96-101


Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 11, No.  

 

Tensile and Compressive Properties of Kaolin Rienforced Epoxy 

 
Department of  

 (Received  

Abstract 
 

The toughening of epoxy resins with the addition of organic or inorganic compounds is of great interest nowadays, 
considering their large scale of applications
particles having different particle sizes as reinforcement. 
weight %) of kaolin was prepared by using hand lay method
elasticity, yield, tensile, and compressive strength with filler content was evaluated. The comp
modulus of elasticity and compressive 
composites decreases with rising kaolin content. 
particle size in all cases. 
 
Keywords: mechanical properties, composite materials
 

1. Introduction  
 

Particles filled polymer composites have 
become attractive because of their wide 
applications and low cost. Incorporating inorganic 
mineral fillers into plastic resin improves various 
mechanical and physical properties of the 
materials such as mechanical strength, 
and heat deflection temperature. In general the 
mechanical properties of particulate filled 
polymer composites depend strongly on size, 
shape and distribution of filler particles in the 
matrix polymer and good adhesion at the interface 
surface.  

Epoxy resin is widely used as a substrate 
material in electronic packaging industry. As one 
of the most widely used thermosetting resin, 
epoxy resin possess special chemical 
characteristics such as little or no by
volatiles formation upon curing, low shrinkage, 
can be cured over a wide range of curing 
temperatures and control-able degree of cross
linking [1]. However, it is reported that the epoxy 
resin without mineral filler cannot meet the 
requirement for its thermo-mechanical properties. 

Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 96-101 (2015)

 
Tensile and Compressive Properties of Kaolin Rienforced Epoxy

  
Jabbar Hussein Mohmmed 

Department of  Material Engineering/ University of Technology
jabbaraljanaby@yahoo.comEmail:   

(Received 2 September 2014; accepted 23 March  2015) 

with the addition of organic or inorganic compounds is of great interest nowadays, 
considering their large scale of applications. In the present work, composites of epoxy are synthesized with kaolin
particles having different particle sizes as reinforcement. Composites of epoxy with varying concentration (

prepared by using hand lay method. The variation of mechanical properties such as modulus of 
sile, and compressive strength with filler content was evaluated. The comp

modulus of elasticity and compressive properties on addition of filler. In contrast, the tensile and yield strength of the 
in content. It is also observed that mechanical properties increase

composite materials, epoxy risen, and kaolin. 

filled polymer composites have 
become attractive because of their wide 
applications and low cost. Incorporating inorganic 
mineral fillers into plastic resin improves various 

physical properties of the 
materials such as mechanical strength, modulus 

. In general the 
mechanical properties of particulate filled 
polymer composites depend strongly on size, 
shape and distribution of filler particles in the 
matrix polymer and good adhesion at the interface 

oxy resin is widely used as a substrate 
material in electronic packaging industry. As one 
of the most widely used thermosetting resin, 
epoxy resin possess special chemical 
characteristics such as little or no by-products or 

low shrinkage, 
can be cured over a wide range of curing 

able degree of cross-
linking [1]. However, it is reported that the epoxy 
resin without mineral filler cannot meet the 

mechanical properties. 

Hence, Many investigators have used various 
toughening filler with epoxy, such as alumina [1], 
silica powder and aramid fiber [2, 3], Granite [4], 
and glass-fiber [5] in order to improve specific 
properties or reduce cost. In this investigation 
kaolin of variable particle size was added to 
epoxy. Influences of the addition of these fillers 
on the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, 
yield, tensile, and compressive strength) were 
examined. 

 
 
2. Experimental Procedure
 
2.1. Materials System 
 

The matrix material used for the present study 
was epoxy (type:CY233 supplied by Ciba
Co.-German) having density in range of (1.1
g/cm3) at 25˚C and hardener (HY956). The 
properties and chemical structure of 
epoxy  are presented in Fig.1 and Table 1.

Kaolin clay has a density of 2.64 g/cm³ with a 
general chemical formulation 
supplied by Iraqi National Company for 

 

    
Al-Khwarizmi 
Engineering   

Journal 
(2015)

Tensile and Compressive Properties of Kaolin Rienforced Epoxy

 

 
 

with the addition of organic or inorganic compounds is of great interest nowadays, 
oxy are synthesized with kaolin 

y with varying concentration (0 to 40 
. The variation of mechanical properties such as modulus of 

sile, and compressive strength with filler content was evaluated. The composite showed improved 
In contrast, the tensile and yield strength of the 
mechanical properties increase with decrease in 

Many investigators have used various 
toughening filler with epoxy, such as alumina [1], 
silica powder and aramid fiber [2, 3], Granite [4], 

5] in order to improve specific 
properties or reduce cost. In this investigation 

e particle size was added to 
epoxy. Influences of the addition of these fillers 
on the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, 
yield, tensile, and compressive strength) were 

rocedure 

 

used for the present study 
was epoxy (type:CY233 supplied by Ciba-Geigy. 

German) having density in range of (1.1-1.2 
˚C and hardener (HY956). The 

hemical structure of uncured 
in Fig.1 and Table 1. 

Kaolin clay has a density of 2.64 g/cm³ with a 
general chemical formulation Al2Si2O5(OH)4 

Iraqi National Company for 



Jabbar Hussein Mohmmed            Al 

Geological Survey and Refinery was used in this 
study. This clay was milled by using a ball mill 
instrument, and it was sieved by using a sieve 
analyzer to obtain different particle size for kaolin 
(d<8, 18<d<25, 33<d<45, and 50<d<62 
chemical composition and general properties 
of kaolin are presented in Tables (2, and 3
 

 
Fig. 1. Chemical Structure of uncured epoxy 

 
 
Table 1, 
 Properties of epoxy.  

Table 2, 
Chemical composition of kaolin. 

 
Table 3, 
 General properties of kaolin.  

 
 
2.2. Mold Preparation 
 

A standard steel sample for each type of tests 
was manufactured for the purpose of making the 
final mold. The molds were manufactured from 
the white cement material. Manufacturing mold 
process can be summarized in the following steps:

 

1. Forming a rectangular frame of wood for each 
mold and then put them on glass bases.

Quantity Properties 
1.1 Density, g/cm3 

1.5  Modulus of elasticity, GPa 
40.5 Tensile strength, MPa 
66.22 Yield strength, MPa 
82.3Compressive strength, MPa 

SiO2% Al2O3% Fe2O3% 
52.48 31.31 2.094 
MgO% Na2O% CaO% 
0.33 0.28 0.462 

Quantity Properties 
2.64 Density, g/cm3 

white Powder color 
1755 Melting point °C 
Higher 225 Fracture resistance 
Endothermic at 260 Thermal properties 
Exothermic at 980

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 

97 

Geological Survey and Refinery was used in this 
study. This clay was milled by using a ball mill 

by using a sieve 
analyzer to obtain different particle size for kaolin 

50<d<62 µm). The 
chemical composition and general properties 

are presented in Tables (2, and 3)   

 

al Structure of uncured epoxy [12]. 

 

A standard steel sample for each type of tests 
was manufactured for the purpose of making the 
final mold. The molds were manufactured from 

Manufacturing mold 
process can be summarized in the following steps: 

Forming a rectangular frame of wood for each 
mold and then put them on glass bases. 

2. Poured the mixture of white cement into the 
wooden structures. 

3. Put the standard steel samples in own m
and kept for one hour. 

4. Take out the standard samples from molds. 
The cement material will take the form of 
standard samples. 

5. Take out the molds from the wooden frames.
 
 
2.3. Preparation of Composites
 

For epoxy-kaolin composite, 
containing varying sizes (d<8, 18<d<25, 
33<d<45, and 50<d<62 µ
(0, 10, 20, 30, 40 %wt) of kaolin in an epoxy 
matrix were prepared for each test 
lay method. 

Prior the mixing, the kaolin powder was 
washed thoroughly with water then dr
oven at 110˚C for 2 h to remove any moisture. 
Then, the required amounts of kaolin and epoxy 
were mixed mechanically. After 10 min of 
stirring, Hardener was added and gently mixed 
with the mixture in the ratio of 3:1 by weight 
epoxy resin. Mixing was continued for another 15 
min. The final mixture was poured into 
cement molds and was allowed to cu
temperature for 24 h. after this the composite was 
taken out the molds and post cured at 100
hr. The composite was allowed to cool to room 
temperature in the oven itself.

 
 

2.4. Measurement of Tensile 
Compressive Strengths

 
     Tensile tests were carried out according to 
ASTM D638 [6] on the Instron tensile testing 
machine 3710-016. The specimen type I with 
overall length 168 mm and width 29 mm was used 
in this test. A cross head speed of 10 mm/min was 
used and the test was performed at 25 ± 3
Compressive test was performed 
Instron tensile testing machine. 
fraction, 4 specimens have diameter of 12.7 mm 
and height of 25.4 mm with different particle size
in addition to specimen for net epoxy
produced and tested according to 
[6]. 
 
 
 
 
 

Quantity
1.1-1.2
1.5
40.5
66.22
82.3 

TiO2% 
1.43 
L.O.I% 
10.93 

Endothermic at 260°C
Exothermic at 980°C 

Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 96- 101 (2015)
 

 

Poured the mixture of white cement into the 

Put the standard steel samples in own mold 
 

Take out the standard samples from molds. 
The cement material will take the form of 

Take out the molds from the wooden frames. 

omposites 

kaolin composite, 17 samples 
containing varying sizes (d<8, 18<d<25, 

50<d<62 µm) and weight percent 
(0, 10, 20, 30, 40 %wt) of kaolin in an epoxy 

for each test by using hand 

Prior the mixing, the kaolin powder was 
with water then dried in an 

to remove any moisture. 
Then, the required amounts of kaolin and epoxy 
were mixed mechanically. After 10 min of 
stirring, Hardener was added and gently mixed 
with the mixture in the ratio of 3:1 by weight of 
epoxy resin. Mixing was continued for another 15 
min. The final mixture was poured into white 

molds and was allowed to cure at room 
. after this the composite was 

taken out the molds and post cured at 100˚C for 4 
site was allowed to cool to room 

temperature in the oven itself. 

Measurement of Tensile and 
Compressive Strengths 

Tensile tests were carried out according to 
[6] on the Instron tensile testing 

The specimen type I with 
erall length 168 mm and width 29 mm was used 

A cross head speed of 10 mm/min was 
used and the test was performed at 25 ± 3oC.  

was performed also by using a 
Instron tensile testing machine. For each weight 

have diameter of 12.7 mm 
with different particle size 

in addition to specimen for net epoxy were 
produced and tested according to ASTM D696 



Jabbar Hussein Mohmmed            Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 96- 101 (2015) 
 

98 
 

3. Results and Discussion 
 

3.1. Modulus of Elasticity  
 

Young’s modulus is the stiffness (the ratio 
between stress and strain) of a material at the 
elastic stage of a tensile test. Figure 1 shows the 
effect of kaolin content (wt%) to the modulus of 
elasticity of the composites. As expected, the 
Young’s modulus of the composite markedly 
improved with the addition of kaolin content. This 
improvement because of the kaolin particle is 
inherently stiff and thus influences the stiffness of 
the composite as a whole (bulk). A similar 
observation was made by H. salmah et.al [7] in 
the case of polypropylene/ kaolin composites. The 
rate of increase of Young’s modulus was 
comparable to the increase in concentration of 
kaolin and the decrease in particle size. Thus it 
was confirmed that the total area available to 
deformation stress played an important role. 
These results are in good agreement with results 
obtained by S. Bose and P.A. Mahanwar [8], and 
Jawad Kadhim et al [9] in the case of Polymethyl 
methacrylate (PMMA)/ Silica composite. 

 

 
 

Fig. 1. Variation in Young's modulus of different 
particle size kaolin with varying concentration. 
 
 
3.2. Tensile Strength 
 

Figure 2 shows the effect of filler loading on 
tensile strength of epoxy/ kaolin composite with 
different particle size. It can be seen that the 
tensile strength decreases with increasing filler 
loading.  

The decrease in tensile strength may be due to 
the non-uniform distribution of kaolin particles in 
the matrix. In addition to, brittleness of kaolin 
particles causes the concentration of local stresses 
at these particles and leads to the deterioration of 
tensile strength of the composite. These results are 
in agreement with those obtained by S. Bose and 
P.A. Mahanwar [10]. It was also observed that the 

rate of decrease of strength was higher when 
larger particle size was used. Smaller particles 
have a higher total surface area for a given 
particle loading. This indicates that the strength 
increases with increasing surface area of the filled 
particles through a more efficient stress transfer 
mechanism. Most investigators have enumerated 
that particle size is inversely related to reinforcing 
character and that an increase in surface area 
increases the composite mechanical properties 
[10, 11]. 
 

 
 

Fig. 2. Variation in tensile strength of different 
particle size kaolin with varying concentration 

 
 
3.3. Yield Strength 
 

The effect of filler loading on the yield 
strength of kaolin filled epoxy composites with 
different particle size is shown in Fig. 3. It is 
clearly shown that, the yield strength of all epoxy 
composites decreases with increasing filler 
loading. Significant drop in the value of yield 
strength was observed at filler loading as in the 
range of (0-10) wt.%. 

In Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC), most of 
the deformation occurs in the matrix phase. As the 
percentage of kaolin content increases, the ability 
of the matrix phase to deform plasticity is also 
reduced as shown in Figure 3. This can be 
explained by plastic deformation mechanism. 
Ability of the material to plasticity deformed is 
largely determined by the mobility of the 
molecular chain (molecular motion) to take place 
under applied load. The presence of rigid particles 
such as kaolin in this case has restricted the 
mobility of the molecular chain to pass each other 
and orientation which consequently resulted in 
instantaneous failure (brittle failure) as the yield 
stress is reached. Therefore, Rigidity of kaolin 
particles has directly responsible for the decreases 
in the yield strength value. However, at similar 
filler loading, kaolin filled epoxy composites with 
smaller particle size have higher yield strength 

40.0030.0020.0010.00.00

Filler Loading (Wt%)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

E
 V

a
lu

e 
(G

P
a

)

50<d<62

33<d<45

18<d<25

d<8

40.0030.0020.0010.00.00

Filler Loading (Wt%)

40.00

35.00

30.00

25.00

20.00

T
e

n
s

il
e
 S

tr
e
n

g
th

 (
M

P
a

)

50<d<62

33<d<45

18<d<25

d<8



Jabbar Hussein Mohmmed            Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 96- 101 (2015) 
 

99 
 

than similar composites with larger particle size. 
This may be attributed to an increase in the kaolin 
particle strength with a decrease in particle size, 
because the probability of a strength-limiting flaw 
existing in the volume of the material decreases. 
At relatively large particle sizes of this material, a 
significant amount of particle cracking takes place 
during extrusion prior to testing. Cracked particles 
do not carry any load effectively and can be 
effectively thought of as voids, so the strength is 
lower than that of the unreinforced material. The 
same trend was found by Shao-Yun Fu et al. [12] 
and Samir Nassaf Mustafa [13]. 

 

 
 

Fig. 3. Variation in yield strength of different 
particle size kaolin with varying concentration. 

 
 

3.4. Compressive Strength 
 

The variation of compressive strength for the 
composites under study with filler content is 
presented in Fig. 4. In this figure it was observed 
that the compressive strength increased drastically 

on addition of filler in both the larger and smaller 
particle sizes of kaolin but the rate of change of 
compressive strength with varying percentage of 
filler was higher in the case of smaller particle 
size as compared to larger particle size of kaolin. 
The smaller kaolin particles are expected to 
improve the stress transfer between the matrix and 
the filler by the formation of a strong filler/matrix 
interface.  

A similar observation was made by Singla and 
Chawla [14] and Ibtihal et.al. [15] in the case of 
fly ash/ Epoxy composites and Silica/ Epoxy 
composites respectively. The trend of the 
variation of compressive properties with filler is 
similar to that of the variation of Young's modulus 
properties. Further, the enhanced compressive 
strength properties of the composites over that of 
the matrix may be due to the stiff nature of the 
filler. 

 

 
 

Fig. 4. Variation in compressive strength of 
different particle size kaolin with varying 
concentration. 

 

 
Table 4, 
All experimental results for each testing. 

No. Kaolin  
added (%) 

Particle 
size (µm) 

Modulus of 
elasticity (GPa) 

Yield strength 
(MPa) 

Tensile strength 
(MPa) 

Compressive  
strength (MPa) 

1 .00 .00 1.5 40.5 66.22 82.3 
2 10.00 d≤8.00 2.93 40.3 49.21 88.67 
3 20.00 d≤8.00 3.46 . 34.25 47.56 105.22 
4 30.00 d≤8.00 4.28 31.56 42.43 111.15 
5 40.00 d≤8.00 5.66 27.42 36.7 123.3 
6 10.00 18≤d≤25 2.77 38.5 47.52 84.36 
7 20.00 18≤d≤25 3.08 33.59 45.1 102.4 
8 30.00 18≤d≤25 4.11 27.22 39.8 106.3 
9 40.00 18≤d≤25 5.31 25.52 33.4 117.22 
10 10.00 33≤d≤45 2.53 35.22 42.11 82.27 
11 20.00 33≤d≤45 2.99 30.59 39.3 91.23 
12 30.00 33≤d≤45 3.82 26.4 34.15 98.9 
13 40.00 33≤d≤45 4.76 23.9 29.62 108.59 
14 10.00 50≤d≤62 1.58 30.15 41.5 78.86 
15 20.00 50≤d≤62 2.87 28.15 39.99 84.04 
16 30.00 50≤d≤62 3.95 23.44 34.22 93.18 
17 40.00 50≤d≤62 4.43 19.22 27.5 99.11 

