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THE INFLUENCES OF PRODUCTIVE ZAKAH MENTORING 
TO THE SAVING BEHAVIOR AND THE PROSPERITY OF 

POOR HOUSEWIFE

Rizky Andriati & Nurul Huda1

Abstrack. The Influences of Productive Zakah Mentoring To Saving 
Behavior and The Prosperity of Poor Housewife. The purpose of this study 
was to determine the influences of productive zakah mentoring to the saving 
attitude, the confidence of saving ability, the saving behavior and the prosperity 
of poor housewives which become partners of Masyarakat Mandiri Dompet 
Dhuafa. This is a quantitative research using Structual Equation Modelling. 
The respondents are 115 poor housewives in Parung, Bogor, West Java; Cipinang, 
East Jakarta; Tanjung Pasir, Tangerang, Banten; and Bantar Gebang, Bekasi, 
West Java. The variables that used on this research are the mentoring of zakah 
productive, saving attitude, saving behavior, and prosperity. The result showed 
that the mentoring of productive zakah program has significant influence for the 
saving attitude and saving behavior. Saving behavior also affects significantly 
the prosperity of poor housewives.

Keywords: productive zakah mentoring, saving behavior, prosperity, structural 
equation Modeling 

Abstrak. Pengaruh Pendampingan Zakat Produktif Terhadap Prilaku 
Menabung dan Kesejahteraan dari Ibu Rumah Tangga Mustahik. 
Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh kualitas pendampingan program 
pendayagunaan zakah produktif Masyarakat Mandiri Dompet Dhuafa terhadap 
sikap menabung, keyakinan kemampuan menabung, perilaku menabung dan 
kesejahteraan ibu rumah tangga mustahik. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif 
dengan menggunakan metode Structural Equation Modelling. Responden 
penelitian ini adalah 115 ibu rumah tangga mustahik di empat lokasi yaitu 
Parung, Bogor, Jawa Barat; Cipinang, Jakarta Timur; Tanjung Pasir, Tangerang, 
Banten; dan Bantar Gebang, Bekasi. Variabel yang dipergunakan dalam 
penelitian ini ialah pendampingan zakat produktif, sikap menabung, prilaku 
menabung, dan kesejahteraan. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kualitas 
pendampingan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sikap dan perilaku menabung. 
Perilaku menabung berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kesejahteraan. 

Kata Kunci: pendampingan zakah produktif, prilaku menabung, kesejahteraan, 
model persamaan struktural

First draft: February, 3rd 2015, Revision: Macrh, 5th 2015, Accepted: March, 30th  2015 
1 Post-Graduate of University of Indonesia, Master of Science in Middle Eastern and Islamic 

Studies, Economy Faculty of Yarsi University
Email: rizkyandriati@gmail.com; pakhuda@yahoo.com



Al-Iqtishad: Vol. VII No. 2, Juli 2015 208

Introduction

Poverty does not only have relation with economic dimension, moreover 
poverty relates to many aspects such as social, culture, politics, environment, health, 
education, spirituality, working attitude and self value. Financial aid is not enough 
to help them if the cause of their poverty is not solved (Mintarti, 2013). Productive 
zakah was developed since few years ago as a breakthrough to reduce poverty. It is 
the transformation of zakah program from cash donation into productive activities 
using zakah fund. Zakah beneficiaries (mustahik) are not only given the donation, but 
they are motivated to work and become entrepreneur using the donation from zakah 
distribution (Grandyanto, 2012). One of zakah institution which has developed the 
productive zakah is Dompet Dhuafa with the progam Masyarakat Mandiri that its 
purpose is to create the prosperity of mustahik through saving. Saving is important 
because its benefits for life, and Islam also support saving because a Muslim can 
prepare themselves for their future plan or emergency condition (Antonio, 2001).

