PEACE JOURNALISM TRANSMISSIONS IN CASE OF PAPUA STUDENTS BY “NU ONLINE” Lukman Hakim* Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kediri Keywords: NU Online; Papuan Student; Peace Journalism http://ejournal.iainsurakarta.ac.id/al-balagh Correspondence: e-mail: *lukmanhakim@iainkediri.ac.id Abstract This article aims to analyze how NU online frames a Papuan case from 19 to 20 August 2019. NU Online’s coverage is analyzed for news content and its efforts to understand, interpret, and implement peace journalism to alleviate tensions and conflicts. The concept of peace journalism is important to study and implement comprehensively. It seeks to be objective in presenting information and not provocative to minimize the potential for subsequent conflict. Entman framing analysis is used as the research method because it can see the reality constructs done by media by examining the process for selection and highlighting a particular aspect. Therefore, the main data were taken from NU Online coverage related to a Papuan college student’s case. Through the content, the framing of NU Online editorial could be seen. Meanwhile, the conclusion of this research was that NU Online, as the official media of Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama had a coverage orientation that emphasized harmony and peace. Angle choice, title drafting, diction use, and source choice highlighted that NU Online focused on the aim to alleviate as well as support conflict solving. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) 160 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kecenderungan penerapan konsep jurnalisme damai pada pemberitaan kasus mahasiswa Papua yang disajikan oleh NU Online dari 19 hingga 20 Agustus 2019. Pemberitaan NU Online dibedah dengan menganalisis isi berita dan upayanya dalam memahami, memaknai dan mengimplementasikan jurnalisme damai untuk meredakan ketegangan dan konflik. Konsep jurnalisme damai penting untuk dipelajari dan diimplementasikan secara komprehensif, karena berusaha objektif dalam menyajikan informasi dan tidak provokatif sehingga dapat minimalisir potensi konflik susulan. Analisis framing Entman digunakan sebagai metode penelitian karena dapat melihat konstruksi realitas yang dilakukan media dengan mencermati proses seleksi dan menonjolkan aspek tertentu. Data utama diambil dari konten pemberitaan NU Online mengenai kasus mahasiswa Papua. Melalui konten tersebut, dapat diketahui bentuk pembingkaian redaksi NU Online. Adapun kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah NU Online sebagai media resmi PBNU memiliki orientasi pemberitaan yang menekankan pada kerukunan dan perdamaian. Pemilihan angle, penyusunan judul, penggunaan diksi dan pemilihan narasumber menegaskan bahwa NU Online fokus pada tujuan meredakan sekaligus mendorong penyelesaian konflik. Kata kunci: NU Online; mahasiswa Papua; jurnalisme damai How to cite this (APA 7th Edition): Hakim, L. (2021). Peace Journalism Transmissions In Case Of Papua Students By “NU Online”. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 6(1). 159 – 212 https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 INTRODUCTION Demonstrative actions massively happened in Manokwari, Sorong, and Jayapura on 19 August 2019. It then became a chaos, precisely in Manokwari. Some public facilicities and buildings were destroyed because of the riot. The people protested by burning used tires and blockading the roads with twigs in some areas (Haryanti, 2019). 161Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) It began from the allegation of a red and white flag that was destroyed at the Papuan student dormitory at Jalan Kalasan Surabaya. It was then followed by the encirclement and raid done by the officers on 17 August 2019, the 74th commemmeration of independence day of the Republic of Indonesia. The police investigated 43 Papuan students in Metrapolitan Police Surabaya. The investigation took place from 18.00 to 23.00. The Papuan students were sent back home the next day, at midnight at 00.00 on 18 August 2019. On the other hand, the spokes person for the Indonesian People’s Front for West Papua (Front Rakyat Indonesia untuk West Papua, hence FRI- WP) Surya Anta regretted the attack and encirclement of Papuan student dormitory by the security forces and some mass organizations. He thought that the officers previously did not do a thorough investigation related to the red and white flag desecration. In addition, the officers also seemed to have ignored the reactionary mass organizations that were involved in the encirclement. Furthermore, the encirclement used tear gas and damaged some dormitory facilities. There were reports of some racist slurs with word of “monkey” directed at the Papuan students. It was unknown who did the racist remarks since the police officers were still doing some investigation (CNN Indonesia, 2019b). Social media were full of netizens’ posts about the red and white flag desecration but varied information about the persecution of the Papuan students made it difficult to verify the accuracy of the narratives. The news quickly spread out on social media and WhatsApp groups. It was difficult to confirm because it did not contain verified sources and the news played a role in worsening the situation. Some viral posts in social media that were quickly responded by the government as hoaxes were as follows: 162 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Figure 1. Hoax Messages Related To The Red And White Flag Desecration. The conflict scale turned out larger, happening not only in Surabaya and Malang. The tension increased and rock-throwing happened between Papuan students and community organizations in Semarang and Makassar. Solidarity was shown by the Papuan students performing peaceful demonstration in several cities in Indonesia, including the largest ones in Bandung and Medan (CNN Indonesia, 2019). NU Online was one of the media focusing on reporting the Papuan student case. The news on NU Online were disseminated to other channels on other social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The role that was played by NU Online was significant as this medium was the official medium of PBNU (Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama) known as the biggest Islamic organization which aimed to carry a peaceful vision. Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama (PBNU or The Board Committee of Nahdlatul Ulama) or what is widely known as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU or literally means renaissance of religious scholars) was established on 31 January 1926 as a representation from the ulama or muslim leaders of Indonesia. NU becomes the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, embracing Islamic concept that is full of peace, harmony, and love in facing the diversity either in terms of religion or nation (Anam, 2010). In the context of coverage, NU Online becomes the only official coverage channel of Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama (PBNU). 163Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Launched since 11 July 2003, NU Online has been widely known by the society. In 2015, it had been accessed for about 800 times every hour or 6.9 million times in a year. The editor also keeps trying to enhance the quality and quantity of the news articles. At the beginning there were only three to five articles per day that were uploaded. At the moment, NU Online targets at least one article per hour (Faiz, 2016). NU Online keeps developing until it becomes the people’s references in understanding Islamic knowledge. Even in July 2020, NU Online became the first Islamic web in Indonesia based on Alexa rank. NU Online management improvement was started right after NU Congress was held in Jombang in 2013. The important thing that was improved started from the target, readers’ segmentation, task distribution, and team solidarity. Not long after, the quick improvement was started to be recognized by many especially the NU Online innovation in various social media platforms, such as Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook. NU Online’s step to share the news and produce some contents in social media expands the reach to the society (Hakim, 2021). At the beginning, NU Online existed only to fulfil the practical needs in the efforts of information dissemination and interregional consolidation, recalling that at the time NU cadres had spread to 31 provinces with a total of 400 branches reached. In addition to that, there are also some NU Special Branch Administrators (Pengurus Cabang Istimewa NU, hence PCI NU) in some countries (Mun’im, 2008). To optimize all of the potentials, NU Online’s presence is needed. NU Online has created branch offices in in five provinces with the densest population in Indonesia which are East Java, Central Java, West Java Banten, and Lampung. There are one to two contributors that are given tasks to do news coverage in each regency/city. NU Online becomes a means to disseminate information, ideas, and notions of Nahdlatul Ulama (Nahdlatul religious scholars). The values of ahlussunnah wal jamaah (Adherents to the Sunnah and the community) 164 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) that have been the guide and direction of NU are reflected in the NU figures’ of views in responding a problem. The value is tasamuh (an Arabic word, meaning tolerance) that means tolerance, mutual respect, and mutual appreciation to other humans to fulfil their rights (Ibrahim, 2002). It also means being tolerant in different views, either in religious matters, especially furu’iyah (an Arabic word, meaning differences) things and khilafiyah (an Arabic word, meaning different views) matters, as well as in socio and cultural matters (Harits, 2010). Tawasuth (an Arabic word, meaning middle) is a way to take the middle path for two different views. In taking this middle path it is also followed by moderate attitude that keeps giving dialogical room for those who are different (Zuhri, 2010). Tawazun (an Arabic word, meaning balance) is a balanced attitude in serving Allah SWT, other human beings, and the surrounding environment (Harits, 2010). Meanwhile i’tidal (an Arabic word, meaning perpendicular) means perpendicular, do not tends to the extreme nor liberal views (Shiddiq, 2005). The four principles of ahlussunnah wal jamaah aforementioned become the guides in reporting and publishing news. All news writing processes starting from diction choice, title decision, source decision, and the point of view are not allowed to be out of the principles and ideology of Nahdlatul Ulama. It is not only applied for news rubric, but all of the rubrics in NU Online such as opinions, interviews, figures, sermons, references, bahtsul masail (Arabic words, meaning problem discussion), and other rubrics. Being balanced, moderate, fair, and in the middle in presenting news finds its relevancy in the context of challenges of hate speeches, hoaxes, and controversies. The unaccountable information disseminates very fast that it may cause misleading provocation. At a certain point, the news makes the condition worst and contributes to uncontrolled violence. 165Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) As the official PBNU media, all of the coverages were written considering the objective and authoritative principle and the advantage. The last principle was the implementation of khittah Nahdliyah (Arabic words, meaning Nahdlatul Ulama’s principles) and ahlussunnah wal jamaah values. Especially for conflict coverage, NU Online tried to prioritize a way out and reconciliation to defuse the tension. By presenting peaceful news, the people were expected to gain insights and restrengthen the social connection among the citizens. On a practical level, to strengthen the khittah nahdliyah’s knowledge as the major guide of reporting, the journalists and editors in each region consistently got guidance and knowledge of NU. This became a means to enhance the journalistic knowledge related to the khittah nahdliyah and ahlussunnah wal jamaah principles. When reporting on the ground, their intuition would choose the angle, diction, and form sentences that referred to the principles highlighted by the PBNU (Hakim, 2021). Therefore, NU Online is very careful in covering conflict and violent cases. NU Online presents news content as in the PBNU organization attempt to contain peaceful messages, open a room for public dialogue, and defuse the conflict. This aims for the readers to get comprehensive and open perspectives in responding to a problem. Besides, the country’s wholeness, social harmony, and brotherhood are seen as invaluable treasures. The position of NU Online does not merely bring peaceful messages and intergroup relationships within Muslim communities but in a broader context to protect the unity and integrity of the country. NU Online delivered no less than 10 news articles relating to the Papuan student case between 17 August 2019 and 21 August 2019. However, in this study the researcher focused on four news articles published between 19 August 2019 and 20 August 2019. The choice of the four news articles was based on the publication time that was the tensest period since the conflict started to spread in various cities in 166 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Indonesia. In addition, the four news articles chosen had already fulfilled the representation and significance element of peace journalism, so they were worthy of analyzing thoroughly as samples. The news choice based on time, case development, the impact of the conflict, representation, and significance did not lessen the completeness of the NU Online coverage in portraying the Papuan student case. NU Online editorial policy in reporting the Papuan student case was by stressing objectivity, accommodating the interests of the involved parties in the conflict, and avoiding provocative and rude words. These features are in line with the peace journalism concept that stresses problem-solving without lessening or eliminating the facts on the ground. Peace journalism tries to show a more accurate, balanced, wide, and fair overview in analyzing a conflict. The peace journalism concept is just the same as health journalism. Meanwhile, war journalism is analogous to sports journalism. War journalism focuses on the victory or is known by the term zero-sum game, in which there might be something won by A but at the same time there was loss in B. This journalism genre accentuates the win-lose concept. On the other hand, descalation of conflict and win- win solution points are the focus in peace journalism (Lynch, 2007). Media are the biggest means in contributing information to the public. The rampant issues circulating make media become more diligent in playing their role to fulfil the public’s needs towards factual news. The issues sometimes position the media to create a propaganda that implicates on the progress and fame of the media that actually follow the commercial media principles (Nusyur, 2017). Furthermore, at this time almost all of online media use social networks such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. It is considered necessary to help disseminate the news so people will get the news faster since it was all over the social media platforms. Various people’s reaction can directly be expressed on the comment sections. Using share and retweet features for example, the news could spread very fast in seconds. 167Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) With their power, mass media are able to continually report the conflict reality. However, conflict coverage that is reported in propaganda, unbalanced, and partial format for the sake of rating and media’s benefits becomes everyone’s concern. As the journalistic spearhead, the journalist’s role becomes essential to understand the peace journalism principles. While there have been studies on peace journalism, there was no specific study discussing the peace journalism done by Islamic media organization, in this case PBNU in particular, that portrayed the conflict involving the Papuan people. So far, peace journalism studies covered mainstream media and religious conflicts as the research objects. Previous studies on peace journalism, for example, were the studies done by Rindang Senja Andarini. Through her research, she explained that Jawa Pos Daily did not implement peace journalism in reporting violent conflict case on Indonesian Ahmadiyah Community in Cikeusik. Jawa Pos Daily, on the other hand, emphasized Indonesian Ahmadiyah Community as the cause of people’s assault. Furthermore, Jawa Pos Daily did not use peace journalism in writing the news which was proved by dramatizing the case excessively, choosing an unbalanced source, and using inappropriate diction for the victims (Andarini, 2014). Christiany Juditha wrote about the implementation of peace journalism in religious conflict news of Tolikara in Tempo.co. Even though in general Tempo.co could deliver the news according to the online journalism principle that prioritized speed and accuracy, there was weakness as there was no explanation from the parties that were directly involved in the conflict. Juditha mentioned that the media should be able to implement peace journalism in the conflict case coverage particularly in religious conflict. Although being expected to be fast and actual, online media journalists should not forget the journalism principles especially the truth of the news. Each journalist reporting in the conflict area needs to stay critical and empathetic (Juditha, 2016). 168 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Dimas Bagus Laksono researched the practice of peace journalism of the interfaith people of Islam and Christianity at Poso conflict in Republika Daily. Dimas concluded that Republika Daily always showed Islamic people’s demands proportionately more compared to the Christians. Republika Daily in general did not implement peace journalism especially on the aspects of using subjective opinion, mentioning the name of the conflicting parties, and showing conflict loss (Laksono, 2017). The reality construction process that was done by the media would determine what label is embedded in an incident. Giving a conflict label as ”violent” and relating it to a religious background were frequently done by the media without understanding the actual root of the problems. Such media is biased and reports violence by framing the conflict based on their subjective perspective. This is the process that causes religious-based violence rises (Mubarok, 2013). The newness presented by this research is the implementation of peace journalism by Islamic media NU Online in racial case that was experienced by Papuan students which intersected with disintegration issue. This study also used Entman’s framing analysis (1993) to deepen the review and analysis, elaborated with Galtung’s peace journalism concept. Peace journalism is defined as an activity to report an event with a larger, balanced, and accurate frame and the information of the conflict and the changes that happened. Peace journalism exists when the editors and the reporters decide on peaceful choices relating to the news reported and how to report it. Peaceful means that the coverage creates opportunities for most people to consider and appreciate the responses without violence towards the conflict (McGoldrick & Lynch, 2000). Peace journalism sees a controversy as a problem and tries to find the solution by reporting it, highlighting that the result of controversy or violence may cause destruction and psychological, cultural, and structural loss for the group society as a victim of the conflict. News 169Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) report with peace journalism approach is expected to be helpful in peace effort and reconciliation within a conflict, as it opens the eyes and heart of the conflicting parties, showing them that there is actually no party benefiting from the conflict and helping them to understand the conflict comprehensively by prioritizing solution as the best