Immediate and latent damages of drying temperature in the quality of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) seeds Received for publication: 23 August, 2019. Accepted for publication: 8 June, 2020 Doi: 10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n2.81931 1 Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). 2 Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). * Corresponding author: mauricioalbertoniscariot@gmail.com Agronomía Colombiana 38(2), 226-233, 2020 ABSTRACT RESUMEN The objective of this research was to evaluate the immediate and latent drying temperature damages on the physical and physiological quality of black oat seeds. The seeds were dried in an oven with air circulation at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50ºC, in addition to the use of alternating temperatures (40- 50ºC). After drying the seeds were stored under environmental conditions for 180 days, and physical and physiological analyses were performed every 45 days. It was observed that the physical quality of black oat seeds was reduced with an increase in the storage time, regardless of the drying temperature used. The physiological quality of black oat seeds increased throughout storage until dormancy was overcome, regardless of the drying temperature. Elevated drying temperatures cause immediate damages to the physical quality of black oat seeds, whereas physiological quality tends latently to suffer the negative inf lu- ence of increasing the temperature of the drying air. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los daños inmedia- tos y latentes por temperatura de secado en la calidad física y fisiológica de las semillas de avena negra. Las semillas se seca- ron en un horno con circulación de aire a temperaturas de 30, 40 y 50ºC, además del uso de temperaturas alternas (40-50ºC). Después del secado, las semillas se almacenaron en condiciones ambientales durante 180 días, y los análisis físicos y fisiológicos se realizaron cada 45 días. Se observó que la calidad física de las semillas de avena negra se redujo con un aumento en el tiempo de almacenamiento, independientemente de la temperatura de secado utilizada. La calidad fisiológica de las semillas de avena negra aumentó durante el almacenamiento hasta que se superó la latencia, independientemente de la temperatura de secado. La elevación de la temperatura de secado causa daños inmediatos en la calidad física de las semillas de avena negra, mientras que la calidad fisiológica tiende a sufrir la inf luencia negativa del aumento de la temperatura del aire de secado de forma latente. Key words: conservation, germination, thermal damage, vigor. Palabras clave: conservación, germinación, daño térmico, vigor. Immediate and latent damages of drying temperature in the quality of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) seeds Daños inmediatos y latentes de la temperatura de secado en la calidad de las semillas de avena negra (Avena strigosa Schreb.) Maurício Albertoni Scariot1*, Carla Pasinato2, Leandro Galon2, Rafael Gomes Dionello1, and Lauri Lourenço Radünz2 Introduction Black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) is a winter grass, with good adaptability to soils with low fertility (Fontaneli et al., 2012). It is used as a cover crop (Wolschick et al., 2016) and as a forage crop singly or in association with other crops, showing good forage yield and higher weight gain for cattle production (Ferrazza et al., 2013; Lupatini et al., 2013). The use of high-quality seeds can significantly inf luence black oats performance in the field, ref lecting, for example, higher dry matter yield and leaf area index (Schuch et al., 2008). Seed quality is characterized by physical quality, measured mainly by moisture content, 1000-seed weight, and hectoliter weight, and by physiological performance measured by the germination and vigor tests (Marcos Filho, 2015). However, seed quality can be inf luenced by drying and storage operations, as verified by white oat seeds (Oliveira et al., 2010) and wheat seeds (Scariot et al., 2018). Black oat seeds are orthodox, i.e. they are long-lived and dessicant-tolerant and so are tolerant of a reduction in moisture content. As dessicant-tolerant seeds, drying al- lows them to be stored with