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of zakah 
institution to create prosperity of mustahik through their saving attitude, confidence 
of saving ability and saving behavior by seeing the aspect of mentoring. Mentoring 
performance will be measured using service quality instrument. Structual Equation 
Modelling (SEM) is one of the methods that can be used to see the influence in several 
variables. Based on the fact, the questions of this study are: first, do the program of 
productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri effect significantly to the saving attitude, 
the confidence of saving ability, the saving behavior and the prosperity of poor 
housewives? Second, do saving behavior have effects significantly to the confidence 
of saving ability of poor housewives? Third, do the confidence of saving ability have 
significant influence to the saving behavior of poor housewives? Fourth, do saving 
behavior effect significantly to the prosperity of poor housewives?

Literature Review

From linguistic aspect, the root of the word zakah comes from zaka which 
means grow, clean, and good. Based on fiqh terminology, zakah define as an 
obligation that an individual has to donate a certain proportion of wealth each year 
to charitable causes. In broad outline, the form of zakah distribution and utilization 
was divided into two ways, which is distribution for consumptive activities and 
productive activities. Zakah distribution for consumption is only a temporary aid 
for urgent needs. Usually this donation is purposed to give the basic need such as 
food, education and health. Contrary, zakah distribution for productive activities is 
zakah donation for productive business for middle and long term (Mintarti, 2013).  
Productive zakah is zakah that is donated for mustahik as capital to run business 
with purpose to increase their economic level and their productivities (Qadir, 



Rizky Andriati & Nurul Huda: The Influences of Productive Zakah  209

2001).  Productive zakah is one of the community empowerment based on zakah 
to improve life quality of poor people using their skill, power and participation. 
It needs active interaction between zakah officer as program counselor and poor 
people as the target of the program. With the program, every poor people is seen as 
a personal who also has power but it is not totally used. Through productive zakah, 
they can participate from making the plan, into evaluating the program. The zakah 
officer having the role as mentor becomes an agent of change who also helps to solve 
their problem.

There are five service quality measurements that becomes satisfaction 
indicator for customer (Kotler and Keller, 2007), such as: first, tangibles, including 
physical facility, equipment, employee and communication tools. Second, reliability, 
a skill to give the promised service immediately, accurately and satisfying.  Third, 
responsiveness, a willing of the employee to help the customer and give them the 
service with responsiveness. Fourth, assurance, including knowledge, skill, politeness, 
trustworthiness of the employee, less of danger, risk or doubt. Fifth, emphaty, 
including good communication and relationship, personal touch and customer 
understanding. 

Besides this five indicators developed by Parasuraman, Othman and Owen 
added compliances as service quality measurement, especially Compliances with Is-
lamic Law which was known as CARTER (Compliance, Assurance, Reliability, Tan-
gible, Emphaty, and Responsiveness). The research was elaborated to determine the 
service quality of Islamic bank Kuwait Finance House (KFH). Compliance is a skill 
to comply with Islamic law and Islamic banking principles. It is developed into five 
aspects: the institution comply to the Islamic law and principle, the institution does 
not take or give the interest in the saving product, product regulation and services 
are islamic, there’s no interest in the credit product, and there is profit sharing in the 
investment products (Othman and Owen, 2001).

Besides Parasuraman et al, other experts also formulize other dimension or 
factor used by costumers to measure the quality of service. One of them is Gronroos, 
who stated that there are three main criteria used by costumers in measuring the 
quality of a service, there are: outcome related, process related and image related. 
Those three criteria can still be elaborated into six elements; two of them are (Tjiptono, 
2000): First, recovery, this element is included in process-related criteria. Customers 
realized that, if there is a mistake or if they find an unexpected thing, the service 
provider will take immediate and appropriate action and solve the problem. Second, 
reputation and credibility. this element is included in image-related-criteria. 

A person’s ability to behave is influenced by his confidence. This confidence is 
defined as perceived behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control is somebody’s 
confidence in his ability to do certain behavior, whether it is easy (Yasid, 2010). In 



Al-Iqtishad: Vol. VII No. 2, Juli 2015 210

relation to the behavior of saving, the perceived behavioral control describes the 
perception of somebody on his ability to save. This believe is influenced by several 
believes he can accept (control believe). This control believes is an individual believe 
on the existence of several factors that make saving easy or difficult.