way out. Unfortunately, peace journalism practice nowadays is hard to find. Media have political preference that may influence the news coverage so it may also lead the people’s opinion. Murdock & Golding (1992) state that media do not only have socio-economic function, but what is rarely seen is implementing the ideological function that could unconsciously influence public’s understanding. More than that, the mass media have other roles which are the issue intensifier using perspective that is built within coverage. Conflict can immediately be suppressed or, in contrast, escalated as one of the causes is the coverage published in the media (Setiati, 2005). Peace journalism in Indonesia must not admittedly be considered as the main stream yet. The implementation is frequently used when needed only, especially in the news content related to diversity issues or a certain conflict. This is based on the quotation of the main research source, the general head of Alliance of Independent Journalists (Aliansi Jurnalis Independen/AJI), Abdul Manan (Angjaya, Susanto, & Siswoko, 2019). Some of the causes that hinder the implementation of peace journalism is the media capital ownership problem that is mainly owned by political actors. Even though the journalists are expected to be objective, not opinion-based, and neutral but in producing news they can do fact construction that is gained on the ground. This is similar to the interests of the media ownership that are more prominent than the public interests. In this context, the message delivered could be in the form of manipulated facts (Shoemaker & Reese, 2014; Shoemaker & Reese, 1991). Another cause is the rating competition and news readability. 170 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Herman and Chomsky (Hackett, 2007) mention that current mass media have war journalism characteristics. In seeing a controversy, they always use negative words. In contrast, they employ positive words to support their own parties. They even choose the news worthiness of a topic based on media’s competition, ideology, and other threatening or unrelated matters with their business (Hackett, 2007). The implementation of peace journalism that has not run well produces unbalanced information. The media have a job to educate, inform, control, and entertain society. Media should not become a part of conflict, being in a conflict situation, or be a conflict instigator. Papuan conflict coverage was one of the conflicts that is related to ethnicity, religion, race, and inter-group relations issue, an unsolved conflict and always gets mass media coverage. This was because the conflict had high news value as sometimes there were victims and damages (Ishawara, 2011). It was, however, unfortunate since most of the Papuan coverage included the red and white flag desecration, and there were still a lot of media that used terms that inflicted negative stigma. For example, the Papuan student case contained words such as “stubborn”, “do anarchist action”, “make riots”, without enough support of data and information. There was also news that contained unbalanced information by not asking the alleged parties who did the riot to give their opinion. The fact stressed that mass media were not sensitive enough with the situation by raising ethnic issues. Such angle choice showed that ignorance of the peace journalism principle in conflict cases could trigger subsequent problems that caused larger impacts. This was in line with the press release issued by the Alliance of Independent Journalists (Aliansi Jurnalis Independen/AJI) requesting and suggesting the journalists and media to obey the journalistic ethic code in reporting and producing news. Article 8 of the Journalistic Ethic Code reminds the journalists and media to “not write or release news based on prejudice or discrimination 171Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) towards someone because of the diversity of ethnic, race, skin color, religion, gender, and language and not despise the weak, poor, sick, and mentally as well as physically disabled”. The attitude is shown by not easily believing unverified information from anyone. In news writing, justifying racial discrimination to whoever the actor is should be avoided (Manan, 2019). METHODS The approach used in this study is qualitative. Entman framing analysis is used as the research method because it can see the reality constructs done by media by examining the process for selection and highlighting a particular aspect. Therefore, the primary data were taken from NU Online coverage related to a Papuan college student’s case. Through the content, the framing direction of NU Online editorial could be seen. There is four news that is researched, entitled: “Defusing Conflict, Increasing the Cooperation Among the People” (“Redam Konflik, Perlu Tingkatkan Kerjasama Antarwarga”), “Head of East Java Ansor Order the Members to Protect Papuanese in East Java” (“Ketua Ansor Jatim Perintahkan Anggotanya Lindungi Warga Papua Di Jawa Timur”), “Papua Case, Don’t Provoke nor Get Provoked” (“Terkait Kasus Papua, Jangan Memprovokasi atau Terprovokasi”), “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”). This is important to see how NU Online frames an issue by considering various factors that affect it. Entman uses framing to portray the selection process and highlight certain aspects from the reality of the media. The emphasis in this term can be defined as making information transparent, meaningful, and easy to remember by people. The emphasized information is likely more accepted by the people, as it is more pronounced and is saved in the memory than the one presented casually. The emphasis can be done by positioning a more prominent, noticeable aspect of information 172 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) compared to others and information repetition that is considered essential or connected to a cultural aspect that is familiar with people’s thoughts (Entman, 1993). Then, the results using Entman framing would be reviewed using the peace journalism perspective by Johan Galtung that sticks to four main elements, which are truth, people, peace, and solving. The subjects of this study are three news articles from NU Online media about the Papuan students’ case. Four peace journalism dimensions are equipped with analysis unit and categorization to identify the implementation of peace journalism in a medium. These can be seen in the following table: Table 1. Unit Of Analysis And Categorization Of Peace Journalism Study (McGoldrick & Lynch, 2000) Peace Journalism Dimension Unit Of Analysis Categorization Peace-oriented Focus and angle Seeing a conflict or war as a problem that needs solution, and seeing other sides of the conflict that highlight a solution. People-oriented 1. The root of the problem 2. Sources 3. Conflicting parties 4. How far the media show the conflict loss as a reflection for peace 5. Showing a wise figure outside the conflict circle 1. Seeing the cause and effect in various places and times as well as tracing the conflict history and others 2. Giving spaces for voices to all conflicting parties in balance 3. Not covering any truth (all of the conflicting parties are mentioned) 4. Journalists give moral claim that the conflict only affects the society’s loss 5. Journalists attract and highlight the peace effort in the society 173Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Peace Journalism Dimension Unit Of Analysis Categorization Truth-oriented 1. Opinion 2. Diction 1. Not mixing subjective opinion with news 2. Not using word choices “we- they” or words and sentences that lead to provocation Solution- oriented Offered Solution 1. Highlighting the peace initiative and trying to avoid war 2. Highlighting structural and cultural society that is peaceful 3. Continuation: resolution, reconstruction, and reconciliation RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Framing On Papuan Student Case The facts that were emphasized by NU Online related to the Papuan student case focused on three things which was first, the cause of the problem must be seen clearly and completely. In the first up to fourth article, it was mentioned that the Papuan student case was purely a criminal case and did not need to be pulled into the referendum issue, or cause a crack in inter-religion relationship. One of the news values is prominence. News values are measured from the size of an incident or its importance. The incident is considered important (Eriyanto, 2012). The Papuan student case had expanded to several big cities in Indonesia and damaged many public facilities. Anarchist actions followed the popularity of Papuan student case in Papua Province and it was selling news and was used by online media to increase the hit or page views count. Through ideology indoctrination about the common enemy, various tensions that were felt by the Papuan students systematically formed different perspectives about Indonesia. In the end, the concept of “we” 174 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) through the “friend” and “enemy” terminology became stronger, too. This was a country’s defeat and failure factor in convincing Papuanese to be a part of the nation. Therefore, it also caused a more massive human rights violence issue and democracy space silencing that was unsolved in their life (Hutubessy & Engel, 2019). West Papuan conflict could not be analyzed in only one perspective, but all sides must be accommodated. For example, the government saw Free Papua Movement as a rebellious movement. Still, on the other hand, Free Papua Movement considered Indonesia as colonizers, although the Free Papua Movement leader realized that the current situation perpetuated oppression (Webb-Gannon, 2017). The joint operation of police and military’s success had not indicated success in limiting the move of the Free Papua Movement. One of the causes was that the police frequently used terms that underestimated the surrounding people and there was racial habitual generalization in identifying the