better quality and for a longer time. Among the main factors to be considered during the seed drying process is the air temperature. The use of elevated drying air temperatures can result in damage such as cracks and fissures, reserve denaturation, cell membrane damage, germination power loss and even embryo death. Any seed sensitivity to thermal damage can vary according to the plant species, exposure time to heat and drying speed (Garcia et al., 2004; Afrakhteh et al., 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n2.81931 227Scariot, Pasinato, Galon, Gomes Dionello, and Radünz: Immediate and latent damages of drying temperature in the quality of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) seeds Seed storage aims to minimize quality losses over time. However, during storage there may be changes in seed quality due to deterioration and aging. Such modifica- tions can be inf luenced by the storage conditions, mainly in relation to the temperature and relative humidity, but also by the initial physical and physiological conditions of the seeds. Seeds that are damaged or degraded at the beginning of storage are more fragile and, consequently, lose quality more quickly over storage time (McDonald, 1999; Deliberali et al., 2010). Damages caused by the drying temperature can be detected immediately after drying or during storage. These kinds of damages are called immediate and latent damages (Afonso Júnior and Corrêa, 2000). Some studies have highlighted the damage caused by the drying air temperature on the quality of oat seeds (Oliveria et al., 2010). However, there are few (if any) studies on the behavior of dry oat seeds with different drying air tem- peratures during the storage period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immediate and latent damages of different drying air temperatures on the physical and physiological quality of black oat seeds. Materials and methods This experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of the Agricultural Systems and Sustainable Management Group (MASSA) of the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, RS. The experiment had a com- pletely randomized design, arranged in a 4x5 factorial scheme (drying air temperatures x storage time) with four replicates. Black oat seeds, cultivar EMBRAPA 139 (Neblina), were ob- tained from the experimental area of the UFFS during the 2016 crop season. The crop cultivation was accomplished under a no-tillage system with fertilization and phytosani- tary management, carried out according to the technical suggestions for the crop. Harvesting was performed manu- ally when the seeds contained approximately 25% moisture content. After that the material was subjected to threshing with the aid of a mechanical thresher. Samples containing 500 g of seeds were packed in kraft paper bags and dried in an oven (Marconi®, model MA033/1080, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil) with forced air cir- culation (stationary drying) at drying air temperatures of 30ºC, 40ºC and 50ºC until reaching approximately 11% moisture content. Additionally, a drying treatment was tested that alternated the air temperatures, i.e. the seeds were first exposed to a temperature of drying air of 40°C until reaching approximately 16% moisture content and then they were subjected to a temperature of 50°C to reach 11% moisture content. After drying, the seeds were sent to storage. Storage began on December 2, 2016. Seeds were stored in a conventional system (kraft paper bags) and in a natural environment for 180 d. During the experiment, the temperature and relative humidity of the storage location were monitored daily. The data are shown in Fig. 1 in monthly means. 