عباس ومنى وعبير

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P.

Removal Water Turbidity by Crumb Rubber Media

Abbas H. Sulaymon*
Abeer I. Alwared

*Department of Energy Engineering/
**,*** Department of Environmental Engineering

*Email
**Email:
***Email:

(Received 9 December 2013; accepted 41

Abstract

The removal of water turbidity by using crumb rubber filter was investigated .The present study was conducted to
evaluate the effect of variation of influent water turbidity (10, 25 and 50 N
rate (25, 45 and 65 l/hr) and bed depth (30 and 60 cm) on the performance of mono crumb rubber filter in response to
the effluent filtered water turbidity and head loss development, and compare it with that of co

Results revealed that 25 l/hr flow rate and 25 NTU influent turbidity were the best operating conditions. smaller
media size and higher bed depth gave the best removal efficiency while higher media size
lower head loss. The optimum results show that 92.7% removal efficiency
results show that at constant operating conditions, pressure
filter; about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter and the conventional sand filter has a little enhancement in
removal efficiency than crumb rubber filter, 96.8% for sand while for crumb rubber 92.7%.

Keywords: Turbidity; filtration; crumb rubber med

1. Introduction

Reuse of wastewater often requires, after the

conventional secondary processing,
advanced/tertiary treatment so as to meet stringent
water quality objectives for reuse and to protect
public health. Among advanced treatment
processes, gravity granular-media filtration has
clearly emerged as one of the most efficient and
simple processes for removing suspended and
colloidal materials including pathogenic
microorganisms [1].

Granular media filtration of wastewater is a
complex process as the effectiveness of the
process is dependent on many interrelated
variables and thus there is no generalized
approach to the design of full-scale filters

Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31 (2014)

Removal Water Turbidity by Crumb Rubber Media

* Muna Yousif Abdul-Ahad**
Abeer I. Alwared***

*Department of Energy Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
Environmental Engineering College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad

Email: inas_abbas@yahoo.com
*Email: myabdulahad@yahoo.com
**Email: abeerwared@yahoo.com

December 2013; accepted 41 April 2014)

The removal of water turbidity by using crumb rubber filter was investigated .The present study was conducted to
evaluate the effect of variation of influent water turbidity (10, 25 and 50 NTU), media size (0.6and 1.14mm), filtration
rate (25, 45 and 65 l/hr) and bed depth (30 and 60 cm) on the performance of mono crumb rubber filter in response to
the effluent filtered water turbidity and head loss development, and compare it with that of conventional sand filter.

that 25 l/hr flow rate and 25 NTU influent turbidity were the best operating conditions. smaller
media size and higher bed depth gave the best removal efficiency while higher media size and small bed depth gave

head loss. The optimum results show that 92.7% removal efficiency and 8.3 mm head loss. The comparison
conditions, pressure drop for crumb rubber filter is lower than conventional sand

about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter and the conventional sand filter has a little enhancement in
removal efficiency than crumb rubber filter, 96.8% for sand while for crumb rubber 92.7%.

: Turbidity; filtration; crumb rubber media; head loss.

Reuse of wastewater often requires, after the
conventional secondary processing,
advanced/tertiary treatment so as to meet stringent

for reuse and to protect
public health. Among advanced treatment

media filtration has
clearly emerged as one of the most efficient and
simple processes for removing suspended and
colloidal materials including pathogenic

Granular media filtration of wastewater is a
complex process as the effectiveness of the
process is dependent on many interrelated
variables and thus there is no generalized

scale filters [2].

The most important design factors are the
characteristics of the filter media including type of
filter media, grain size and gradation, properties
of wastewater solids to be filtered, and the rate of
filtration. Generally, pilot scale studies are usually
undertaken to evaluate the performance of the
filter media to be used for filtering the wastewater
in question. In the absence of a pilot study, the
design must be based on experience with similar
filter influent wastewater at other installations
Scrap tires are a solid waste, which are
in increasing rates every year in particular in Iraq.
They have been usually disposed in landfills or
tire piles with serious environmental risks. This
problem may assume a larger importance in areas
of tropical climate with precarious sanitation
conditions moreover scrap tires piles consist a
serious fire hazard [3].