This believes is influenced by several accepted believes (control believes). 
The control believes is an individual believe about the present of many factors that 
makes easy or difficult in doing something. In conceptual, perceived behavioral 
control relates with self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is a self believe about a confidence to 
do something in specific situation. According to the above definition of perceived 
behavioral control and self-efficacy, the saving behavior of a person is influenced 
by his confidence in saving ability in his situation. The indicators in seeing the 
confidence in saving ability are: first, the confidence in saving ability; second, the 
confidence in not withdrawing the saving immediately. 

In economics, the saving behavior is described as the comparison between 
income and the amount of funds allocated for the future, whether it is saved for 
daily needs according to life cycle, urgent needs or investments (Yasid, 2010). There 
are four factors that indicate the saving behavior, that is: first, the amount of fund; 
second, the ratio between saving and earning, which defined as the comparison 
between the amount of saving and the income earned; third, the increase of saving 
amount, which can be defined as the perception on the increase of saving amount 
saved by somebody; fourth, saving frequency, defined as how often a person save in 
a certain period of time (Yasid, 2010).

Methods

The analysis method of this study is Structural Equation Model (SEM). 
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a very cross-sectional, linear and general 
modeling technique. Included in this SEM are factor analysis, path analysis, and 
regression. The next definition states that SEM is a statistical technique used to 
build and test statistical models which usually presented in cause-effect models. 
SEM is actually a hybrid technique, which include the confirmatory aspects of 
factor analysis, path analysis and regression which can be considered as special case 
in SEM (Sarwono, 2014).

The information was collected by distributing questionnaire to the 
respondents. The population of the study is all of poor housewives of Masyarakat 
Mandiri partner in Zona Madina cluster in Parung, Bogor, West Java; Cipinang, East 
Jakarta; Tanjung Pasir, Tangerang, Banten; and Bantar Gebang, Bekasi, West Java. 
Sample was taken using non probability sampling in form convenience sampling. 
The amount of respondents on this study is 115 poor housewives. The research will 
elaborate five latent variables, which are the service quality, the saving attitude, the 



Rizky Andriati & Nurul Huda: The Influences of Productive Zakah  211

confidence of saving ability, the saving behavior and the prosperity. 
The statistic hypotesis of the studies are: 

Ho: The mentoring of productive zakah program by Masyarakat Mandiri does not       
influence significantly the saving attitude or poor housewives.

H1: The mentoring of productive zakah program by Masyarakat Mandiri influences 
significantly the saving attitude or poor housewives. 

Ho: The mentoring of productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri does not influence 
significantly the confidence of saving ability of poor housewives. 

H2: The mentoring of productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri influences 
significantly the confidence of saving ability of poor housewives.

Ho: The mentoring of productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri does not influence 
significantly the saving behavior of poor housewives. 

H3: The mentoring of productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri influences 
significantly the saving behavior of poor housewives. 

Ho: The saving attitude does not influence significantly the confidence of saving 
ability of the poor housewives. 

H4: The saving attitude influences significantly the confidence of saving ability of 
the poor housewives.

Ho: The confidence of saving ability does not influence significantly the saving 
behavior of the poor housewives. 

H5: The confidence of saving ability influences significantly the saving behavior of 
the poor housewives. 

Ho: The saving behavior does not influence significantly the prosperity of the poor 
housewives. 

H6: The saving behavior influences significantly the prosperity of the poor 
housewives.

Ho: The mentoring quality of productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri does not 
influence the prosperity of the poor housewives. 

H7: The mentoring quality of productive zakah by Masyarakat Mandiri influences 
the prosperity of the poor housewives

Discussion

This research used two stage approaches, where the initial analysis is conducted 
on the model measured to analyze the accuracy of each question on the model. 
The model measured which explains the relationship between indicator variables in 
building the latent variables.

From nine measurements of GOF, there are 3 GOF measurements not 
showing good compatibility, whereas 4 other GOF measurements shows good 
compatibility, and there are 2 measurements shows marginal compatibility, therefore 
it is concluded that the compatibility of the models are good. After no offending 



Al-Iqtishad: Vol. VII No. 2, Juli 2015 212

estimates can be found, the research can move to the next examination, the validity 
of measuring models. Observed variables considered valid   the t-value is bigger 
than the exact value of 1,96 (the critical t is approached by z value 95%) and the 
standardized loading factors more or less bigger than 0,50. But, if there is a standard 
factor value under 0.5 but still higher or more or less the same as 0,3, then the 
related variable may still be considered not to be eliminated. But, if the value of 
the factor is less than 0,3, the variable must be eliminated from the model. In this 
research, the author will maintain all variables because all of their values are higher 
than or the same as 0,3.  