13590450 180 Te m pe ra tu re ( C °) 90 80 70 60 50 100 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 Time (d) R el at iv e hu m id ity ( % ) Relative humidityTemperature FIGURE 1. Monthly means of temperature and relative humidity of the black oat seeds storage location. During seed storage there was a reduction in temperature and an increase in the relative humidity of the air due to the approach of the winter period. The temperatures dur- ing seed storage varied between 21.4ºC and 26.8ºC, with a mean temperature of 23.3ºC. The relative humidity showed values between 56% and 72% with an average of 62%. Laboratory analyses were carried out immediately after drying and later every 45 d, defining five evaluation mo- ments (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 d). The moisture content, 1000-seed weight, hectoliter weight, electrical conductivity, and germination were analyzed. Seed vigor was determined by the tests of the first germination count, the germination speed index, accelerated ageing and the shoot length. The moisture content was determined in triplicate for each replicate by the oven method at 105±3°C for 24 h (Ministé- rio da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2009). The results were expressed as a percentage and wet basis (wb). 228 Agron. Colomb. 38(2) 2020 The weight of 1000 seeds was determined by weighing eight subsamples of 100 seeds for each replicate, with the results being expressed in grams (Ministério da Agri- cultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2009). The hectoliter weight was determined with the aid of a hectoliter weight balance (Comag®, Panambi, RS, Brazil), with a quarter liter capacity. Values were obtained in triplicate for each replicate and the results expressed in kg hl-1 (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2009). The values of a 1000-seeds weight and hectoliter weight were adjusted to 13% moisture content. The germination test was conducted on Germitest paper rolls, previously soaked in distilled water at a ratio 2.5 times their weight and kept in a germinator (Tecnal, model TE- 405, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil) at 20±3ºC, with a photoperiod of 12 h, without the use of agents to overcome dormancy. Two hundred seeds per replicate were used, distributed in four rolls of 50 seeds that totaled 800 seeds per treatment. The first count was performed on the fifth day after sow- ing by counting the number of normal seedlings. The final evaluation was carried out on the 10th day after sowing. The results were expressed as a percentage (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2009). The germination speed index was carried out simultane- ously with the germination test, by counting the number of normal germinated seeds per day, from the time of sowing until the fifth day, and the index was determined as proposed by Maguire (1962). The electrical conductivity was determined by the mass system, with two samples of 50 seeds per repetition, con- ditioned in a glass beaker, weighed and immersed in 50 ml of distilled water. The containers were kept in B.O.D chambers at a temperature of 25±3°C. Evaluations were carried out 24 h after seed immersion with the aid of a benchtop electrical conductivity meter (Gehaka®, model CG1800, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Results were expressed as μS cm-1 g-1 (Marcos Filho et al., 1987). In the accelerated ageing test, the seeds were placed in a gerbox containing 50 ml of distilled water, suspended with a grid, and conditioned in a B.O.D chamber at 41ºC for 72 h (Marcos Filho et al., 1987). After this stage the test was conducted as described for the germination test, and was carried out on the fifth day after sowing, counting the number of normal seedlings, and expressing the results as percentages. For the determination of shoot length, the seeds were sown on the same way as described for the germination test. Eighty seeds were used per replicate, distributed in four rolls of germitest paper containing 20 seeds each, totaling 320 seeds per treatment. On the 10th day after sowing, 10 seedlings of each roll were randomly chosen and measured with a ruler graded in millimeters. The results were ex- pressed in cm (Nakagawa, 1994). Data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F-test (P≤0.05). The drying temperatures were compared with the Tukey’s test (P≤0.05) using the Statistica® 10.0 software. For storage time, regression analysis was applied through Sigma Plot® 10.0 software. The models were selected based on the significance of the model parameters by the application of the t-test (P≤0.05), by the significance of the mathematical model (P≤0.05), by the coefficient of determination (r2≥0.60) and by the biological phenomenon. Results and discussion According to the variance analysis performed