Al-Khwarizmi
Engineering

Journal

Removal Water Turbidity by Crumb Rubber Media

College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad

The removal of water turbidity by using crumb rubber filter was investigated .The present study was conducted to
TU), media size (0.6and 1.14mm), filtration

rate (25, 45 and 65 l/hr) and bed depth (30 and 60 cm) on the performance of mono crumb rubber filter in response to
nventional sand filter.

that 25 l/hr flow rate and 25 NTU influent turbidity were the best operating conditions. smaller
and small bed depth gave

8.3 mm head loss. The comparison
drop for crumb rubber filter is lower than conventional sand

about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter and the conventional sand filter has a little enhancement in

t design factors are the
characteristics of the filter media including type of
filter media, grain size and gradation, properties
of wastewater solids to be filtered, and the rate of
filtration. Generally, pilot scale studies are usually

uate the performance of the
filter media to be used for filtering the wastewater
in question. In the absence of a pilot study, the
design must be based on experience with similar
filter influent wastewater at other installations.

ste, which are produced
in increasing rates every year in particular in Iraq.

usually disposed in landfills or
with serious environmental risks. This

importance in areas
precarious sanitation

conditions moreover scrap tires piles consist a

mailto:inas_abbas@yahoo.com
mailto:myabdulahad@yahoo.com
mailto:abeerwared@yahoo.com

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

About 280 million scrap tires were generated in
2000 with an annual growth of about 26%, and
there are about 2000 million scrap tires in
stockpiles in the US [4]. It takes a considerable
time for scrap tires to decompose in natural
systems. With rainwater accumulating in the void
space, scrap tire stockpiles are ideal breeding
grounds for mosquitoes, insects and rodents. The
discarded tires can cause both health and
environmental problems [5].

The management and disposal of scrap tires
are of great concern in the United States. An
innovative crumb rubber filtration technology has
been developed to treat wastewater at Penn State
Harrisburg [6].

It was found that crumb rubber is an excellent
filter media for downward granular media filters.
In comparison to traditional granular media filters
(e.g., sand, anthracite, etc.), because of its
elasticity, the crumb rubber filter allows higher
filtration rate, lower head loss, longer filtration
run time, and better effluent quality. Because of
its high filtration rate and low density media, the
crumb rubber filter is much smaller and lighter
than the conventional filters. After a filtration
cycle, the crumb rubber can be backwashed with
upward flow of filtered water. Because of low
density of rubber material, the crumb rubber filter
can be backwashed at a much lower backwash
water flow rate than the conventional
sand/anthracite filter (20m3/hm2 versus
52.5m3/hm2) [7] .

The removal of turbidity, particles,
phytoplankton and zooplankton in water by crumb
rubber filtration; were investigated by Tang, et al
[8], they concluded that there was a substantial
reduction achieved. Of the three variables, filter
depth, media size and filtration rate, media size
had the most significant influence. Smaller media
size favored higher removal efficiency of all
targeted matter. There was no apparent
relationship between removal efficiency and filter
depth. Higher filtration rate resulted in lower
removal efficiency and higher head loss.
Compared with conventional granular media
filters, crumb rubber filters required less
backwash, and developed lower head loss.

A potential use of tire crumb is as a filter in
pollution control applications. Past studies have
shown that tire crumb can be used as an effective
filter medium achieving similar results compared
to using a sand/anthracite filter to remove
turbidity and suspended solids. It was also
indicated that the head loss associated with
running water through tire crumb as opposed to

the standard sand/anthracite media is significantly
less [9].

Factorial design was used in this study. The
approach reduced the experimental burden while
was effective in seeking high quality results to
analyze the effects of factors and interactions.
The main objective of this work is to evaluate
the performance and effectiveness of sand
filters by utilizing crumb rubber as filter
media which is a locally available solid waste
material.

2. Experimental work and Materials

Sieve analysis was used to calculate the size

distribution of crumb rubber and sand. Sieve
analysis was carried out by shaking a weighted
sample of crumb rubber and sand using (Endicot
sieve shaker) through a set of sieves that have
progressively smaller openings. After completion
the shaking period (about 25 min), the mass of
sample retained on each sieve is measured using
Sartorius precision balance. The results of sieve
analysis are generally expressed in terms of the
percentage of the total weight of sample that
passes through different sieves. The geometric
mean size, effective size, and uniformity
coefficient. are tabulated in Table (1), analyzed in
Ministry of Oil, Petroleum Development and
Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq.