members of Free Papua Movement just based on the skin color and place of living. Other cause was that the central government tended to ignore the human rights violation in Papua and many were unsolved. Economical development was not enough to gain the symphaty and support from the Papuanese (Syailendra, 2019). The Papuan case could not be solved only by improving the infrastructures and exploring natural resources. The initial action needed to be taken giving respect and appreciation to the Papuanese, including the surrounding cultures (Hadiprayitno, 2017). The West Papua’s struggle to achieve independence must go through a peaceful and fair path (Webb-Gannon, 2014). The negotiation moves could be a way out. The negotiation process must be done to defuse the tension. In this term, the government should give a vast negotiation space and pay attention to the Papuan local wisdom to prevent things that lead to human rights violence. The companies that run the project on the land related to the people must 175Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) take further notice of society’s rights, compensation, and basic facilities (Hadiprayitno, 2015). It was mentioned that the demonstration wave from Papuanese in various cities in Indonesia was a form of dissatisfaction for the racial treatment and raids by the officers. Therefore, the only way to answer the dissatisfaction was by firm action to anyone violating the rule, either by the Papuan students accused of desecrating the red and white flag or the officers and citizens who committed racial discrimination. In the written news, NU Online always put in direct quotes. Granato (2002) stated that direct quotes are essential in describing the subjects’ personality because the quotes show word choices and patterns from reading. How the sources speak can show the readers the main subject effectively compared to exposition or description only from the writers about the main subject. In the News Article 3, NU Online directly quoted from the Head of Ansor Youth Movement (Gerakan Pemuda Ansor/GP Ansor) of East Java, Syafiq Syauqi, to maintain, protect, and shelter the Papuan brothers. In addition, Syafiq also mentioned through the direct quote, “We are with Papua and Papua is Indonesia. Indonesia is home for all.” The sentence tried to show emotion or feeling that Papuanese felt to the readers by trying to represent them (Granato, 2002). Secondly, NU Online, through the published news, tried to defuse the anger and tension. This could clearly be seen in News Article 3 asking all parties to refrain and not be easily provoked. Indonesia, with all its diversity, must be protected together for harmony and peace. Meanwhile, News Article 4 delivered a message that all people must be seen equally without excluding any party, let alone underestimating and cursing other parties by racial slurring. That was not in line with the spirit of nationality that was campaigned all this time. Framing on a topic, either individual, group, or organization can decide roles as protagonists, antagonists, or viewers. When an idea, 176 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) issue, action, or event that the public did not know was framed, the interpretation could be arranged by the frame (Reese, 2001). Based on the theory, the researcher saw that NU Online constructed all parties’ importance to protect a safe and peaceful condition. The chaotic situation was the provocateur’s goal. The four articles published by NU Online used different word choices to portray the invaluable unity of the nation. In the public arena, various issues and social problems such as violence and conflict are always presented in numerous perspectives by the reporting media. Media do not merely present a meaningless sequence of letters or pictures, but they act as a messenger more than that. As a medium, media could also position themselves as the actors in defining the social reality and choosing what issues are considered essential and relevant (Santosa, 2016). The strength and hegemony of mass media in leading the discourse in society is no longer doubtful. Through a sequence of the mass communication process, media could influence and control the society’s attitude in seeing an issue, including conflict issues that affect inter-religion relationships (Rengkaningtyas, 2017). Especially in News Article 2, the narration that was emphasized was the action done by one of the East Java citizens. One of the officers committing racial discrimination was not representative of the East Java people. In contrast, the East Java people had been used to living peacefully and harmonically with all ethnicities. In particular, the head of the Ansor Youth Movement (Gerakan Pemuda Ansor/GP Ansor) of East Java ordered the community to protect the Papuanese in all East Java to avoid unwanted matters. Thirdly, the last emphasis can be seen on all news articles focusing on a solution by increasing the narration and explanation that the Papuan student case became the police’s authority that would be handled professionally. The descriptions of News Article 1 to 4 had the same overall 177Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) message: all the investigation process was expected to be transparent, fair, and non-discriminatory. If seen in detail, each news had its own solution formulation proposal. For example, in News Article 1, in framing the news done by NU Online, the solving efforts offered were the improvement in cooperation. In addition, the local wisdom or cultural kinship could also be a way to solve the conflict. In News Article 2, the solving emphasis was to ask the government, especially the security officers, to handle the case and avoid controversy wisely. Diversity must be a strength to build unity, not disunity. The peace and safety we have got up to nowadays resulted from the sense of respect and belonging among different ethnicities, religions, and races. Meanwhile, in News Article 3, the offered solution was Papuan society’s dignity rehabilitation. Racial action was a form of insult to dignity, so it must be recovered by asking for forgiveness and fair law enforcement. News Article 4 asked the officers to be wiser in responding to matters persuasively because by doing that, the case could be solved. Peace-oriented As First Dimension Of Peace Journalism Practice Of NU Online In Papuan Student Case According to Galtung, the peace-oriented approach in peace journalism is when the published news tries to see a conflict/war as a problem that needs to find a solution and considers other forms of conflict that do not use violence (Cottle, 2006). The research results showed that from four news articles published by NU Online, all directed to the peace- oriented approach. It means the news published by NU Online tried to stress the peace efforts. These efforts could be seen on some news articles posted either on 19 August 2019 or 20 August July 2019, in which the titles led to case handling, for example, “Defusing Conflict, Increasing Cooperation 178 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Among People” (“Redam Konflik, Perlu Tingkatkan Kerjasama Antarwarga”). At the beginning, the news directly quoted the statement from the Head of Religios Research and Development Jakarta, Nurudin Sulaiman, who clearly stated that to defuse the conflict in the grass root society level, not to mention the crash that happened in West Papua, Surabaya, and Malang, cooperation needed to be improved. Other news also led to peace efforts, for example news with the titles “The Head of East Java Ansor Order the Member to Protect Papuanese in East Java” (“Ketua Ansor Jatim Perintahkan Anggotanya Lindungi Warga Papua Di Jawa Timur”), “Related to Papua Case, Do Not Provoke or Get Provoked” (“Terkait Kasus Papua, Jangan Memprovokasi atau Terprovokasi”) and “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”). Using news focus and angle, it could be seen that NU Online took a position to make peace and reassure audiences in reporting the Papuan student case. For example, in the news entitled “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”), NU Online quoted an academic statement from a Papuan researcher, Ahmad Suaedy, who asked all parties not to get emotional and engage objectively. “All parties to refrain, to not be affected, and do a dialogue to find the solution,” said Suaedy. In the choice of title and the news lead description, the NU Online editor had led the readers on the importance of keeping the harmony of the nation under the unified nation, the Republic of Indonesia and Pancasila. The efforts done by NU Online were a step to minimalize the consequence of a diversed society sociologically that usually added to the tension in the social life arena, for example, the stability, harmony, intimacy, and competition even the conflict. The exclusive attitude that considered self as the best could cause the social problem in society. Therefore, the media’s role in defusing the tension is very significant (Hakim, 2018). 179Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) The ideological role of the media that must be taken into account was how the media positioned themselves as part of the conflict resolution process or peace building in a conflict situation. The media need to take a role by reporting matters that direct to the solution. Therefore, the media must stay professional and impartial, but that does not mean the media do not have bigger ideological goals for public interests, such as reporting in a friendly way and presenting comforting statements (Hendry, 2015). People-oriented As Second Dimension Of Peace Journalism Practice Of NU Online In Papuan Student Case People-oriented approach in peace journalism has its own analysis unit consisting of five parts which are problem root, source, conflicting actor, and how far the media showed the conflict loss as a reflection for peace as well as the wise figure outside the conflict circle. First, the root of the problem. The findings showed that the four news contents published in NU Online looked more at the cause and effect, conflict time, and the tracing of the conflict history. One of the news that showed the root of the problem is entitled “Related to Papua Case, Do Not Provoke or Get Provoked” (“Terkait Kasus Papua, Jangan Memprovokasi atau Terprovokasi”). The news source presented was the Head of Inter Religion Communication Home of East Java Province, HM. Misbahus Salam. He stressed that Papuan student case that ignited the demonstration wave in various cities in Indonesia started from racial statement from a certain party abusing the Papuan student identity because of the allegation of the red and white flag desecration followed by the raids in the Papuan student dormitory in Surabaya and Papuan student clash case in Malang. Salam in this news stated that the case handling became the key to defuse the Papuanese anger. In addition, the ‘dignity’ rehabilitation of Papuanese was also crucial with the allegation of racial expression from a certain party in abusing the Papuanese identity. According to him, the 180 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Papuan case was agitated, so carefulness was needed to handle anything related to Papuanese, except when there is the involvement of a criminal action. Second, source. Another people-oriented part is the source who gave balanced voice spaces to all conflicting actors. Unfortunately, the study results showed that the four news articles related to Papuan student case published in NU Online did not contain sources from the people who were directly conflicting. There was no interview with the perpetrators who were the alleged attackers and who got attacked. The sources presented in the news were only researchers, observers, religious figures, public figures, and central officials. The coverage only depicted the general situation and the cause of the Papuan student case as portrayed on the news lead “The Papuan student dormitory encirclement tragedy in Surabaya, East Java rises various people’s reactions. It was because the repressive and racial actions directed to them without any investigation towards the case allegation of red and white flag desecration alleged to some students”. The description appeared in the news entitled “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”). The media must do a balanced coverage about the conflict because the media have a significant contribution and role as light and comforter. In playing the role and function, the people driving the media must be competent. Because of that, the journalists and reporters must hold on to the ethical codes in doing the task (Santosa, 2017). The reporters must continue their function as public investigators that were widely termed as watchdog roles. Journalism that exposed anything hidden or concealed became essential (Hamna, 2017). When a conflict happened, the reporters must train their journalistic instincts in assessing each reported incident, so the news is written was 181Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) worthy of being consumed by the people. At least, the reporters did not ignite feud in society (Khoiruzzaman, 2016). It was considered necessary in the journalistic world, which was more complex as the technology advanced. The birth of many digital/social media gave easiness to the readers to access and make content. It had the potential to make the conflict bigger and uncontrolled (Lukacovic, 2016). Third, conflicting actors. At this point, the media should not hide the truth and mention all conflicting actors in each written news. The news published by NU Online fulfilled the requirements although it did not clearly mention each person’s name but used certain terms such as “certain students”, “police officers”, and others. The use of general terms without mentioning the names showed that the conflicting actors, either from the students or the police officers, were not parts of their community. Here were the news quotations that contained conflicting actors: The Papuan students got repressive treatments without thorough investigation from the police officers. The sentence appeared in the news entitled “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”). “Asking the police officers to stop all persecution actions that oppose the law and human rights, as well as enforcing the law for those who violate it including those who spread the hate speeches”. The direct quote appeared in the news entitled “Head of East Java Ansor Order the Members to Protect Papuanese in East Java” (“Ketua Ansor Jatim Perintahkan Anggotanya Lindungi Warga Papua Di Jawa Timur”). The quoted statement suggested all parties directly involved in the conflict refrain themselves and not get provoked. Anyone who violated the rules, including some people that spread hate speech, must get arrested. Fourth, how far the media show the conflict loss as a reflection for peace. Some news quoted the source’s statement that contained morale loss experienced by the people because of the conflict, among which were: 182 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) The Head of Cross-Religion Communication Home (Rumah Komunikasi Lintas Agama/RKLA) East Java Province, HM. Misbahus Salam hoped that all elements in the society could contribute to the serenity and peace of Papua. One of the ways was by not provoking or getting provoked by the case. This was because any provocation would spread quickly to other regions within minutes. “Be careful and do not provoke or get provoked. We have to protect Indonesian Country together since we live, eat, drink, and do activities in Indonesia,” he expressed. Sentences that stressed Indonesia was a home for all so it needed to be protected to avoid numerous provocations were potential in burning the people’s emotions. NU Online quoted many opinions showing messages that made the situation more peaceful. This could be seen in the news entitled “Related to Papua Case, Don’t Provoke nor Got Provoked” (“Terkait Kasus Papua, Jangan Memprovokasi atau Terprovokasi”). The same message delivered by NU Online in the news with different title was “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”). The Dean of Islam Nusantara Faculty Nahdlatul Ulama Indonesia University Jakarta reminded that all people must be seen equally without excluding any party, let alone underestimating and slurring other parties. “People should see other people equally, we should not underestimate an ethnic or certain religion and others,” stated the member of ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. Fifth, showing wise figures outside the conflict circle. All of the news published by NU Online related to Papuan student case involved wise figures outside the conflict circle such as researchers, observers, religious figures, public figures, and central officers, as seen in the following news statements: The Governor of East Java Khofifah Indar Parawansa asked for forgiveness directly to the public. The incident, she said, did not represent 183Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) East Java people in general. Meanwhile, The Papua Regional Committee Chief of Nahdlatul Ulama Ustaz Tony Victor Mandawin Wanggai asked the officer to be wiser in persuasively responding to the case. The quote clearly was the main message in the news entitled “Related to Papua Case, Researcher: All Parties Must Refrain” (“Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri”). It was the same with the news entitled “Defusing Conflict, Increasing the Cooperation Among the People” (“Redam Konflik, Perlu Tingkatkan Kerjasama Antarwarga”). The head of Jakarta Religious Research and Development, Nurudin Sulaiman, stated that defusing the conflict in the grassroot society level does not mention the conflict in West Papua, Surabaya, and Malang, cooperation needs to be increased. Truth-oriented As Third Dimension Of Peace Journalism Practice Of NU Online In Papuan Student Case Truth-oriented has two analysis units which are opinion and diction. Opinion has the category that does not mix subjective opinion and news, while diction has the category of not using diction words “we-they” or words and sentences that lead to provocation. The results showed that the analysis unit was not found in the four news articles studied in the NU Online news site. From the news search posted by NU Online related to the Papuan student case, all contained facts accompanied by descriptions from some sources so there were no reporters’ opinions in them. Diction choice that did not intensify the polarization and did not contain provocation showed that news coverage on NU Online was in line with peace journalism that emphasized on solution. In addition, the construction of opinion and diction choice might seem simple, but in peace journalism both of them were very influential to the readers’ understanding. At some points they could lessen the tension, but could do otherwise as well. 184 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Solution-oriented As Fourth Dimension Of Peace Journalism Practice Of NU Online In Papuan Student Case The last orientation was the solution solving that was offered. The analysis unit was the provided solution, with categories highlighting the peace initiative and trying to prevent war; highlighting the peaceful society’s structure and culture; and the continuations of resolution, reconstruction, and reconciliation. The findings showed that all of the news related to the Papuan student case posted on NU Online contained problem-solving orientation or offered solutions. This can be seen on the following news: The Head of Cross-Religion Communication House (Rumah Komunikasi Lintas Agama/RKLA) East Java Province, HM. Misbahus Salam stated that the case handling became the key to defuse the Papuanese anger. In addition, ‘dignity’ rehabilitation of Papuanese was also essential following the allegation of racist expression from certain parties in mentioning Papuanese identity. “So, the first is dignity rehabilitation. The second is case handling must be clear and complete,” he stated. According