using the F-test (P≤0.05), there was a significant interaction between the factors drying air temperature and storage time for all variables analyzed. The values of seed moisture content for the different drying temperatures showed oscillations throughout the storage period, tending to the hygroscopic equilibrium as a func- tion of the relative humidity and the air temperature in the storage environment, which showed relative humidity and average air temperature values of 62% and 23.3°C, respectively. However, no mathematical model showed a satisfactory fit for the observed data (Fig. 2A). Similar results were found by Scariot et al. (2018), who observed oscillations in the moisture content of wheat seeds stored for 240 d under environmental conditions. The 1000-seed weight and hectoliter weight of seeds decreased linearly over the storage time, regardless of the drying temperature used (Fig. 2B and C). The reduction of the 1000-seed weight and hectoliter weight of seeds throughout the storage occurs because of the re- spiratory process that causes the consumption of reserves and, consequently, the reduction of seed weight and density (Wang et al., 2018). The respiratory rate of seeds during storage can be inf luenced by several factors: temperature and air relative humidity, as well as thermal damage suf- fered in drying and pest damages (Ferrari Filho et al., 2012). Soon after drying, the drying temperature of 30ºC provided seeds with greater specific mass and a 1000-seed weight, while lower values were observed with the other tempera- tures. The lowest values were observed at a temperature of 229Scariot, Pasinato, Galon, Gomes Dionello, and Radünz: Immediate and latent damages of drying temperature in the quality of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) seeds 50ºC, indicating immediate damage. Seeds dried at alter- nating temperatures showed better physical quality when compared to the ones dried only at a temperature of 50ºC. The reduction of the 1000-seed weight throughout storage was more pronounced for the lower temperatures, includ- ing the alternating temperatures. This result indicated more latent damage when compared to the temperature of 50ºC, that showed a less marked reduction, but with 1000-seed weight values lower than the other temperatures during the entire experiment. For the hectoliter weight, similar behavior was observed for the reduction in the values be- tween the temperatures and in the alternating temperature. This indicated that the latent seed density damage was similar between the tested temperatures. However, at the end of storage the seeds dried at the lower temperatures had a higher specific mass. These results agreed with Oliveira et al. (2010), who verify the reduction of the 1000-seed weight and hectoliter weight of white oat seeds with the increase of drying air tempera- ture from 50ºC. The reduction in physical quality of the seeds caused by the increase in the temperature of the drying air can also be related to thermal damages like cracks and fissures. For hectoliter weight, the appearance of cracks causes an increase in the seed volume because of the appearance of empty spaces, which leads to density reduction (Eichel- berger and Portella, 2003). Seed germination throughout storage showed similar behavior for the drying temperatures that were studied. The increase in the values was observed for up to 90 d of storage with a subsequent reduction due to the degrading and ageing of seeds (Fig. 3A). Throughout the experiment the highest germination percentages were obtained from the seeds that were dried at a temperature of 30ºC. This described behavior of seeds is characteristic of some species soon after harvesting and includes black oats, due to the process of primary or innate dormancy that is ge- netically programmed into the mother plant as a function of environmental conditions. Overcoming dormancy can occur over time under conditions of low seed moisture content, culminating in the increase of the germination percentage in storage (Grzybowski et al., 2015). No immediate damage was observed due to the increase of the drying temperature on seed germination. How- ever, at the end of the storage period, a reduction in seed FIGURE 2. A) Moisture content, B) 1000-seed