 

Figure 1. Standardized Solution Model Structural

After measuring the validity, the next step is to measure the reliability. The 
construct of reliability measurement in SEM can be measured by using composite 
reliability measure and variance extracted measure. Hair et.al states that a construct 
having good reliabilities is if the value of its construct reliability (CR) is ≥ 0.70. 
From the reliability analysis, it is seen that the reliability coefficient, all indicators 
to each construct are bigger or the same as 0.7, except the Believe in The Ability to 
Save. Therefore, the variable will not to be included in the next data assignments.

Figure 2. t-values Model Structural essed 



Rizky Andriati & Nurul Huda: The Influences of Productive Zakah  213

The causality relation in each construct becomes significant if 
statistically the level of α = 0,05 and t value ≥ 1,96 (critical value or t table). 
The evaluation of structural model includes:

Table 1. The Evaluation of Structural Model Coefficient 

Relation Estimation t-value Information
Mentoring Quality  to Saving 
Attitude 0,71 3,46 Significant

Mentoring Quality  to Saving 
Behavior 0,46 3,97 Significant

Saving Attitude  to Prosperity 0,84 3,58 Significant

Mentoring Quality  to  
Prosperity 0,29 -2,30 No Significant

Source: Respondent data source, processed

Based on the coefficient evaluation of structural model at the table, we can see 
that there is one coefficient which is not statistically significant. It is the coefficient 
describing the relation between mentoring quality and prosperity. It’s concluded 
that there is no significant causality relation between those factors that has been 
hypothesized. 

According to the above mention SEM analysis, the H2 Hypothesis (the 
quality of mentoring program of the productive zakah empowerment of the 
Masyarakat Mandiri influencing significantly to the believe of the ability to save of 
the housewives among the mustahiks), H4 (saving attitude influences significantly 
to the believe in saving ability and H5 (the believe in saving ability influence 
significantly the behavior in saving) is not included because according to reliability 
studies of the measuring model, the latent variable of KKM is not fulfilling the 
reliable value therefore do not included in the data processing.

Table 2. The Result of Hypotesis Test
Hipotesis t-values Keterangan

H1 The quality of the mentoring of the 
empowerment program of the productive 
zakah of the Masyarakat Mandiri influence 
significantly the saving attitude of the 
housewives among the mustahiks.

3.46 Data 
supports H1

H3 The quality of the mentoring of the 
empowerment program of the productive 
zakah of the Masyarakat Mandiri influence 
significantly the saving attitude of the 
housewives among the mustahiks.

3.97 Data 
supports H3



Al-Iqtishad: Vol. VII No. 2, Juli 2015 214

H6 The saving behavior is influencing 
significantly to the welfare of the housewives 
among the mustahiks.

3.58 Data 
Supports  
H6

H7 The quality of mentoring the empowerment 
program of the productive zakah of the 
Masyarakat Mandiri is related significantly 
to the saving attitude of the housewives 
among the mustahiks.

-2.30 Data do not 
support H7

Source: Respondent data source, processed
 
 Hypothesis 1 states: ‘The mentoring quality of the empowerment program of 

the .productive zakah is significantly influence the saving attitude of the housewives 
among  the mustahiks. According to the result of the calculation of the structure 
model of the Hypothesis 1, the t-value is 3,46. Therefore the research supports 
the statement that states the quality mentoring program of the empowerment  
significantly influence the saving attitude of the housewives among mustahiks. This 
means that the higher the quality of the mentoring program of the Masyarakat 
Mandiri Dompet Dhuafa, the higher also the saving attitude of the housewives 
among the mustahiks. The structural equality of hypothesis 1 is:

Sikap_Me = 0.71*Kualitas, Errorvar.= 0.50 R2=0.50
The structural equality shows the significant and direct influence of mentoring 

quality in the empowering program in of productive zakah to the saving attitude. 
The percentage value of influence is 50,41  percents. This shows that 50.41 percents 
of the changing of saving attitude of the housewives among the mustahiks are directly 
influenced by the improvement of mentoring quality of the empowerment program 
of productive zakah of the Independent Society. 