to him, any religion does not hurt or harm other people. ”All religions uphold love, strengthen the brotherhood and humanity so we all can live safe and sound,” Salam explained. The message leading to peaceful solution could be read in the news posted by NU Online, which was “Related to Papua Case, Don’t Provoke nor Get Provoked” (“Terkait Kasus Papua, Jangan Memprovokasi atau Terprovokasi”). It was in line with the news entitled “Head of East Java Ansor Order the Members to Protect Papuanese in East Java” (“Ketua Ansor Jatim Perintahkan Anggotanya Lindungi Warga Papua Di Jawa Timur”) – The East Java Regional Chief of Ansor Youth Movement (Gerakan Pemuda Ansor/ GP Ansor), Syafiq Syauqi, reminded that in the process, the government, particularly security officers should do it wisely, not using controversial 185Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) ways. He also suggested the Indonesian people in general, refrain from riots and actively create peace. Discussion Journalism develops and transforms along with the development of technology or communication media. Therefore, the presence of the Internet and the development of cell phones also support journalism transformation, covering the industrial change, mass media organization, journalist’s or reporter’s works, news either in terms of presentation package or the content, and the readers (Suciati & Puspita, 2019). Journalists must position the ethical codes in an essential position. Each journalist with full conscience obeys and implements the ethical codes as guides in moving, searching, and processing the news. As a guide and professional demands, journalistic ethical codes do not only contain universal values but all things that directly relate to the journalistic practice on the ground (Hakim, 2019). At this position, peace journalism becomes modern journalism that holds on to impartiality principle (truth) and factuality (based on fact), in contrast with violent journalism. Violence/war journalism has characteristics of only reporting the controversy in the society and orients more on the violence in incidents. The coverage only focuses on the arena or the violence in a conflict incident setting by emphasizing the physical effect information from the status, for example, the dead, injured victims, or the destroyed, burned material such as houses, transportation, religious places, or other public buildings (Setiati, 2005). The media coverage concept that has been the doctrine “engraved” in the “heart” of the media is that bad news is good news. This mainstream concept brings news patterns of the media to always find, report, and publish bad news. In the media’s point of view, the good news is not sale-worthy in the media business’ view, but in contrast, news exploiting 186 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) negative or bad angles has more market value than the good news (Nurdin, 2016). Peace journalism comes with a different perspective. It emphasizes empathy to the victims, so the chosen topics as news content describe one problem and offer a solution. On one side, the press has the potential to enlarge the conflict. However, in peace journalism, the media have a potential to be a conflict defuser by building a fresh opinion. The reporters act to map the problem, analyse the conflict, and reveal the root of the problem. The reporters do not judge who wins and loses by solving the conflict peacefully and placing society’s interests above certain groups’ (Isma, 2019). In general, the mass media have an important role in establishing peace. In a linguistic perspective, diction choice, sentence, and narration used in the media can prevent or defuse the conflict potential, which has the final goal to create harmony in the society (Wibowo, 2018). At this point, the media become the determinant of how conflict and war are reported. The narration built and disseminated to the public will influence the field condition, escalating or defusing the conflict (Tenenboim- Weinblatt, Hanitzsch, & Nagar, 2016). However, the coverage that defuses the conflict and focuses on the solution does not appear much in the media. Mass media, in contrast, report many conflict cases at a neutral level or take a safe zone (Kalfeli, Frangonikolopoulos, & Gardikiotis, 2020). Sometimes the media purposely use war journalism that relies on dramatization and tension. This condition makes peace journalism an alternative, and it is not the mainstream practice in framing media (Atanesyan, 2020). Therefore, knowing some important matters related to peace journalism is essential. First, in a country with the same conflict, the news can be reported differently. Second, to see the implementation of peace journalism, the coverage content is directed in solution finding 187Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) and emphasizing the humanity side (Hussain, Siraj, & Mahmood, 2019). Another challenge is that a journalist can work and implement peace journalism in writing news. However, it would be a waste to only expect the journalists to implement peace journalism without the mass media editors’ support (Ersoy & Miller, 2020). In implementing the peace journalism principle, primarily if related to national security, the government’s political aspect is needed to be considered seriously. This was because it is related to people’s safety. When the security situation gets worse, the mass media have the responsibility to implement peace journalism. Peace journalism can be a solution in the middle of conflict escalation, but journalists also need to pay attention to self-safety, especially in doing live report on the ground (Hussain, 2020). The result of the study showed that from the four news articles related to Papuan student case in NU Online, there was none that emphasized the physical effects of the conflict. It showed that NU Online tried to defuse the conflict particularly two days after the incident on 19 August 2019 to 20 August 2019. Information of physical loss would only make the involved parties count the loss and it might escalate the conflict. News posted exactly a day or two after the incident on 19 August 2019 and 20 August 2019 without reporting the physical losses showed an element of the peace dimension. News focused on the conflict as a problem that needed solving and recommended forms of conflict resolution that did not use violence. Peace journalism in practice can only be realized with the willingness and ability of the press community to empathize with what is experienced by the conflicting parties in a certain incident. Peace journalism can only be realized through comprehensive reporting and balanced reporting that always see other sides of an incident and interpretative reporting that asks the readers to understand the background and relates to the incident so they can understand logic of an incident (Setiati, 2005). 188 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) This is in line with what is expressed by Galtung (1986) that peace journalism aims to avoid or prevent the occurence of violence in the society (McGoldrick & Lynch, 2000). It also teaches the reporters to not be part of the controversy but become the solution finder. From the people-oriented dimensions analysis units reviewed in the study which were the root of the problem, showing wise figures outside the conflict, conflicting actors, not showing conflict loss, and conflict sources they showed that the coverage published by NU Online fulfilled the peace journalism requirement because it did not worsen the problem and took side on the solution. Galtung (1986) stated that in reporting the conflict case, the reporters try their best to find the source objectively, so the realistic depiction that is on the readers’ mind is unbiased since peace journalism is the journalistic practice that is based on incident revelation (Setiati, 2005). Unfortunately, all news of the Papuan student case in NU Online did not contain any conflicting actors as the sources. However, in some news, in general, it was clearly mentioned two conflicting actors who had the controversy such as using the term of some students and police officers. It was clearly mentioned, though, by Sudibyo that peace journalism reports conflict as what it is and gives the same portion to all parties or the appeared versions in the conflict discourse. The news traits and characteristics posted on online media tended to be short and fast so that it can be quickly known by the general public (Sudibyo, 2006). Online media have fast and short characteristics and tend not to describe a detailed incident at the beginning of the news and raise the wrong perception if it comes to the public. The desire to be the first to report makes a lot of news imperfect and premature but it had been published and read by the public, especially if the case is a religious conflict case. What is interesting from texts in mass media is that the public knows the reality comprehensively through media texts, but they could 189Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) also present only some parts of the facts. It means that the media text can bring reality to the world, but it can be only some depictions of the phenomena because the media’s way to present the reality will decide the public’s understanding of reality (Rubawati, 2019). Galtung (1986) assessed that peace journalism sees a conflict as news, highlighting that the effect of the conflict or violence causes destruction and psychological, cultural, and structural loss from a group of people that becomes the conflict. Objectivity is a correct, impartial, and balanced news presentation. One of the indicators used is the truth dimension which refers to the level at which facts are presented correctly and reliable. Relevancy is the level of factual aspect that is presented which is in line with journalistic standards, and impartiality refers to the level of neutral and balanced facts (Siahaan, 2001). One of news objectivity indicators mentioned above is truth. Kovach and Rosentiel, in their book entitled “9 