weight, and C) hectoliter weight of black oat seeds cultivar EMBRAPA 139 (Neblina), subjected to different drying temperatures and stored under ambient conditions for 180 days. 13590450 180 H ec to lit er w ei gh t ( kg h l-1 ) 39 36 33 30 42 45 Time (d) C 50°C, Y=-0.0099X + 37.9, r2=0..88 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.0158X + 41.3, r2=0.77 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.0123X + 39.6, r2=0.88 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.0108X + 38.5, r2=0.77 and P<0.0001 13590450 180 10 00 - S ee d w ei gh t ( g) 26 24 22 20 28 30 Time (d) B 50°C, Y=-0.0105X + 22.3, r2=0.67 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.0268X + 26.3, r2=0.76 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.0106X + 23.7, r2=0.65 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.0185X + 24.6, r2=0.84 and P<0.0001 13590450 180 M oi st ur e co nt en t ( % ) 15 10 5 0 20 Time (d) A 50°C, Y=11.1930°C, Y=11.67 40°C, Y=11.2540-50°C, Y=11.65 230 Agron. Colomb. 38(2) 2020 germination percentage was observed with increasing dry- ing temperature, showing the latent effect of temperature on black oat seed germination. According to Nakagawa et al. (2004), the seed’s conservability during storage is related to the factors that define its initial quality, including drying. The results are in agreement with those obtained by Oliveira et al. (2010) who demonstrated that stationary dry- ing at temperatures of 50°C, 75°C and 110°C resulted in a reduction in white oat seed germination immediately after drying when compared to a control (25°C). However, the authors used higher temperatures than those used in this study, which may have caused immediate damage. Seed vigor, when analyzed by germination, first germina- tion, and speed index count tests, showed similar behavior throughout the storage for all the drying temperatures, with an increase in the values until approximately 135 d, and a drop until the end the storage period (Fig. 3B and C). This behavior is due to seed dormancy that is overcome with storage time and is ref lected in the increased physiological activity of the seed. Regarding germination, no immediate damage was ob- served due to the increase in drying temperature on the germination speed index. For the first germination count, a higher percentage of normally-germinated seedlings were 13590450 180 G er m in at io n sp ee d in de x 10 5 0 15 20 Time (d) C 50°C, Y=-0.000007X3 + 0.0016X2 + (-0.035X) + 0.92, r2=0.93 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.000009X3 + 0.0022X2 + (-0.031X) + 1.0, r2=0.99 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.000007X3 + 0.0016X2 + (-0.018X) + 0.81, r2=0.98 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.000007X3 + 0.0015X2 + (-0.0015X) + 0.61, r2=0.98 and P<0.0001 13590450 180 El ec tr ic al c on du ct iv ity ( µ S c m -1 g -1 ) Time (d) D 50°C, Y=0.251X + 146.8, r2=0.92 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=0.209X + 132.0, r2=0.94 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=0.227X + 138.4, r2=0.96 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=0.219X + 134.8, r2=0.91 and P<0.0001 180 160 140 120 100 200 13590450 180 Fi rs t g er m in at io n co un t ( % ) Time (d) B 50°C, Y=-0.0027X2 + 0.72X + 2.31, r2=0.90 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.0025X2 + 0.62X + 4.30, r2=0.96 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.0031X2 + 0.82X + 4.95, r2=0.91 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.0028X2 + 0.73X + 3.06, r2=0.98 and P<0.0001 13590450 180 G er m in at io n (% ) 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 Time (d) A 50°C, Y=-0.0056X2 + 1.16X + 20.8, r2=0.89 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.0049X2 + 1.15X + 27.7, r2=0.92 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.0055X2 + 1.21X + 23.3, r2=0.87 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.0052X2 + 1.13X + 22.5, r2=0.85 and P<0.0001 FIGURE 3. A) Germination, B) first germination count, C) germination speed index, and D) electrical conductivity of black oat seeds cultivar EMBRAPA 139 (Neblina), subjected to different drying temperatures and stored under ambient conditions for 180 days. 231Scariot, Pasinato, Galon, Gomes Dionello, and Radünz: Immediate and latent damages of drying temperature in the quality of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) seeds observed for the drying temperature of 30ºC, indicating a higher vigor. However, during the storage time, lower val- ues were verified for these two variables with the increase in the drying temperature, indicating loss of quality by the latent effect. Electrical conductivity showed a linear increase according to storage time for all drying temperatures (Fig. 3D). The increase of electrical conductivity in storage is due to the process of deterioration and seed ageing. The destabiliza- tion of cell membranes is one of the first events related to these processes that culminate with the increase of solute leaching and electrical conductivity (Mira et al., 2011). These results are similar to those observed by Zucareli et al. (2015) and Scariot et al. (2018) who verified the increase in electrical conductivity of bean and wheat seeds over storage time. The elevation of drying temperature caused immediate and latent damages in the cellular structure of black oat seeds, since the electrical conductivity values were higher at higher drying temperatures throughout the storage time. This result can be attributed to the fact that the increase in drying air temperature provides rapid removal of water from seeds. This can cause damage to the selective per- meability of cell membranes, increasing solute leaching, reflected by higher conductivity values (Corrêa and Afonso, 1999). Botelho et al. (2015) and Scariot et al. (2017a) veri- fied increased electrical conductivity of soybean and bean seeds with an increase in drying air temperature of up to 80°C and 50ºC, respectively. Seed vigor, measured by the accelerated ageing test, in- creased up to approximately 135 d as a result of overcoming dormancy that decreased for all drying temperatures, but with a more pronounced reduction for seeds dried at higher temperatures (Fig. 4A). Drying temperatures did not cause immediate damage to seed vigor, according to the accelerated ageing test. Howev- er, latent drying temperature damage was observed during storage, since seeds subjected to drying temperatures above 30ºC showed a lower percentage of normally-germinated seedlings. However, there was immediate damage to the vigor of white oat seeds due to the increase of drying air temperatures, though air temperatures above 50°C were used in that study (Oliveira et al., 2010). Shoot length showed similar behavior for all drying air temperatures during storage (Fig. 4B). The observed values increased up to approximately 135 d due to overcoming dormancy with a later drop at the end of the storage pe- riod. Tunes et al. (2010) and Scariot et al. (2017b) verified the increase in shoot length of barley and wheat seedlings up to 180 and 120 d, respectively, due to the process of overcoming dormancy. Immediate and latent damage to the shoot length of seed- lings has been found due to the increase in the drying air temperature since the seeds subjected to drying at a temperature of 30°C showed the highest values at the be- ginning and end of the storage period. Similarly, Scariot et al. (2017a) verified immediate damage of the drying 13590450 180 S ho ot le ng th ( cm ) Time (d) B 50°C, Y=-0.0004X2 + 0.11X + 6.38, r2=0.96 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.0003X2 + 0.094X + 9.40, r2=0.93 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.0003X2 + 0.096X + 7.33, r2=0.94 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.0005X2 + 0.113X + 6.63, r2=0.95 and P<0.0001 13590450 180 A cc el er at ed a gi ng ( % ) 15 10 5 0 20 80 60 40 20 0 100 Time (d) A 50°C, Y=-0.0026X2 + 0.67X + 3.1, r2=0.87 and P<0.0001 30°C, Y=-0.0036X2 + 0.88X + 7.3, r2=0.97 and P<0.0001 40°C, Y=-0.0025X2 + 0.67X + 4.1, r2=0.93 and P<0.0001 40-50°C, Y=-0.0032X2 + 0.76X + 5.6, r2=0.93 and P<0.0001 FIGURE 4. A) Accelerated ageing and B) shoot length of black oat seeds, cultivar EMBRAPA 139 (Neblina), subjected to different drying air tempe- ratures and stored under ambient conditions for 180 days. 232 Agron. Colomb. 38(2) 2020 temperature increment of up to 50°C on the shoot length of bean seedlings. Shoot length may be an indicator of seed vigor, since vigor is related to the seed’s ability to nourish the embryo, cul- minating in longer seedlings (Marcos Filho, 2015). Thus, the reduction in shoot length observed with the increase in drying temperature may be related to the thermal dam- ages caused to the embryonic axis or to the reduction of reserves that can be observed in the 1000-seed weight and hectoliter weight of seeds. The use of the alternating temperature provided better results for germination, germination first count, and ger- mination speed index when compared to drying using only the temperature of 50ºC. Electrical conductivity showed better results in relation to the temperatures of 40 and 50ºC, when applied individually. However, the results for vigor, measured by the accelerated ageing test and shoot length obtained with alternating temperatures were simi- lar to those obtained when using the highest temperature individually (50ºC). These results demonstrate that the use of high temperatures leads to a reduction in the physiological quality of black oat seeds even when they are alternated with low temperatures, since the analysis of seeds dried at a lower temperature (30°C) showed the best results. Conclusions The physical quality of black oat seeds reduces with stor- age time, regardless of the drying temperature. However, an increase in drying temperature can cause immediate damages to the physical quality of the seeds. The physiological quality of black oat seeds increases throughout storage until dormancy is overcome, regard- less of the drying temperature. However, after dormancy is overcome, the physiological quality of seeds is reduced. The physiological quality of black oat seeds tends to suf- fer latently the negative inf luence of the rise of the drying temperature. Thus, the increase in the drying temperature intensifies the loss of quality throughout storage. Dry black oat seeds with alternating drying temperatures (40-50ºC) showed lower physical and physiological qual- ity than seeds dried at temperatures up to 40ºC, but they showed better quality when compared to seeds dried at a temperature of 50ºC. Acknowledgments The authors want to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for supporting this research and providing a scholarship to the second author. Literature cited Afonso Júnior, P.C. and P.C. Corrêa. 2000. Efeitos imediato e latente da secagem de sementes de feijão colhidas com diferentes níveis de umidade. Ciênc. Agrotec. 24, 33-40. Afrakhteh, S., E. Frahmandfar, A. Hamidi, and H.D. Ramandi. 2013. Evaluation of growth characteristics and seedling vigor in two cultivars of soybean dried under different temperature and f luidized bed dryer. Intl. J. Agri. Crop Sci. 5(21), 2537-2544. Botelho, F.M., S.J. Granella, S. de C. Campos Botelho, and T.R.B. Garcia. 2015. Inf luência da temperatura de secagem sobre as propriedades físicas dos grãos de soja. Revista Engenharia Agricultura 23(3), 212-219. Doi: 10.13083/1414-3984/reveng. v23n3p212-219 Corrêa, P.C. and P.C. Afonso Júnior. 1999. Uso do teste de con- dutividade elétrica na avaliação dos danos provocados por diferentes taxas de secagem em sementes de feijão. Rev. Bras. Prod. Agroind. 1(1), 21-26. Deliberali, J., M. Oliveira, A. Durigon, A.R.G. Dias, L.C. Gutkoski, and M.C. Elias. 2010. Efeitos de processo de secagem e tempo de armazenamento na qualidade tecnológica de trigo. Ciênc. Agro- tec. 34(5), 1285-1292. Doi: 10.1590/S1413-70542010000500029 Eichelberger, L. and J.A. Portella. 2003. Secagem de grãos de milho em secador de leito fixo: danos físicos. Pesq. Agrop. Gaúcha 9(1-2), 85-91. Ferrari Filho, E., L.E.G. Antunes, R. Gotardi, R.G. Dionello, P.A.R. Petry, and G.P. Barreto. 2012. Qualidade de grãos de trigo submetidos a diferentes condições de armazenamento. Pesq. Agrop. Gaúcha 18(1), 25-35. Ferrazza, J.M., A.B. Soares, T.N. Martin, A.L. Assmann, F. Miglio- rini, and V. Nicola. 2013. Dinâmica de produção de forragem de gramíneas anuais de inverno em diferentes épocas de semeadura. Cienc. Rural. 43(7), 1174-1181. Doi: 10.1590/ S0103-84782013005000086 Fontaneli, R.S., H.P. Santos, and R.S. Fontaneli. 2012. Forrageiras para integração lavoura-pecuária-f loresta na região sul-bra- sileira. Embrapa, Brasilia. Garcia, D.C., A.C.S.A. Barros, S.T. Peske, and N.L. Menezes. 