عباس ومنى وعبير Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. Removal Water Turbidity by Crumb Rubber Media Abbas H. Sulaymon* Abeer I. Alwared *Department of Energy Engineering/ **,*** Department of Environmental Engineering *Email **Email: ***Email: (Received 9 December 2013; accepted 41 Abstract The removal of water turbidity by using crumb rubber filter was investigated .The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of variation of influent water turbidity (10, 25 and 50 N rate (25, 45 and 65 l/hr) and bed depth (30 and 60 cm) on the performance of mono crumb rubber filter in response to the effluent filtered water turbidity and head loss development, and compare it with that of co Results revealed that 25 l/hr flow rate and 25 NTU influent turbidity were the best operating conditions. smaller media size and higher bed depth gave the best removal efficiency while higher media size lower head loss. The optimum results show that 92.7% removal efficiency results show that at constant operating conditions, pressure filter; about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter and the conventional sand filter has a little enhancement in removal efficiency than crumb rubber filter, 96.8% for sand while for crumb rubber 92.7%. Keywords: Turbidity; filtration; crumb rubber med 1. Introduction Reuse of wastewater often requires, after the conventional secondary processing, advanced/tertiary treatment so as to meet stringent water quality objectives for reuse and to protect public health. Among advanced treatment processes, gravity granular-media filtration has clearly emerged as one of the most efficient and simple processes for removing suspended and colloidal materials including pathogenic microorganisms [1]. Granular media filtration of wastewater is a complex process as the effectiveness of the process is dependent on many interrelated variables and thus there is no generalized approach to the design of full-scale filters Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31 (2014) Removal Water Turbidity by Crumb Rubber Media * Muna Yousif Abdul-Ahad** Abeer I. Alwared*** *Department of Energy Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad Environmental Engineering College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad Email: inas_abbas@yahoo.com *Email: myabdulahad@yahoo.com **Email: abeerwared@yahoo.com December 2013; accepted 41 April 2014) The removal of water turbidity by using crumb rubber filter was investigated .The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of variation of influent water turbidity (10, 25 and 50 NTU), media size (0.6and 1.14mm), filtration rate (25, 45 and 65 l/hr) and bed depth (30 and 60 cm) on the performance of mono crumb rubber filter in response to the effluent filtered water turbidity and head loss development, and compare it with that of conventional sand filter. that 25 l/hr flow rate and 25 NTU influent turbidity were the best operating conditions. smaller media size and higher bed depth gave the best removal efficiency while higher media size and small bed depth gave head loss. The optimum results show that 92.7% removal efficiency and 8.3 mm head loss. The comparison conditions, pressure drop for crumb rubber filter is lower than conventional sand about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter and the conventional sand filter has a little enhancement in removal efficiency than crumb rubber filter, 96.8% for sand while for crumb rubber 92.7%. : Turbidity; filtration; crumb rubber media; head loss. Reuse of wastewater often requires, after the conventional secondary processing, advanced/tertiary treatment so as to meet stringent for reuse and to protect public health. Among advanced treatment media filtration has clearly emerged as one of the most efficient and simple processes for removing suspended and colloidal materials including pathogenic Granular media filtration of wastewater is a complex process as the effectiveness of the process is dependent on many interrelated variables and thus there is no generalized scale filters [2]. The most important design factors are the characteristics of the filter media including type of filter media, grain size and gradation, properties of wastewater solids to be filtered, and the rate of filtration. Generally, pilot scale studies are usually undertaken to evaluate the performance of the filter media to be used for filtering the wastewater in question. In the absence of a pilot study, the design must be based on experience with similar filter influent wastewater at other installations Scrap tires are a solid waste, which are in increasing rates every year in particular in Iraq. They have been usually disposed in landfills or tire piles with serious environmental risks. This problem may assume a larger importance in areas of tropical climate with precarious sanitation conditions moreover scrap tires piles consist a serious fire hazard [3]. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal Removal Water Turbidity by Crumb Rubber Media College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad The removal of water turbidity by using crumb rubber filter was investigated .The present study was conducted to TU), media size (0.6and 1.14mm), filtration rate (25, 45 and 65 l/hr) and bed depth (30 and 60 cm) on the performance of mono crumb rubber filter in response to nventional sand filter. that 25 l/hr flow rate and 25 NTU influent turbidity were the best operating conditions. smaller and small bed depth gave 8.3 mm head loss. The comparison drop for crumb rubber filter is lower than conventional sand about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter and the conventional sand filter has a little enhancement in t design factors are the characteristics of the filter media including type of filter media, grain size and gradation, properties of wastewater solids to be filtered, and the rate of filtration. Generally, pilot scale studies are usually uate the performance of the filter media to be used for filtering the wastewater in question. In the absence of a pilot study, the design must be based on experience with similar filter influent wastewater at other installations. ste, which are produced in increasing rates every year in particular in Iraq. usually disposed in landfills or with serious environmental risks. This importance in areas precarious sanitation conditions moreover scrap tires piles consist a mailto:inas_abbas@yahoo.com mailto:myabdulahad@yahoo.com mailto:abeerwared@yahoo.com Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) 24 About 280 million scrap tires were generated in 2000 with an annual growth of about 26%, and there are about 2000 million scrap tires in stockpiles in the US [4]. It takes a considerable time for scrap tires to decompose in natural systems. With rainwater accumulating in the void space, scrap tire stockpiles are ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, insects and rodents. The discarded tires can cause both health and environmental problems [5]. The management and disposal of scrap tires are of great concern in the United States. An innovative crumb rubber filtration technology has been developed to treat wastewater at Penn State Harrisburg [6]. It was found that crumb rubber is an excellent filter media for downward granular media filters. In comparison to traditional granular media filters (e.g., sand, anthracite, etc.), because of its elasticity, the crumb rubber filter allows higher filtration rate, lower head loss, longer filtration run time, and better effluent quality. Because of its high filtration rate and low density media, the crumb rubber filter is much smaller and lighter than the conventional filters. After a filtration cycle, the crumb rubber can be backwashed with upward flow of filtered water. Because of low density of rubber material, the crumb rubber filter can be backwashed at a much lower backwash water flow rate than the conventional sand/anthracite filter (20m3/hm2 versus 52.5m3/hm2) [7] . The removal of turbidity, particles, phytoplankton and zooplankton in water by crumb rubber filtration; were investigated by Tang, et al [8], they concluded that there was a substantial reduction achieved. Of the three variables, filter depth, media size and filtration rate, media size had the most significant influence. Smaller media size favored higher removal efficiency of all targeted matter. There was no apparent relationship between removal efficiency and filter depth. Higher filtration rate resulted in lower removal efficiency and higher head loss. Compared with conventional granular media filters, crumb rubber filters required less backwash, and developed lower head loss. A potential use of tire crumb is as a filter in pollution control applications. Past studies have shown that tire crumb can be used as an effective filter medium achieving similar results compared to using a sand/anthracite filter to remove turbidity and suspended solids. It was also indicated that the head loss associated with running water through tire crumb as opposed to the standard sand/anthracite media is significantly less [9]. Factorial design was used in this study. The approach reduced the experimental burden while was effective in seeking high quality results to analyze the effects of factors and interactions. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of sand filters by utilizing crumb rubber as filter media which is a locally available solid waste material. 2. Experimental work and Materials Sieve analysis was used to calculate the size distribution of crumb rubber and sand. Sieve analysis was carried out by shaking a weighted sample of crumb rubber and sand using (Endicot sieve shaker) through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller openings. After completion the shaking period (about 25 min), the mass of sample retained on each sieve is measured using Sartorius precision balance. The results of sieve analysis are generally expressed in terms of the percentage of the total weight of sample that passes through different sieves. The geometric mean size, effective size, and uniformity coefficient. are tabulated in Table (1), analyzed in Ministry of Oil, Petroleum Development and Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq. A pilot plant was constructed in order to study the effectiveness of crumb rubber as a filter media. As shown in Fig. 1 PVC column with 5cm inner diameter and 1 meter length was used,. Turbid water was prepared in a tank by adding kaolin (red kaolin from local material),) to tap water with manual mixing. After sufficient settling period of time (about 10 to 30 min. depending on the required turbidity) to allow settling of large particles, turbid water was pumped to a gravity feeding tank to be used as an influent to the filtration column. Two different size of crumb rubber 0.6 and 1.14 mm was used. For each size (0.6, 1.14 mm), the filter column was loaded to a depth of 30 and 60cm respectively. Before each filter run, the filter was backwashed by air scour and then water. For each filter configuration, the filter was operated at three measured influent flow rates 25, 45, and 65 m/hr respectively using a calibrated rotameter. The effluent turbidity was measured using turbidity meter (Hi 98703 HANNA).The head loss through the filter media was measured using the difference between the water level in the Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) 25 filter column and the water level in the glass tube connected to the bottom of the filter column both reading and recorded at fixed time intervals along the experimental duration time of 120 minutes. Porosity of 0.617 and 0.62 for sizes 0.6 and 1.14mm were determined by the measurement of the dry weight of the media initially loaded to the filter column and the media depth. The performance of the optimal crumb rubber filtration conditions were compared with sand (the same size, influent turbidity, influent flow rate, and bed height) by measuring the head loss and the effluent turbidity. Table 1, .Sieve analysis parameters and physical charactaristis for crumb rubber and sand Crumb rubber Sand Size, mm 0.6-1 1.14-1.18 0.6-1 Effective size, mm 0.6 1.14-1.18 0.61 Uniformity coefficient 1.388 1.487 1.41 Density g/cm3 0.114 0.114 0.255 Porosity 0.617 0.62 0.506 Fig. 1. Experimental setup of the crumb rubber filter. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Effectof Size and Influnt Flow Rate on Pressure Drop and Turbidty Four experimental sets were carried out to study the effect of granuler size, bed height,influent flow rate, and influent turbidities on pressure drop and the percent turbidity removal are shown in Figs.(2-5).It can be seen from these figures that the best flow rate was 25 l/h, higher filtration rate resulted in lower turbidity removal efficiency and the best influent turbidity was 25 NTU for all media size .It is clear that lower flow rate causes higher pressure drop,while higher flow rate causes more chanelling between the crumb particles which led to a lower pressure drop. Effluent Sampling Air Rotameter Air pump Air Filtration column Rotameter Backwash tank Over flow Rotameter Pump Preparation tank Feeding tank I m Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) 26 3.2. Optimum Filtration Conditions for the Crumb Rubber The percentage turbidity removal and pressure drop values were found from Figs (2- 5) for each of the sets 1, 2, 3, and 4 individually as shown in Table 2. The best turbidity removal efficiencies for the two media sizes 0.6 and 1.14 mm were 92.7% ,90.8% respectively at constant bed height of 50 mm . These results clearly indicate that the media size played an important role in turbidity removal. This observation was expected since a smaller media size corresponds to a smaller pore size, consequently more solid matter could be strained by the filter media. Also it can be seen from these figures that the bed height has less effect on removal efficiency. The best pressure drop was 8.3 cm H2O for 1.14 mm media size and 30cm bed height while for 0.6 mm media size and 30 cm bed height was 29 cm. For small media size the fine grains tend to settle on the top of the filter, which will easily clog the filter bed surface, and cause a high head loss. 3.3. Comparison between Optimal Conditions of Crumb Rubber Filtration and Sand Comparing the optimum conditions of crumb rubber with sand at influent flow rate 25 l/h, influent turbidity 25NTU.The results for pressure drop and turbidity removal efficiency with time were plotted and as shown in Figs 6 and 7. Table 2. Optimum filtration conditions. Pressure drop Turbidity R2 Fitting equation Pressure drop cm H2O R2 Fitting equation Removal % 0.964 y = 0.001x2 + 0.006x + 9.087 29 0.971 y=-.006x2 + 1.376x+10.25 91.2 Set no.1 0.929 y = 0.001x2 + 0.030x + 11.69 35.1 0.926 y = -0.006x2 + 1.421x + 16.59 92.7 Set no.2 0.945 y = 0.000x2 + 0.001x + 2.598 8.3 0.982 y = -0.005x2 + 1.357x + 7.574 90.6 Set no 3 0.947 y = 0.000x2 + 0.003x + 5.201 16.7 0.979 y = -0.005x2 + 1.362x + 8.382 90.8 Set no.4 Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) 27 Fig. 2. Set no.1, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure versus time at particle size 0.6mm and bed height =30cm Fig. 3. Set no.2, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure drop versus time at particle size 0.6 mm and bed height 50cm ٢٩ ٨٤.٠ ٢٩ ٩١.٢ ٣٠ ٨١.٠ ٧٢ ٨٢.٩ ٧٧ ٨٩.٧ ٨٣ ٨٠.٢ ٧٨ ٨١.٧ ٧٩ ٨١.٧ ٨٤ ٧٩.٤ ٠ ١٠ ٢٠ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٥٠ ٦٠ ٧٠ ٨٠ ٩٠ ١٠٠ ١١٠ ١٢٠ Δp % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ flow rate٢٥l/h flow rate٤٥l/h flow rate٦٥l/h set no.1 optimum turbidity removal = 91.2% pressure drop=30cm ٠min ١٠min ٢٠min ٣٠min ٤٠min ٥٠min ٦٠min ٧٠min ٨٠min ٩٠min ١٠٠min ١١٠min ١٢٠min ٣٤.٥ ٨٦.٧ ٣٥.١ ٩٢.٧ ٣١.٠ ٨٤.٢ ٨٨.٦ ٨٥.٧ ٩٤.٤ ٩١.٤ ١٠٠.٥ ٨٣.٥ ٩٤.٦ ٨٤.٧ ٩٦.٣ ٩٠.٠ ١٠٢.١ ٨٢.٩ ٠.٠ ١٠.٠ ٢٠.٠ ٣٠.٠ ٤٠.٠ ٥٠.٠ ٦٠.٠ ٧٠.٠ ٨٠.٠ ٩٠.٠ ١٠٠.٠ ١١٠.٠ ١٢٠.٠ Δp % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ flow rate٢٥l/h flow rate٤٥l/h flow rate٦٥l/h set no.2 optimum turbidity removal=92.7% presure drop=31cm ٠min ١٠min ٢٠min ٣٠min ٤٠min ٥٠min ٦٠min ٧٠min ٨٠min ٩٠min ١٠٠min ١١٠min ١٢٠min H2O H2O Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) 28 Fig. 4. Set no.3, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure drop versus time at particle size 1.14mm and bed height 30cm. Fig. 5. Set no.4, turbidity removal efficiency and pressure drop versus time at particle size 1.14 mm and bed height 50cm. ٨.٢ ٨٢.٩ ٨.٣ ٩٠.٦ ٨.٦ ٧٩.٧ ٢٨.٨ ٨١.٦ ٣١.٠ ٨٨.٨ ٣٣.٢ ٧٩.٣ ٣٩.٠ ٨٠.٣ ٣٩.٣ ٨٦.٧ ٤٢.٢ ٧٨.٩ ٠.٠ ٢٠.٠ ٤٠.٠ ٦٠.٠ ٨٠.٠ ١٠٠.٠ ١٢٠.٠ Δp % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al Δ p % re m ov al turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ turbidity ١٠ turbidity ٢٥ turbidity ٥٠ flow rate٢٥l/h flow rate٤٥l/h flow rate٦٥l/h set no.3 optimum turbidity removal=90.6% pressure drop=8.3cm ٠min ١٠min ٢٠min ٣٠min ٤٠min ٥٠min ٦٠min ٧٠min ٨٠min ٩٠min ١٠٠min ١١٠min ١٢٠min 16.0 83.2 16.7 90.8 17.5 80.1 57.7 82.0 61.9 89.0 66.4 79.7 78.0 80.7 78.5 87.0 84.3 79.4 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al Δp % re m ov al turbidity 10 turbidity 25 turbidity 50 turbidity 10 turbidity 25 turbidity 50 turbidity 10 turbidity 25 turbidity 50 flow rate25 l/h flow rate45 l/h flow rate65 l/h set no.4 optimum turbidity removal=90.8% pressure drop=17.5cm 0 min 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 70 min 80 min 90 min 100 min 110 min 120 min H2O H2O Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. Fig. 6. Comparison for pressure drop cm H and percent optimum removal turbidity= 92.7% Fig. 7. Comparison for %turbidity removal with time be =0.6mm). 4. Conclusions 1. Flow rate affects on removal efficiency and head loss, increasing flow rate cause decreasing in removal efficiency and increase in head loss .The best flow rate was 25l/h and the best influent turbidity was 25NTU sets. 2. Smaller media size and higher bed depth gave the best removal efficiency while higher media size and smaller bed depth gave better head loss. 3. The optimum removal efficiency and head loss for crumb rubber filter were 92.7% and 8.3mm respectively. 4. At constant operating conditions conven sand filter has little enhancement in removal efficiency than crumb rubber. 5. The head loss developed in crumb rubber filter is less than that in sand filter, by 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand filter at the same operating conditions. 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 0 pr es su re d ro p , c m H 2O ٠.٠ ٢٠.٠ ٤٠.٠ ٦٠.٠ ٨٠.٠ ١٠٠.٠ ١٢٠.٠ ٠ % tu rb id it y re m ov al ef fic ie nc y Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 29 cm H2O with time between crumb rubber and sand (particle size= 0.6mm) removal turbidity= 92.7%. Comparison for %turbidity removal with time between crumb rubber and sand Flow rate affects on removal efficiency and head loss, increasing flow rate cause decreasing in removal efficiency and increase flow rate was 25l/h and influent turbidity was 25NTU for all bed depth gave the best removal efficiency while higher media size and smaller bed depth gave better The optimum removal efficiency and head loss for crumb rubber filter were 92.7% and At constant operating conditions conventional sand filter has little enhancement in removal The head loss developed in crumb rubber by about 42% reduction in pressure drop than sand . 5. References [1] Mujeriego, R. and Asano, T of advanced treatment in wastewater reclamation and reuse. Wat. Sci. Tech., 5): 1-9. [2] Metcalf and Eddy (1991) Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. 3rd edition. New York: [3] Abas, F. O., Abass, M. O., Abass, R. O. and Shymaa, K. G.(2011) Improvement by Waste Tires Addition. Eng. And Tech. Journal, 26(16): 3417-3428. [4] Sunthonpagasit, N., and Hickman, H. L., Jr (2003) Manufacturing and Utilizing Crumb Rubber from Scrap Tires Management. 13. [5] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1993) Scrap Tire Handbook. EPA/905-K-001. Region 5, USA. [6] Graf, C., and Xie, Y. F. (2000) flow Filtration using Crumb Rubber Media for Tertiary Wastewater Filtration. Keystone Water Quality Manager, 33:12 50 100 150 time, min rubber sand ٠ ٥٠ ١٠٠ ١٥٠ time, min rubber sand Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) particle size= 0.6mm) tween crumb rubber and sand (particle size Mujeriego, R. and Asano, T (1999) The role of advanced treatment in wastewater Wat. Sci. Tech., 40(4- (1991) Wastewater atment, Disposal, and New York: McGraw-Hill. Abass, R. O. and Improvement of Soil Eng. And Tech. Hickman, H. L., Jr. Manufacturing and Utilizing Crumb r from Scrap Tires. MSW United States Environmental Protection PA) (1993) Scrap Tire Region 5, USA. (2000) Gravity Down on using Crumb Rubber Media ewater Filtration. Keystone 12–15. Abbas H. Sulaymon Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, P.P. 23- 31(2014) 30 [7] Hsiung, S. Y. (2003) Filtration using a Crumb Rubber Medium. M.Sc. thesis, Environmental Engineering at Penn State University.PA. USA. [8] Tang, Z., Butkus , A. M. and Xie , Y.F. (2006) Crumb Rubber Filtration: A potential technology for ballast water treatment. Marine Environmental Research 61: 410– 423. [9] Xie. Y. (2007) Filter media: Crumb rubber for Wastewater Filtration, Filtration and Separation, 44, 30-32. 2014)( 23- 31، صفحة 2، العدد10دجلة الخوارزمي الھندسیة المجلم عباس حمید سلیمون 31 ازالة عكورة المیاه باستعمال المطاط كوسط ترشیح ***عبیر ابراھیم موسى **منى یوسف عبد االحد *عباس حمید سلیمون جامعة بغداد/ كلیة الھندسة / قسم ھندسة الطاقة * جامعة بغداد/ كلیة الھندسة / قسم الھندسة البیئیة ***،** inas_abbas@yahoo.com : االلكتروني البرید* myabdulahad@yahoo.com :البرید االلكتروني ** abeerwared@yahoo.com :االلكتروني البرید*** الخالصة لمرشح لتاثیر كماده مرشحھ احادیة الزالة عكورة الماء من خالل اختبار كفاءة ا ) المطاط(تضمن البحث دراسة امكانیة استخدام مخلفات االطارات و ارتفاع الوسط، ساعة/لتر) ٦٥، ٤٥، ٢٥( معدل الجریان، )ملم١.١٤و ٠.٦(حجم الحبیبات ، )وحدة عكورة ٥٠، ٢٥، ١٠(الماء الداخلالتغیر في عكورة .سم على مقدار العكورة الخارجة وارتفاع عمود الماء ومقارنتھا مع مرشح الرمل التقلیدي ولمدة ساعتین حیث تم سحب نموذج كل عشرة دقائق ) ٦٠، ٣٠( كانت عند حجم % ٩٢,٧كما ان افضل نسبة ازالة بلغت ،وحدة عكوره ٢٥ساعة و /لتر ٢٥تائج كانت عند معدل جریان تم التوصل الى ان افضل الن .ملم ٨,٣سم ارتفاع الوسط حیث بلغ ٣٠ملم و ١,١٤سم ارتفاع الوسط وان ارتفاع عمود المیاه كان اقل عند حجم حبیبات ٦٠ملم و ٠,٦حبیبات لي وعند مقارنة نتائج مرشح المطاط مع المرشح الرملي عند نفس الظروف كان ارتفاع عمود المیاه في مرشح المطاط اقل من المرشح الرملي بحوا % .٩٢,٧بینما مرشح المطاط % ٩٦,٨مع ان نسبة االزالة للعكورة كانت افضل في المرشح الرملي حیث بلغت % ٤٢ mailto:inas_abbas@yahoo.com mailto:myabdulahad@yahoo.com mailto:abeerwared@yahoo.com