Journalistic Elements,” stated that the first, most important obligation in journalistic practice is the truth. It has become the obligation to deliver the truth to the public without taking sides on certain interests. Therefore, the truth must be the key in news by not mixing the reporter’s subjective opinion just because of personal judgment (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2006). The reporters must avoid expressing personal opinions that might cause a bias or present ambiguous incident facts revelation or mix facts and opinions (Setiati, 2005). The alignment with truth in journalism in muslim countries is relevant with the study done by Pintak (2013) about Islamic identity and the values of professional journalism showing that in three Muslim countries which are Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Arab World, Islamic values take part in shaping journalism values that are implemented in news coverage. Pintak’s findings strengthen Steele’s (2011) study mentioning that journalists in Malaysia and Indonesia implemented the values of 190 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) professional journalism in general, such as truth alignment, verification, balanced, and independence. In practice, the journalists also used Islamic terms/idioms, and in doing the journalistic work, they also used Islamic views. This is in line with the Journalists Attitude Guides issued by the Jakarta Alliance of Independent Journalists (Aliansi Jurnalis Independen/AJI Jakarta). One of the points states that the impartiality of the reporters must be shown by avoiding the use of opinion-like languages. This is the same with what was mentioned by Galtung (1986) that journalists reporting in conflict areas need to follow some stages to avoid news correlated with etnic, religion, race, and intergroup issues. Those are choosing appropriate words in quoting the source’s statements, putting through coherent words between one source with the others so they form a unity of understanding, as well as avoiding to quote source’s statements that might confuse the readers or cause conflicts in the society (Setiati, 2005). The journalists must use a balanced and fair approach to gain information from the conflicting parties. It can be ensured that the journalists would lose the information or important facts if only digging data from one side only. The journalists must be active in exploring information from various sources to gain a complete depiction of a conflict. Furthermore, the information analysed and presented must not take sides so it can be read well by the readers (Ersoy, 2017). Media become a mediator in presenting issues from various perspectives and directing the conflicting parties towards conflict solving. Media must be able to become the communication means in conflict solving. Therefore, the reporters must be able to build a harmonic relationship with the conflicting parties so they can be the third party in conflict solving (Setiati, 2005). The principle is in line with the concept of peace journalism, in which Galtung formulates that one of the characteristics to differentiate peace journalism from others is the solving 191Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) which is peace-oriented with no violence nor creativity, highlighting peace proposal, as well as preventing more wars, focusing on the structure, culture, and peaceful society and the effect is the achievement of the resolution, reconstruction, and reconciliation (Cottle, 2006). CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion In the framing practice of the four news articles of the Papuan student case, NU Online directed on the importance of peaceful and proportional action in seeing a problem. All of the parties were asked to refrain and not easily get provoked. The Papuan student case must be handled carefully as well as firmly and whoever became the mastermind must be arrested. NU Online through the written news tried to interview various credible sources stating that the society must believe and give the case to the Police. The running legal process was also asked to be transparent and fair. Each NU Online news also quoted source’s statements that contained solution from various perspectives so the people who read could gain insights and support the security condition to go back to normal. The weakness of NU Online was that it did not directly present the conflicting parties that were the Papuan students and the police. The findings showed that in two days of 19 August 2019 to 20 August 2019 there were four news articles related to Papuan student case on NU Online news site that was peace-oriented. The news uploaded by NU Online also stressed the peace efforts. Meanwhile, for the people-oriented dimension, the findings showed that the majority of the news emphasized the root of the problem, and many showed the wise figures outside the conflict circle. Meanwhile, for the source analysis unit, conflicting actors and conflict loss presentation as a peace reflection tended to be low. Even the sources or the people directly involved in the conflict were not presented. This was the weakness of NU Online coverage that did not 192 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) contain direct information from the conflicting actors. Whereas to write a balanced, fair, and impartial news, the journalists need some information from the conflicting actors. From the news search that was written by NU Online related to this Papuan student case, all of them contained facts followed with description from some sources so there was no reporter’s opinion as such. Meanwhile, the solution-oriented that was offered in the news posted by NU Online almost always appeared evenly in the news. Therefore, based on the research results, NU Online had implemented well the concept and dimensions of peace journalism in reporting the Papuan student case. NU Online also defused the conflict as well as supported the conflict solving. Suggestion In the midst of the spread of mass media, especially the online media both on a local, regional, or national scale, the people accessing news about the conflict were faced with dilemmatic conditions. On the one hand, the presence of many media should enhance information through its speed and accuracy. Still, on the other hand, some media purposely dramatized the conflict for the sake of rating and attracting the advertisements. Therefore, people need to be critical about the contents presented by the mass media, so they are not easily provoked and be wise in making decisions. In addition, research on peace journalism in Indonesia is still wide open and can be investigated by future researchers. Research on peace journalism is important for better journalism in Indonesia. 193Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) REFERENCES Andarini. (2014). Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Pemberitaan Ahmadiyah Pada Harian Jawa Pos. Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Pemberitaan Ahmadiyah Pada Harian Jawa Pos, 3(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.14710/ interaksi.3.1.85-93 Angjaya, S. V., Susanto, E. H., & Siswoko, K. H. (2019). Jurnalisme Damai Pemberitaan Tragedi Bom Surabaya Mei 2018 (Analisis Wacana Media Siber Kompas.com, Okezone.com, Liputan6.com). Koneksi, 2(2), 562–568. https://doi.org/10.24912/kn.v2i2.3937 Aryudi. (2019). Terkait Kasus Papua, Jangan Memprovokasi atau Terprovokasi. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from nu.or.id website: https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/110030/terkait-kasus-papua-- jangan-memprovokasi-atau-terprovokasi. Asrori, M. (2019). Redam Konflik, Perlu Tingkatkan Kerjasama Antarwarga. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from nu.or.id website: https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/110034/redam-konflik--perlu- tingkatkan-kerjasama-antarwarga. Atanesyan, A. (2020). Media Framing On Armed Conflicts: Limits Of Peace Journalism On The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. Journal Of Intervention And Statebuilding, 14(4), 534–550. https://doi.org/10.1 080/17502977.2020.1780018 CNN Indonesia. (2019a). Kronik Rusuh Papua, dari Malang Menjalar hingga Makassar. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from cnnindonesia.com website: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ nasional/20190819200236-20-422845/kronik-rusuh-papua-dari- malang-menjalar-hingga-makassar tanggal 26 Agustus 2019. CNN Indonesia. (2019b). Kronologi Pengepungan Asrama Papua Surabaya Versi Mahasiswa. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from cnnindonesia.com website: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ nasional/20190819072043-20-422556/kronologi-pengepungan- asrama-papua-surabaya-versi-mahasiswa. Cottle, S. (2006). Why “Mediatized” Conflict? Mediatized Conflict: Developments In Media And Conflict Studies. New York, United States: Open University Press. 194 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification Of A Fractured Paradigm. Journal Of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x Eriyanto. (2012). Analisis Framing: Konstruksi, Ideologi, Dan Politik Media. Yogyakarta: LKiS. Ersoy, M. (2017). Implementing Peace Journalism In The Media. Peace Review, 29(4), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017. 1381514 Ersoy, M., & Miller, L. M. (2020). Peace Journalism Strategy For Creating A Public Value Sphere. International Peacekeeping, 27(3), 395–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2020.1740058 Faiz, A. (2016). NU Online Dan Deradikalisasi. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from nu.or.id website: http://www.nu.or.id/post/ read/65279/nu-online-dan-deradikalisasi. Galtung, J. (1986). On The Role Of The Media In Worldwide Security And Peace. (I. T. Varis, Ed.). San Jose, Costa Rica: Universidad Para La Paz. Granato, L. (2002). Newspaper Feature Writing. Australia: University of New South Wales Press Ltd. Hackett, R. A. (2007). Journalism Versus Peace? Notes On A Problematic Relationship. Global Media Journal - Mediterranean, 2(1), 47–53. Hadiprayitno, I. I. (2015). Behind Transformation: The Right To Food, Agricultural Modernisation And Indigenous Peoples In Papua, Indonesia. Human Rights Review, 16(2), 123–141. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12142-015-0353-7 Hadiprayitno, I. I. (2017). The Limit Of Narratives: Ethnicity And Indigenous Rights In Papua, Indonesia. International Journal On Minority And Group Rights, 24(1), 1-23. https://doi. org/10.1163/15718115-02401007 Hakim, A. L. (2018). Strategi Komunikasi Lintas Agama Fkub Surabaya Dalam Menangani Konflik. Al-Mada: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 1(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.31538/almada.v1i1.129 Hakim, L. (2019). Jurnalisme Islam Di Tengah Transformasi Jurnalisik Digital. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 9(2), 314–338. https://doi.org/ 10.15642/jki.2019.9.2.314 - 338 195Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Hakim, L. (2021). Interviewed The Executive Editor Of NU Online, Mahbub Khoiron Hamna, D. (2017). Eksistensi Jurnalisme Di Era Media Sosial. Jurnal Jurnalisa, 3(1), 106–120. https://doi.org/10.24252/jurnalisa. v3i1.3090 Harits, A. B. (2010). Islam NU Pengawal Tradisi Sunni Indonesia. Surabaya: Khalista. Haryanti, R. (2019). Kerusuhan Manokwari, Penjelasan Polisi Hingga Permintaan Maaf Para Tokoh. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from kompas.com website: https://www.kompas.com/ tren/read/2019/08/21/103047065/kerusuhan-manokwari- penjelasan-polisi-hingga-permintaan-maaf-para-tokoh?page=all. Hendry, E. (2015). Konflik Dan Media (Menuju Peace-Oriented Journalism). Al-Hikmah, 7(2), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.24260/ al-hikmah.v7i2.60 Hussain, S. (2020). Peace Journalism For Conflict Reporting: Insights From Pakistan. Journalism Practice, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10. 1080/17512786.2019.1596753 Hussain, S., Siraj, S. A., & Mahmood, T. (2019). Evaluating War And Peace Potential Of Pakistani News Media: Advancing A Peace Journalism Model. Information Development, 37(1), 105-121. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0266666919893416 Hutubessy, F. K., & Engel, J. D. (2019). Sakralitas Nasionalisme Papua: Studi Kasus Pergerakan Aliansi Mahasiswa Papua. Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi, 6(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.22146/jps.v6i1.47468 Ibrahim. (2002). Membangun Akidah Dan Akhlak. Solo: Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri. Ishawara, L. (2011). Jurnalisme Dasar. Jakarta: Kompas Media Nusantara. Isma, A. (2019). Pengembangan Keilmuan Program Studi Jurnalistik Islam Melalui Mata Kuliah Peace Journalism. Jurnal Dakwah Risalah, 30(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.24014/jdr.v30i1.6450 Juditha, C. (2016). Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Konflik Agama Di Tolikara Di Tempo.co. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi Dan Opini Publik, 20(1), 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33299/jpkop.20.2.642 196 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Kalfeli, N., Frangonikolopoulos, C., & Gardikiotis, A. (2020). Expanding Peace Journalism: A New Model For Analyzing Media Representations Of Immigration. Journalism, (4), 1–18. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1464884920969089 Khoiruzzaman, W. (2016). Urgensi Dakwah Media Cyber Berbasis Peace Journalism. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 36(2), 316–334. https://doi.org/ http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jid.v36.2.1775 Kovach, B. & Rosenstiel, T. (2006). Sembilan Elemen Jurnalisme. Jakarta: Yayasan Pantau. Laksono, D. (2017). Praktik Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Pembingkaian Berita Konflik Poso III Antarumat Islam Dan Kristen Di Harian Republika, Diploma Thesis (Unpublished). Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah. Lukacovic, M. N. (2016). Peace Journalism And Radical Media Ethics. Conflict & Communication Online, 15(2), 1–9. Lynch, J. (2007). A Course In Peace Journalism. Conflict And Communication, 6(1), 1–20. Manan, A. (2019). Terapkan Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Peristiwa Papua. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from aji.or.id website: https://www. aji.or.id/read/press-release/970/aji-terapkan-jurnalisme-damai- dalam-peristiwa-papua.html. McGoldrick, A & Lynch, J. (2000). Peace Journalism. What Is It ? How To Do It ? London, United Kingdom: Hawthorn Press. Mubarok. (2013). Media Dan Kekerasan Berlatar Agama (Urgensi Praktik Jurnalisme Damai). Jurnal Ilmiah Komunikasi Makna, 3(2), 183–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jikm.2.2.183-193 Mun’im, A. (2008). Teknologi Sebagai Sarana Pengembangan Teologi Dan Ideologi. Jakarta: NU Online. Murdock, G., & Golding, P. (1992). Political Economy Of Mass Comunication. London, United Kingdom: A Division Of Hodder & Stoughten. Nawawi, I. (2019). Ketua Ansor Jatim Perintahkan Anggotanya Lindungi Warga Papua Di Jawa Timur. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from nu.or.id website: https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/110053/ketua- ansor-jatim-perintahkan-anggotanya-lindungi-warga-papua-di- jawa-timur 197Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Nurdin, A. (2016). Peace Journalism (Konsep, Realitas, Dan Perspektif Islam). Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 6(1), 65–92. https://doi. org/10.15642/jki.2016.6.1.65-92 Nusyur, R. (2017). Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Pemberitaan Pembakaran Gereja Di Aceh Singkil Pada Harian Waspada. Jurnal Komunikasi Global, 6(1), 26–38. Pintak, L. (2013). Islam, Identity And Professional Values: A Study Of Journalists In Three Muslim-Majority Regions. Journalism, 15(4), 482–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913490269 Reese, S. D. (2001). Prologue–Framing Public Life: A Bridging Model For Media Research. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, Jr., A. E. Grant, Framing Public Life: Perspectives On Media And Our Understanding Of The Social World (pp. 7–31). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge Rengkaningtyas, A. U. (2017). Jurnalisme Damai Dalam Kerukunan Antarumat Beragama (Analisis Framing Kompas.com Terhadap Isu Rohingnya). Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdispliner, 2(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.14421/jkii.v2i2.1084 Rubawati, E. (2019). Papua Dalam Media (Analisis Framing Media Lokal Radar Sorong Dan Antara Papua Barat Terhadap Pemberitaan Otonomi Khusus Di Papua Barat). Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya, 20(3), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v20i3.671 Santosa, B. A. (2016). Jurnalisme Damai Dan Peran Media Massa Dalam Mengatasi Konflik Di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 6(2), 279–300. Santosa, B. A. (2017). Peran Media Massa Dalam Mencegah Konflik. Jurnal Aspikom, 3(2), 199–214. Setiati, E. (2005). Ragam Jurnalistik Baru Dalam Pemberitaan: Strategi Wartawan Menghadapitugas Jurnalistik. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset. Shiddiq, A. (2005). Khittah Nahdliyyah. Surabaya: Khalista. Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1991). Mediating The Message: Theories Of Influences On Mass Media Content. Naperville, Illinois, United States: Longman Trade/Caroline House. Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating The Message In The 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. Milton Park, Abingdon-on- Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge. 198 Peace Journalism Transmissions in Case of Papua Students by “NU Online” Lukman Hakim Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, Vol. 6, No. 1, January – June 2021, pp. 159 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v6i1.2097 ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E) Siahaan, H. (2001). Pers Yang Gamang: Studi Pemberitaan Jajak Pendapat Timor Timur. Jakarta: Institut Studi Arus Informasi. Steele, J. (2011). Justice And Journalism: Islam And Journalistic Values In Indonesia And Malaysia. Journalism, 12(5), 533–549. https://doi. org/10.1177/1464884910388234 Suciati, T. N., & Puspita, R. (2019). Bukan Hanya Situs Berita: Ikhtisar Dan Tren Jurnalisme Online Indonesia. Coverage: Journal Of Strategic Communication, 9(2), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.35814/coverage. v9i2.1123 Sudibyo, A. (2006). Politik Media Dan Pertarungan Wacana. Yogyakarta: LKiS. Syailendra, E. A. (2019). Inside Papua: The Police Force As Counterinsurgents In Post Reformasi Indonesia, Indonesian Journal, 83(102), 57–83. Syakir. (2019). Terkait Persoalan Papua, Peneliti: Semua Pihak Harus Tahan Diri. Retrieved October 30, 2019, from nu.or.id website: https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/110012/terkait-persoalan- papua--peneliti--semua-pihak-harus-tahan-diri. Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., Hanitzsch, T., & Nagar, R. (2016). Beyond Peace Journalism: Reclassifying Conflict Narratives In The Israeli News Media. Journal Of Peace Research, 53(2), 151–165. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022343315609091 Webb-Gannon, C. (2014). Merdeka In West Papua: Peace, Justice And Political Independence. Anthropologica, 56(2), 353–367. Webb-Gannon, C. (2017). Effecting Change Through Peace Research In A Methodological ‘No-Man’s Land’: A Case Study Of West Papua. Asia Pacific Journal Of Anthropology, 18(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14442213.2016.1239653 Wibowo, A. H. (2018). The Language Of Media Supporting Peace Journalism. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal Of Communication, 34(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3403-21 Zuhri, A. M. (2010). Pemikiran KH. M. Hasyim Asy’ari Tentang Ahl Al- Sunnah Wa Al-Jama’ah. Surabaya: Khalista dan Lembaga Ta’lif wan Nasyr Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama.