good natural and climatic conditions are noted. With the collapse of collective farms and state farms since the 1990s. More than 50% of former agricultural land was abandoned. A positive aspect of the "resetting" of the state system is the emergence of a reserve of agricultural land for use in the form of abandoned land with soils that have restored the level of fertility. The authors proposed a scale of qualitative assessment of the possibility of using land in agriculture, developed an assessment of the state of soil fertility, taking into account their regional characteristics. Keywords: Conditions, Mapping, Soil, Use. Citation | Belozertseva, I. A., Lopatina, D. N., & Sorokovoi, A. A. (2024). Soils of the Baikal region: Mapping, use, transformation. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 11(2), 96–103. 10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6177 History: Received: 21 October 2024 Revised: 25 November 2024 Accepted: 27 November 2024 Published: 2 December 2024 Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Funding: This research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation and the Ministry of Economic Development and Industry of the Irkutsk Region (Grant number: 23-27-10013 (05-62-824/24)). Institutional Review Board Statement: The Ethical Committee of the V.B. Sochava Institute of geography, Russia has granted approval for this study on 12 March 2023 (Ref. No. 78). Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 2. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................... 97 3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 103 References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 103 mailto:belozia@mail.ru mailto:dariatama@mail.ru mailto:geomer@irigs.irk.ru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://www.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v11i2.6177 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-2298 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-0822 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8987-7068 Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 97 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Contribution of this paper to the literature Taking into account the new soil classification soil and agroecological zoning of the Irkutsk region was carried out. We were complited a land use map of the most developed part in agriculture of the Irkutsk region. The authors proposed a scale of qualitative assessment of the possibility of using land. 1. Introduction Authors group [1-5] carried out ecological zoning of soils in the south of the East European Plain, Russia and the World. There are few materials on the soils of hard-to-reach mountainous regions [6]. An agroecological assessment of the soils of the Irkutsk region and adjacent territories is given in the works of Shpedt, et al. [7]; Ubugunov [8]; Ubugunov, et al. [9]; Lopatina and Belozertseva [10]; Seryshev and Somedun [11]; Atlas [12] and Kalep [13] etc. Published maps: "Soil zoning. Atlas of the Baikal region" [14]; "Soil and geographical zoning. Atlas of the Irkutsk Region"[15]. Any zoning for any purpose reflects the level of knowledge and production of the current time, cannot be unshakable and must be refined and improved as new knowledge of landscape components and conditions for improving production and environmental transformation becomes available. Information on the level of fertility, the ecological state of the soil cover of the region is constantly supplemented by new studies. 2. Results and Discussion As a result of many years of work, together with colleagues from the Institute of General and Experimental Biology of the SB RAS, the Institute of Geography and Geoecology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, we were completed a series of soil-ecological maps for atlases and two wall maps (Soils of Lake Baikal Basin [16]) Soils of the Baikal natural territory [17]). Soils are united by natural zones. The most fertile soils are Mollisols (chernozems, umbrisols and other such types of soils) are shown in green and yellow light on the map. This soils are wide spread about 30% of the territory. Figure 1. Agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region. Note: Provinces: A - East Sayan and Khamar-Daban; B - Pribaikalye and Stanovoy Highlands; C - Irkutsk amphitheater. Districts: A1 - Highland East Sayan, A2 - Middle mountain South-Western Baikal region, A3 - Low mountain and foothill; B1 - Highland Baikal and Delyun-Uransky, B2 - Mid-mountain district of the Stanovoy Highlands, B3 - Patomsky low mountain, B4 - Foothill and low mountain district of the islands of Olkhon and Priolkhonya, B5 - Middle and low mountain Primorsky; C1 - Leno-Angarsk medium-altitude plateaus, C2 - Angarsk and Prilensky medium-altitude plateaus, C3 - Erbogachensky and Biryusinsky low plateaus, C4 - Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky and Kansko-Rybinsk plain, C5 - Pre-Baikal plain. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 98 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Created soil maps for areas of research. For example on the slide: Osinsky district soil map. Heavy Metal and Essential Plant Nutrition Maps for Osinsky district too [18]. Soil maps have also been drawn up for other areas of the Irkutsk region [19]. Various maps of soil pollution in different key areas have been compiled, for example, for such cities as Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude in Russia, Ulan Bator in Mongolia [20]. Maps of soil degradation and pollution were created: Baikal Lake basin, Baikal natural territory [21].The map shows the natural factors of the potential hazard of soil pollution. Areas of actual soil contamination and industrial sources are marked. The symbols show the lands of the mining industry. The degree of soil degradation of agricultural lands is shown. We were created Soil and ecological zoning of Lake Baikal basin [9]. Soil groups with relatively similar bioclimatic factors (M. Budyko’s dryness index, the sum of biologically active temperatures, type and productivity of vegetation) were combined into soil-ecological provinces, which are dominant in soil forming. Soils with the similar lithology and geomorphology features (rocks, relief) were grouped into districts. We created a map of agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region (Figure 1). A fragment of the map legend is shown (Table 1). The legend of the map shows: soils, soil-forming rocks, vegetation and their productivity, height above sea level, dryness index, the number of "active" temperatures, a period with a negative soil temperature, the duration of the warm period, the spread of permafrost, suitability for agricultural use. Suitable and unsuitable districts for their use in agriculture have been identified. Various types of business activities are recommended. Table 1. Map legend fragment "Agroecological zoning of soils of the Irkutsk region". P ro v in c e s D is tr ic ts № Soils Breeds Vegetation H * К * ∑ tm o re 1 0 0 С * M o n th s* D a y s* P * Р V * S u it a b il it y * E as t S ay an a n d K h am ar - D ab an H ig hl an d E as t S ay an А 1 Regosol, Leptosol, Gleysols, Entic Podzols Crystalline shales, limestones, dolomites, granitoids, basalts, slag basalts Moss-lichen and shrub tundra, thickets of cedar dwarf, fragments of larch shrub woodlands and shrubs, rocky placers. 1 1 7 5 -2 8 7 5 0 ,5 -1 ,0 6 0 0 -1 0 0 0 7 -8 5 0 -6 0 S o li d u p , to 1 0 0 -3 0 0 м 2 0 -4 0 U n su it ab le Ir k u ts k a m p h it h ea te r Ir ku ts k- C he re m kh ov sk y an d K an sk o- R yb in sk p la in В 4 Folic Retisols, Umbrisols, Luvisols, Phaeozems, Chernozem, Histosols Siltstones, mudstones, carbonate-free sandstones, red- colored carbonate- silicate deposits, limestones Pine and larch-pine forbs, steppe forests, fragments of islands of meadow-steppe vegetation 4 0 0 -7 2 8 1 ,5 -2 ,5 1 4 0 0 -1 8 0 0 5 -6 9 0 -1 0 4 A re ab se n t 4 0 -8 0 M o st ly u sa b le Note: *– H - height above sea level; К– Dryness index as per [22] sum of air temperature more than 100 (∑t) [23]; Months - period with negative soil temperature; Days - Duration of warm period with air temperature more than 100С; P - Permafrost distribution; PV – Productivity of vegetation by [12]. In most of the vast territory of the region (more than 70%), forestry is recommended under taiga forest vegetation, with the exception of specially protected natural areas, which make up a small area. The most optimal conditions for growing early ripening crops are the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky and Kansko-Rybinsky lowland dictrict, which occupies 11% of the region's territory, where productive chernozems, umbrisols, fluvisols have formed under meadow-steppe and steppe forest vegetation, covering 33% of the district's area or 3.7% of the Irkutsk region. We were complited a land use map of the most developed part in agriculture of the Irkutsk region (Irkutsk- Cheremkhov plain and adjacent territories) (Figure 2), and use maps of certain areas of the Irkutsk region have been compiled. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 99 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group (a) (b) Figure 2. Agricultural land areas of the most developed part of the Irkutsk region in 1988 (a), 2023 (b). Note: 1 - Arable land, 2 - Deposit, 3 - Pasture, 4 - Forest, 5 - Rivers, 6 – Settlement. The area of agricultural land in the region is 4% and, in some areas, up to 48%, of which more than half is not used in agriculture, and in remote areas more than 70%, abandoned since the 1990s. After the "restructuring" of the government system. Some of the abandoned land is under pasture. The authors proposed a scheme for assessing the level of soil fertility (Table 2) [24]. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 100 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Table 2. Scale for assessing the state of soils by indicators: рНн2о, density, content of physical clay, agronomically valuable aggregates, humus, nitrates, mobile phosphorus and potassium. рНн2о рНkcl NL Р2O5, mg/kg К2О, mg/kg NO3, mg/kg Humus, % S, % C PC, % D g/cm3 SF ∑P <4.5 <4.0 Strong <25 <100 <4, >130 <1 <20 Verylow >40 >1.5 Bad1 <16 4.6-5.5 4.1-4.5 26-50 101-200 4-8 2.1-3.0 20-40 Low <10 1.3-1.5 Unsatisfactor2 16-20 5.1-5.5 4.6-5.0 Average 51-100 201-300 8-15 3.1-5.0 40-60 Average 10-20 1.2-1.3 Satisfactory3 20-24 5.6-6.0 5.1-5.5 Weak 101-150 301-400 15-20 5.1-8.0 60-80 Above the average 20-30 1.2-1.1 Good4 24-30 >6.1 >5.6 Notrequ ired >150 >400 20-130 >8.0 >80 High 30-40 <1,1 Excellent5 >30 Note: NL - need for liming; S - content of agronomically valuable structure (%); C - content of phosphorus, potassium, nitrates, humus and agronomically valuable aggregates; PC - content of physical clay (particles < 0.01 mm); D - density was assessed on a scale [25-27]; SF - assessment of soil fertility according to the above indicators. P - score; ∑ P - sum of points. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 101 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group The assessment of the soil condition was carried out according to the author's methodology in the form of generalizing data and a system of indices of individual indicators (environmental reaction, density, content of the fraction of "physical clay", humus, nitrates, agronomically valuable aggregates, mobile phosphorus and potassium). Table fragment «Some soil indicators of the main key sites» (Table 3). It has been established that the soils of arable land and deposits of remote areas (Osinsky, Bokhansky, etc.) have the highest values of positive quantitative characteristics. According to agrochemical and agrophysical indicators, they belong to prosperous, the state of their fertility is assessed as "excellent", "good" and "satisfactory". The worst indicators of fertility are the soils of the Irkutsk region. The soils of the most developed part of the region (Cheremkhovsky, Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky districts) are assessed mainly as "good" and "satisfactory" (sometimes "excellent", rarely "non-renewable") according to the main agrophysical and agrochemical indicators. According to such agrophysical indicators as the content of a fraction of physical clay, and sometimes agronomically valuable aggregates and soil density of the most developed areas, they are mainly "unsatisfactory" and "bad" for their use for growing agricultural crops, which is mainly due to natural factors (rocks). The soils of the arable land used near large settlements of almost all regions need the introduction of mineral potash and phosphorus fertilizers, less often nitrogen (mineral or organic). There is a reserve of agricultural land for use in the form of abandoned land, but sometimes they need agrochemical, agrotechnical and other activities. In colder conditions of low plateaus (Erbogachensky and Biryusinsky okrug, covering about 20% of the region), it is possible to grow early ripening crops of vegetables and greens in greenhouses (closed ground). In the driest and moderately cold conditions (foothill and low-mountain districts of Olkhon Island and Priolkhonya, which make up less than 1% of the area) with rocky soils of low thickness, pasture farming using natural pastures is recommended. About 25% of the land in the high- and mid-mountain areas of the region is not recommended for use either in agriculture or in forestry. Lands on which endemic and relict vegetation species grow must be included in protected areas. In some cases, the territory of protected areas can be expanded, for example, on the southern coast of Lake Baikal. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 102 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Table 3. Some soil indicators of the main key sites of the Irkutsk, Cheremkhovsky, Bokhansky, Osinsky, Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky districts of the Irkutsk region, assessment of their fertility level (Fragment).. Location Vegetation, use Soils Рorizon рН H2O Humus, % NH4 mg/kg NO3m g/kg Р2O5 mg/kg К2О mg/kg PC % D g/cm3 S % ∑P SF Irkutskregion Near the village of Novolisikha Arable land Agricultural (Anthrosol) А 5.8 4 0.6 1 4.75 16.6 4 3 1 22 1 24 4 1.35 2 24.7 2 19 unsatisfactory Cheremkhovsky region 1 km north of Kasyanovka village Background area, grass with sedge steppe meadow Chernozems AU 6.9 5 12.2 5 30.1 2.5 3 160 5 498 5 43 1 0.61 5 68 2 26 excellent 2.5 km northwest of the village of Petrovka Land under steam, surepka, weedy vegetation Agricultural umbric РU 6.9 5 3.7 3 7.3 11.7 3 35 2 110 2 57 1 1.56 1 60 3 15 unsatisfactory Bayandaevsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky region 2 km northwest of Ust-Orda village Arableland, rye Agricultural chernozems PU 7.2 5 5.4 4 5.34 1.80 1 39 2 175 2 41 1 1.48 2 24.4 2 14 unsatisfactory 1.2 km northwest of the village of Pokrovka Land under steam, oats with weedy vegetation Agricultural haplic fluvisols PU 8.2 5 19.0 5 12.22 17.20 4 39 2 408 5 55 1 1.21 3 43,0 3 23 good Bokhansky, Osinsky region Chernihiv village Arable land, weedy vegetation Agricultural chernozems PU 7.9 5 5.4 4 11.3 8.1 3 49 2 200 3 21 4 1.14 2 71 4 27 good Zakharovskaya village Abandoned land more than 30 years ago, pasture, grass meadow Agricultural umbric PU 7.2 5 7.7 4 13.8 8.7 3 325 5 950 5 39 5 0.90 5 71 4 36 excellent Note: PC - content of physical clay (Particles < 0.01 mm); D - Density was assessed on a scale; S - Content of agronomically valuable structure (%);∑ P - Sum of points; SF - Assessment of soil fertility according to the above indicators. The numerator shows the values of the indicator, the denominator - points. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 2024, 11(2): 96-103 103 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 3. Conclusion Taking into account the new soil classification [27] soil and agroecological zoning of the Irkutsk region was carried out. Agroecological zoning of soils took into account the entire set of natural and climatic conditions. In most of the vast territory of the region (more than 50%), forestry is recommended under taiga forest vegetation, with the exception of protected areas, which make up a small area. The most optimal conditions for growing early ripening crops are the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky and Kansko-Rybinsk lowland district, which occupies 11% of the region's territory, where productive chernozems, umbrisols and fluvisols have formed under meadow-steppe and steppe forest vegetation, covering 33% of the district's area or 3.7% of the Irkutsk region. Almost all lands suitable for agriculture in Soviet times were plowed. However, at this time 45% of the agricultural land of the region is abandoned, and in remote areas more than 70%. According to agrochemical indicators, the soils of most of the abandoned lands are in good and satisfactory condition and can be returned to agricultural circulation. References [1] Z. A. Antonova, Soil and ecological zoning of the Ulyanovsk region: Abstract of the dissertation of the candidate of biological sciences: 02/03/08, 02/03/13. Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State University, 2011. [2] G. V. Dobrovolsky, N. N. Rozov, M. N. Stroganova, and S. Y. Trofimov, Soil and ecological zoning of the world (M 1:60 million). Atlas "Man and nature". Moscow-Vienna: RAS RF, Ch II, 1999, pp. 100-101. [3] G. V. G. V. Dobrovolsky et al., Soil and ecological zoning of the East European plain (M 1:2500000). Moscow: GUGK, 1997. [4] N. Rozov and M. Stroganova, Soil cover of the world (soil-bioclimatic regions of the world and their agroecological characteristics). Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1979. [5] I. S. Urusevskaya, I. O. Alyabina, and V. P. Vinyukova, Soil and ecological zoning map of the Russian Federation] [map]; scientific. ed.: Academy RAS G.V. Dobrovolsky, I.S. Urusevskaya. Scale: 1: 1:2500.000. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2013. [6] T. Ananko, M. Gerasimova, and D. Konyushkov, "The soils of mountainous territories (in the Russian)," Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 92, pp. 122-146, 2018. https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2018-92-122-146 [7] A. A. Shpedt et al., "Soil and environmental assessment of agricultural lands of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Republic of Buryatia," Farming, no. 1, pp. 9-13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.24412/0044-3913-2022-1-9-13 [8] L. L. Ubugunov, "Soil resources of the Republic of Buryatia, their agroecological state and rational use," Bulletin of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy Named after V.R. Filippova, no. 2, pp. 35-46, 2020. https://doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2020.59.2.005 [9] L. L. Ubugunov, I. A. Belozertseva, V. I. Ubugunova, A. A. Sorokovoy, C. Dorzhgotov, and M. Dugarzhav, Soil and ecological zoning of the Lake Basin. Baikal. Irkutsk: IG SB RAS, 2021. [10] D. N. Lopatina and I. A. Belozertseva, "Agricultural lands of the wasp river basin: Use and level of fertility," Regional Geosystems, no. 3, pp. 392-405, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52575/2712-7443-2023-47-3-392-405 [11] V. Seryshev and V. Somedun, "Agrolandscape zoning of the Irkutsk region," Geography and Natural Resources, no. 2, pp. 86-94, 2009. [12] Atlas, Irkutsk region: Ecological conditions of development. M. Irkutsk: IG SB RAS, 2004. [13] L. L. Kalep, "To the problem of greening the agricultural land use of the Baikal natural territory," Geography and Natural Resources, no. 2, pp. 41-44, 2003. [14] A. V. Martynov, Soil cover, in nature management and environmental protection within the baikal drainage Basin, V.V. Vorobyev and A.V. Martynov, Eds. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1990. [15] V. A. Kuzmin, Soil and geographical zoning, Atlas of the Irkutsk Region. Irkutsk-Moscow: IG SB RAS, 2004, p. 41. [16] I. A. Belozertseva et al., "Map of the "Soils of the Lake Baikal basin". Scale 1 : 2500 000. Irkutsk: IG SB RAS," Retrieved: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_24268326_12597939.jpg. 2015. [17] I. A. Belozertseva et al., "Soils. Ecological atlas of the Baikal region. 2017. Electronic resource of the geoportal: Map No. 57," Retrieved: http://atlas.isc.irk.ru. 2017. [18] D. Lopatina and I. Belozertseva, "Soil and ecological Zoning of the Osa River Basin territory (The top Angara Region)," The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series No. 22, 2017. [19] I. A. Belozertseva and V. N. Bogdanov, "Soils of the Bokhansky district of the Irkutsk region. Map. Irkutsk: V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Scale: 1:100000," Retrieved: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_27561954_79426400.pdf. 2008. [20] I. Belozertseva, I. Vorobyeva, A. Sorokovoi, and D. Lopatina, "Soil pollution in urbanized centers of Baikal region," Eurasian Soil Science, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 102-114, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229322010033 [21] I. A. Belozertseva, E. G. Nechaeva, and A. A. Sorokovoy, "Soil degradation and pollution of the Baikal natural territory. Map. Irkutsk: V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Scale: 1:5000000," Retrieved: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_25970923_45780770.pdf. [Accessed 2009. [22] M. I. Budyko, "Climate and life, Leningrad, Publishing House: Hydrometeoizdat, English ed. edited by David H. Miller," Retrieved: https://archive.org/details/climatelife00mibu. 1974. [23] A. A. Sorokovoy, "The sum of temperatures above 100 C. Ecological atlas of the Baikal region. 2017," Geoportal Electronic Resource: Map No. 46, 2017. [24] I. A. Belozertseva, D. N. Lopatina, N. A. Zvereva, A. A. Cherkashina, and N. A. Skosyrsky, "Soils of the most fertile lands of the Upper Angara region," Agrarian Russia, no. 8, pp. 24-31, 2024. https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2024-8-24-31 [25] G. A. Vorobyova and N. D. Kiseleva, Morphoanalytic diagnostics of soils. Simulation training on the interpretation of soil research results. Irkutsk: IGU, 2023. [26] A. Y. Cheremisinov, A. Cheremisinov, and S. Plotnikov, "Compaction of irrigated soils from the impact of agricultural machines," Forestry Journal, vol. 4, pp. 156-158, 2013. https://doi.org/10.12737/2198 [27] M. V. Butyrin, Agrochemical characteristics of agricultural land soils and recommendations for the use of fertilizers in the Ust-Altan municipal district of the Osinsky district of the Irkutsk region. Irkutsk: FSBI TsAS Irkutsk, 2009, p. 27. Asian Online Journal Publishing Group is not responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability, etc. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. Any queries should be directed to the corresponding author of the article. https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2018-92-122-146 https://doi.org/10.24412/0044-3913-2022-1-9-13 https://doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2020.59.2.005 https://doi.org/10.52575/2712-7443-2023-47-3-392-405 https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_24268326_12597939.jpg http://atlas.isc.irk.ru/ https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_27561954_79426400.pdf https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229322010033 https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_25970923_45780770.pdf https://archive.org/details/climatelife00mibu https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2024-8-24-31 https://doi.org/10.12737/2198