2004. A secagem de sementes. Cienc. Rural 34(2), 603-608. Doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782004000200045 Grzybowski, C.R.S., R. Farinacio, and M. Panobianco. 2015. Reduc- tion in the period for evaluation of the physiological quality of newly harvested black oat seeds. J. Seed Sci. 37, 244-248. Doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v37n4149431 Lupatini, G.C., J. Restle, R.Z. Vaz, A.V. Valente, C. Roso, and F.N. Vaz. 2013. Produção de bovinos de corte em pastagem de aveia preta e azevém submetida à adubação nitrogenada. Ci. Anim. Bras. 14(2), 164-171. Doi: 10.5216/cab.v14i2.21068 233Scariot, Pasinato, Galon, Gomes Dionello, and Radünz: Immediate and latent damages of drying temperature in the quality of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) seeds Maguire, J.D. 1962. Velocidade de germinação na seleção e avaliação de emergência e vigor de plântulas. Crop Sci. 2(1), 176-177. Marcos Filho, J., S.M. Cícero, and W.R. Silva. 1987. Avaliação da qualidade de sementes. Fealq, Piracicaba, Brazil. Marcos Filho, J. 2015. Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Sci. Agric. 72(4), 363-374. Doi: 10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0007 McDonald, M.B. 1999. Seed deterioration: Physiology repair and assessment. Seed Sci. Technol. 27(1), 177-237. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. 2009. Regras para análise de sementes. MAPA/SDA/ACS, Brasilia. Mira, S., E. Estrelles, M.E. González-Benito, and F. Corbineau. 2011. Biochemical changes induced in seeds of Brassicaceae wild species during ageing. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33, 1803-1809. Doi: 10.1007/s11738-011-0719-7 Nakagawa, J. 1994. Testes de vigor baseados na avaliação das plântu- las. pp. 49-85. In: Vieira, R.D. and N.M. Carvalho (eds.). Testes de vigor em sementes. FUNEP, Jaboticabal, Brazil. Nakagawa, J., C. Cavariani, and M.M. Castro. 2004. Armazenamen- to de sementes de aveia preta produzidas em solos de diferentes fertilidades. Rev. Bras. Sementes 26(2), 07-14. Doi: 10.1590/ S0101-31222004000200002 Oliveira, L.C., L.C. Gutkoski, M.C. Elias, S. Mazzutti, E. Aosani, and J.C. Rocha. 2010. Efeito da temperatura de secagem na qualidade de grãos de aveia branca. Ciênc. Agrotec. 34(2), 313-319. Doi: 10.1590/S1413-70542010000200007 Scariot, M.A., G. Tiburski, F.W. Reichert Júnior, L.L. Radünz, and M.R.R. Meneguzzo. 2017a. Moisture content at harvest and drying temperature on bean seed quality. Pesq. Agropec. Trop. 47(1), 93-101. Doi: 10.1590/1983-40632016v4743135 Scariot, M.A., L.L. Radünz, R.G. Dionello, I. Müller, and P.M. A l meid a . 2 017b. Phy siolog ic a l per for ma nc e of whe at seeds as a f unction of moisture content at har vest and storage system. Pesq. Agropec. Trop. 47(4), 456-464. Doi: 10.1590/1983-40632017v4749550 Scariot, M.A., L.L. Radünz, R.G. Dionello, J.R. Toni, A.J. Mossi, and F.W. Reichert Júnior. 2018. Quality of wheat grains harvested with different moisture contents and stored in hermetic and conventional system. J. Stored Prod. Res. 75, 29-34. Doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2017.11.005 Schuch, L.O.B., E.M. Kolchinski, and L.D. Cantarelli. 2008. Relação entre a qualidade de sementes de aveia-preta e a produção de forragem e de sementes. Sci. Agr. 9(1), 1-6. Doi: 10.5380/rsa. v9i1.10125 Tunes, L.M., A.C.S.A. Barros, P.G. Badinelli, and D.C. Garcia. 2010. Armazenabilidade de sementes de cevada colhidas em diferentes épocas. Biosci. J. 26(3), 403-412. Wang, W., A. He, S. Peng, J. Huang, K. Cui, and L. Nie. 2018. The effect of storage condition and duration on the deterioration of primed rice seeds. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1-17. Doi: 10.3389/ fpls.2018.00172 Wolschick, N.H., F.T. Barbosa, I. Bertol, K.F. Santos, R.S. Werner, and B. Bagio. 2016. Cobertura do solo, produção de biomassa e acúmulo de nutrientes por plantas de cobertura. Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. 15(2), 134-143. Doi: 10.5965/223811711522016134 Zucareli, C., C.R. Brzezinski, J. Abati, F. Werner, E.U. Ramos Júnior, and J. Nakagawa. 2015. Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão carioca armazenadas em diferentes ambientes. R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental 19(8), 803-809. Doi: 10.1590/1807-1929/ agriambi.v19n8p803-809