A pilot plant was constructed in order to study
the effectiveness of crumb rubber as a filter
media. As shown in Fig. 1 PVC column with 5cm
inner diameter and 1 meter length was used,.
Turbid water was prepared in a tank by adding
kaolin (red kaolin from local material),) to tap
water with manual mixing. After sufficient
settling period of time (about 10 to 30 min.
depending on the required turbidity) to allow
settling of large particles, turbid water was
pumped to a gravity feeding tank to be used as an
influent to the filtration column. Two different
size of crumb rubber 0.6 and 1.14 mm was used.
For each size (0.6, 1.14 mm), the filter column
was loaded to a depth of 30 and 60cm
respectively. Before each filter run, the filter was
backwashed by air scour and then water.

For each filter configuration, the filter was
operated at three measured influent flow rates 25,
45, and 65 m/hr respectively using a calibrated
rotameter. The effluent turbidity was measured
using turbidity meter (Hi 98703 HANNA).The
head loss through the filter media was measured
using the difference between the water level in the

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

filter column and the water level in the glass tube
connected to the bottom of the filter column both
reading and recorded at fixed time intervals along
the experimental duration time of 120 minutes.
Porosity of 0.617 and 0.62 for sizes 0.6 and
1.14mm were determined by the measurement of
the dry weight of the media initially loaded to the
filter column and the media depth.

The performance of the optimal crumb rubber
filtration conditions were compared with sand (the
same size, influent turbidity, influent flow rate,
and bed height) by measuring the head loss and
the effluent turbidity.

Table 1,
.Sieve analysis parameters and physical charactaristis for crumb rubber and sand

Crumb rubber Sand

Size, mm 0.6-1 1.14-1.18 0.6-1

Effective size, mm 0.6 1.14-1.18 0.61

Uniformity coefficient 1.388 1.487 1.41

Density g/cm3 0.114 0.114 0.255

Porosity 0.617 0.62 0.506

Fig. 1. Experimental setup of the crumb rubber filter.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effectof Size and Influnt Flow Rate on

Pressure Drop and Turbidty

Four experimental sets were carried out to study
the effect of granuler size, bed height,influent
flow rate, and influent turbidities on pressure drop
and the percent turbidity removal are shown in
Figs.(2-5).It can be seen from these figures that

the best flow rate was 25 l/h, higher filtration rate
resulted in lower turbidity removal efficiency and
the best influent turbidity was 25 NTU for all
media size .It is clear that lower flow rate
causes higher pressure drop,while higher flow
rate causes more chanelling between the
crumb particles which led to a lower pressure
drop.

Effluent
Sampling Air Rotameter

Air pump
Air

Filtration column

Rotameter

Backwash tank

Over flow

Rotameter

Pump

Preparation tank

Feeding tank

I m

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

3.2. Optimum Filtration Conditions for the
Crumb Rubber

The percentage turbidity removal and pressure
drop values were found from Figs (2- 5) for each
of the sets 1, 2, 3, and 4 individually as shown in
Table 2.

The best turbidity removal efficiencies for the
two media sizes 0.6 and 1.14 mm were 92.7%
,90.8% respectively at constant bed height of 50
mm . These results clearly indicate that the media
size played an important role in turbidity removal.
This observation was expected since a smaller
media size corresponds to a smaller pore size,
consequently more solid matter could be strained
by the filter media.

Also it can be seen from these figures that the
bed height has less effect on removal efficiency.

The best pressure drop was 8.3 cm H2O for 1.14
mm media size and 30cm bed height while for 0.6
mm media size and 30 cm bed height was 29 cm.
For small media size the fine grains tend to settle
on the top of the filter, which will easily clog the
filter bed surface, and cause a high head loss.

3.3. Comparison between Optimal

Conditions of Crumb Rubber
Filtration and Sand

Comparing the optimum conditions of crumb
rubber with sand at influent flow rate 25 l/h,
influent turbidity 25NTU.The results for pressure
drop and turbidity removal efficiency with time
were plotted and as shown in Figs 6 and 7.