40.0030.0020.0010.00.00

Fller Loading (Wt%)

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

Y
ie

ld
 S

tr
e
n

g
th

 (
M

P
a
)

50<d<62

33<d<45

18<d<25

d<8

40.0030.0020.0010.00.00

Filler Loading (Wt%)

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

C
o

m
p

re
s

si
v

e 
S

tr
en

g
th

 (
M

P
a)

50<d<62

33<d<45

18<d<25

d<8



Jabbar Hussein Mohmmed            Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 96- 101 (2015) 
 

100 
 

4. Reference 
 
[1] ErfanSuryani Abdul Rashid, Hazizan 

MdAkil, KamarshahAriffin, Chee Choong 
Kool, "The Flexural and Morphological 
Properties of α-Alumina Filled Epoxy 
Composites", Malaysian Polymer Journal 
(MPJ), Vol 1, No. 1, 2006. 

[2] Haiying Wang a, Yilong Bai, Sheng Liu, Jiali 
Wu, C.P. Wong, "Combined Effects of Silica 
Filler and Its Interface in Epoxy Resin", 
ActaMaterialia, Vol.50, 2002. 

[3] Sun, Y., Zhang, Z., Wong, C.P., "Influence 
of Interphase and Moisture on the Dielectric 
Spectroscopy of Epoxy/silica Composites, 
Polymer Journal, Vol.46, 2005. 

[4] Ramakrishna H. V.  and Rai S. K, 
"Utilization of Granite Powder as a Filler for 
Polybutylene Terepthalate Toughened Epoxy 
Resin", Journal of Minerals & Materials 
Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 5, 
No.1, 2006 

[5] Alvarez, V.A., Valdez, M.E., Vasquez, A., 
"Dynamic Mechanical Properties and 
Interphase Fiber/Matrix Evaluation of 
Unidirectional Glass Fiber/Epoxy 
Composites", Polymer Testing, Vol.22, 2003. 

[6] Annual Book of ASTM, Section 8, Vol.08.01 
Plastic, "Am.Soc. Test Mat." Philadelphia, 
(2004). 

[7] H. Salmah, C.M. Ruzaidi and A.G. Supri, 
"Compatibilisation of Polypropylene/ 
Ethylene Propylene DieneTerpolymer/ 
Kaolin Composites: The Effect of Maleic 
Anhydride-Grafted-Polypropylene", Journal 
of Physical Science, Vol. 20, No.1, 2009. 

[8] Suryasarathi Bose, and P.A. Mahanwar, " 
Effect of Particle Size of Filler on Properties 
of Nylon-6", Journal of Minerals & Materials 
Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 3, 
No.1, 2004. 

[9] Jawad Kadhim Oleiwi, Farhad M. Othman, 
Israa Faisal qhaze, " A Study of Mechanical 
Properties of Poly Methacrylate Polymer 
Reinforced by Silica Particles (Sio2)", Eng. 
& Tech. Journal, Vol. 31, No. 15, 2013. 

[10] Suryasarathi Bose and P.A.Mahanwar, " 
Effect of Fly ash on The Mechanical, 
Thermal, Dielectric, Rheological and 
Morphological Properties of Filled 
Nylon6", Journal of Minerals & Materials 
Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 3, 
No.2, 2004. 

[11] Najat J. Saleh & Samir Nassaf Mustafa, " A 
Study of Some Mechanical, Thermal and 
Physical Properties of Polymer Blend with 
Iraqi Kaolin Filler", Eng. & Tech. Journal, 
Vol. 29, No. 11, 2011. 

[12] Shao-Yun Fu, Xi-Qiao Feng, Bernd Lauke, 
and Yiu-Wing Mai, " Effects of particle 
size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and 
particle loading on mechanical properties of 
particulate–polymer composites", Science 
Direct, Composite Journal, Part B, No. 39, 
2008 

[13] Samir Nassaf Mustafa, " Effect of kaolin on 
the mechanical properties of polypropylene/ 
polyethylene composite material", Diyala 
Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 5, No. 
2, 2012. 

[14] Manoj Singla, and Vikas Chawla, " 
Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin – 
Fly Ash Composite ", Journal of Minerals 
& Materials Characterization & 
Engineering, Vol. 9, No.3, 2010. 

[15] Ibtihal-Al-Namie, Ahmed Aladdin Ibrahim, 
Manal Fleyah Hassan, " Study the 
Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin 
Reinforced With silica (quartz) and 
Alumina Particles", The Iraqi Journal For 
Mechanical And Material Engineering, 
Vol.11, No.3, 2011. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
    




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