Hypothesis 3 states: ‘The quality of mentoring program of productive zakah 
significantly influence the saving attitude of housewives among the mustahiks.” 
According to the result of the calculation of the structure model of the Hypothesis 
1, the t-value is 3,97. Therefore the  research supports the statement that states the 
quality mentoring program of the empowerment significantly influence the saving 
attitude of the housewives among mustahiks. This means that the higher the quality 
of the mentoring program the higher also the saving behavior of the housewives 
among the mustahiks. The structural equality of this hypothesis is:

Sikap_Me = 0.46*Kualitas, Errorvar.= 0.79  R2=0.21
The structural equality shows the significant and direct influence of mentoring 

quality in the empowering program in of productive zakah to the saving behavior. 
The percentage value of influence is 21.16  percents. This shows that 21.16 percents 
of the changing of saving behavior of the housewives among the mustahiks are 



Rizky Andriati & Nurul Huda: The Influences of Productive Zakah  215

directly influenced by the improvement of mentoring quality of the empowerment 
program of productive zakah of the Independent Society. 

Hypothesis 6 states: ‘Saving behavior significantly increase the prosperity of 
the housewives among mustahiks”. The  research supports the statement that states 
the saving behavior significantly increase the prosperity of the housewives among 
the mustahiks. This means that the higher the saving behavior the higher also the 
prosperity of the housewives among the mustahiks. The Structural equation of this 
hypothesis is : 

Kesejaht = 0.84*Perilaku – 0.29*Kualitas, Errorvar.= 0.43  R2=0.57
The structural equality shows that the percentage of influence of saving 

behavior to the prosperity of the mustahiks is 70,56 persen. This shows that 
70.56  percent of the improvements of the prosperity of the housewives among the 
mustahiks directly caused by the improvements of saving behavior. 

Hypothesis 7 states: Mentoring quality empowerment program of productive 
zakah significantly influence the prosperity of the housewives among the mustahiks”. 
According to the result of the calculation of the structure model of the Hypothesis 
6, the t-value is -2.30. Therefore the  research do not support the statement that 
states the mentoring quality of the empowerment program of productive zakah 
significantly influence the prosperity of the housewives of the mustahiks. The 
structural equality of this hypothesis is : 

Kesejaht = 0.84*Perilaku – 0.29*Kualitas, Errorvar.= 0.43  R2=0.57
The structural equality shows the percentage amount of influence of 

mentoring quality of the empowerment program of productive zakah to the saving 
behavior is 8.41 percents (-0.292). This shows that 8.41 percents of improvements 
of the mustahik’s prosperity is directly influenced by the improvements of quality of 
the mentoring programs of the empowerment of productive zakah. 

Conclusion

The saving behavior is proven to have a major impact in increasing the 
prosperity of the housewives of the mustahik. In the future, Masyarakat Mandiri 
Dompet Dhuafa or other zakah institutions which develop the productive zakah 
are obliged to give more attentions to the saving behaviors of the musthik. Saving 
programs must be developed to build the saving attitude and to push the saving 
behavior. One thing those institutions can do is to set a certain amount of saving 
target for each mustahik ,in order to achieve want they want to get. At the same 
time, Masyarakat Mandiri can give rewards to those who achieve their saving targets 
or those who can achieve certain saving points from time to time so they can win 
prizes in local or national level prepared by Masyarakat Mandiri Dompet Dhuafa.



Al-Iqtishad: Vol. VII No. 2, Juli 2015 216

In this case, amil zakah institutions or other society empowerment institutions 
have to give more attentions to the mentoring process, because in this phase, the 
mustahik will receive knowledge and motivations. The mentors have to be trained 
periodically in progressive training to expand their horizons and increase their 
understandings in order to accelerate the transformation process of the mustahik. 
One of the knowledge and skill needed to be imparted is mass communication, 
which can be transferred through trainings.

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