Table 2.
Optimum filtration conditions.

Pressure drop Turbidity

R2 Fitting equation Pressure
drop cm
H2O

R2 Fitting equation Removal
%

0.964 y = 0.001x2 + 0.006x + 9.087 29 0.971 y=-.006x2 + 1.376x+10.25 91.2 Set no.1

0.929 y = 0.001x2 + 0.030x + 11.69 35.1 0.926 y = -0.006x2 + 1.421x + 16.59 92.7 Set no.2

0.945 y = 0.000x2 + 0.001x + 2.598 8.3 0.982 y = -0.005x2 + 1.357x + 7.574 90.6 Set no 3

0.947 y = 0.000x2 + 0.003x + 5.201 16.7 0.979 y = -0.005x2 + 1.362x + 8.382 90.8 Set no.4

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

Fig. 2. Set no.1, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure versus time at particle size 0.6mm and bed height
=30cm

Fig. 3. Set no.2, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure drop versus time at particle size 0.6 mm and bed
height 50cm

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set no.1 optimum turbidity removal = 91.2% pressure drop=30cm

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set no.2 optimum turbidity removal=92.7% presure drop=31cm

٠min

١٠min

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H2O

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

Fig. 4. Set no.3, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure drop versus time at particle size 1.14mm
and bed height 30cm.

Fig. 5. Set no.4, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure drop versus time at particle size 1.14 mm
and bed height 50cm.

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set no.3 optimum turbidity removal=90.6% pressure drop=8.3cm
٠min

١٠min

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16.0

83.2

16.7

90.8

17.5

80.1

57.7

82.0

61.9

89.0
66.4

79.7
78.0

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10

turbidity
25

turbidity
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10

turbidity
25

turbidity
50

turbidity
10

turbidity
25

turbidity
50

flow rate25 l/h flow rate45 l/h flow rate65 l/h

set no.4 optimum turbidity removal=90.8% pressure drop=17.5cm

0 min

10 min

20 min

30 min

40 min

50 min

60 min

70 min

80 min

90 min

100 min

110 min

120 min

H2O

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P.

Fig. 6. Comparison for pressure drop cm H
and percent optimum removal turbidity= 92.7%

Fig. 7. Comparison for %turbidity removal with time be
=0.6mm).

4. Conclusions

1. Flow rate affects on removal efficiency and

head loss, increasing flow rate cause
decreasing in removal efficiency and increase
in head loss .The best flow rate was 25l/h and
the best influent turbidity was 25NTU
sets.

2. Smaller media size and higher bed depth gave
the best removal efficiency while higher
media size and smaller bed depth gave better
head loss.

3. The optimum removal efficiency and head
loss for crumb rubber filter were 92.7% and
8.3mm respectively.

4. At constant operating conditions conven
sand filter has little enhancement in removal
efficiency than crumb rubber.

5. The head loss developed in crumb rubber
filter is less than that in sand filter, by
42% reduction in pressure drop than sand
filter at the same operating conditions.

0.0

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40.0

60.0

80.0

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Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P.

cm H2O with time between crumb rubber and sand (particle size= 0.6mm)
removal turbidity= 92.7%.

Comparison for %turbidity removal with time between crumb rubber and sand

Flow rate affects on removal efficiency and
head loss, increasing flow rate cause
decreasing in removal efficiency and increase

flow rate was 25l/h and
influent turbidity was 25NTU for all

bed depth gave
the best removal efficiency while higher
media size and smaller bed depth gave better

The optimum removal efficiency and head
loss for crumb rubber filter were 92.7% and

At constant operating conditions conventional
sand filter has little enhancement in removal

The head loss developed in crumb rubber
by about

42% reduction in pressure drop than sand
.

5. References

[1] Mujeriego, R. and Asano, T
of advanced treatment in wastewater
reclamation and reuse. Wat. Sci. Tech.,
5): 1-9.

[2] Metcalf and Eddy (1991)
Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and
Reuse. 3rd edition. New York:

[3] Abas, F. O., Abass, M. O., Abass, R. O. and
Shymaa, K. G.(2011) Improvement
by Waste Tires Addition. Eng. And Tech.
Journal, 26(16): 3417-3428.

[4] Sunthonpagasit, N., and Hickman, H. L., Jr
(2003) Manufacturing and Utilizing Crumb
Rubber from Scrap Tires
Management. 13.

[5] United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) (1993) Scrap Tire
Handbook. EPA/905-K-001. Region 5, USA.

[6] Graf, C., and Xie, Y. F. (2000)
flow Filtration using Crumb Rubber Media
for Tertiary Wastewater Filtration. Keystone
Water Quality Manager, 33:12

50 100 150

time, min

rubber

sand

٠ ٥٠ ١٠٠ ١٥٠

time, min

rubber

sand

Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

particle size= 0.6mm)

tween crumb rubber and sand (particle size

Mujeriego, R. and Asano, T (1999) The role
of advanced treatment in wastewater

Wat. Sci. Tech., 40(4-

(1991) Wastewater
atment, Disposal, and
New York: McGraw-Hill.

Abass, R. O. and
Improvement of Soil

Eng. And Tech.

Hickman, H. L., Jr.
Manufacturing and Utilizing Crumb

r from Scrap Tires. MSW

United States Environmental Protection
PA) (1993) Scrap Tire

Region 5, USA.
(2000) Gravity Down

on using Crumb Rubber Media
ewater Filtration. Keystone

12–15.

Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014)

[7] Hsiung, S. Y. (2003) Filtration using a
Crumb Rubber Medium. M.Sc. thesis,
Environmental Engineering at Penn State
University.PA. USA.

[8] Tang, Z., Butkus , A. M. and Xie , Y.F.
(2006) Crumb Rubber Filtration: A potential

technology for ballast water treatment.
Marine Environmental Research 61: 410–
423.

[9] Xie. Y. (2007) Filter media: Crumb rubber
for Wastewater Filtration, Filtration and
Separation, 44, 30-32.

2014)( 23- 31، صفحة 2، العدد10دجلة الخوارزمي الھندسیة المجلم عباس حمید سلیمون

ازالة عكورة المیاه باستعمال المطاط كوسط ترشیح

***عبیر ابراھیم موسى **منى یوسف عبد االحد *عباس حمید سلیمون
جامعة بغداد/ كلیة الھندسة / قسم ھندسة الطاقة *

جامعة بغداد/ كلیة الھندسة / قسم الھندسة البیئیة ***،**
inas_abbas@yahoo.com : االلكتروني البرید*

myabdulahad@yahoo.com :البرید االلكتروني **
abeerwared@yahoo.com :االلكتروني البرید***

الخالصة

لمرشح لتاثیر كماده مرشحھ احادیة الزالة عكورة الماء من خالل اختبار كفاءة ا ) المطاط(تضمن البحث دراسة امكانیة استخدام مخلفات االطارات
و ارتفاع الوسط، ساعة/لتر) ٦٥، ٤٥، ٢٥( معدل الجریان، )ملم١.١٤و ٠.٦(حجم الحبیبات ، )وحدة عكورة ٥٠، ٢٥، ١٠(الماء الداخلالتغیر في عكورة

.سم على مقدار العكورة الخارجة وارتفاع عمود الماء ومقارنتھا مع مرشح الرمل التقلیدي ولمدة ساعتین حیث تم سحب نموذج كل عشرة دقائق ) ٦٠، ٣٠(
كانت عند حجم % ٩٢,٧كما ان افضل نسبة ازالة بلغت ،وحدة عكوره ٢٥ساعة و /لتر ٢٥تائج كانت عند معدل جریان تم التوصل الى ان افضل الن

.ملم ٨,٣سم ارتفاع الوسط حیث بلغ ٣٠ملم و ١,١٤سم ارتفاع الوسط وان ارتفاع عمود المیاه كان اقل عند حجم حبیبات ٦٠ملم و ٠,٦حبیبات
لي وعند مقارنة نتائج مرشح المطاط مع المرشح الرملي عند نفس الظروف كان ارتفاع عمود المیاه في مرشح المطاط اقل من المرشح الرملي بحوا

% .٩٢,٧بینما مرشح المطاط % ٩٦,٨مع ان نسبة االزالة للعكورة كانت افضل في المرشح الرملي حیث بلغت % ٤٢

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