28-35 Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 2 Design and Construction of and the Optimum Parameters Water and Alaa Dhari Jawad Al Institute of Technology-Baghdad/ (Received 24 March 2015 ; accepted 16 June 2015) Abstract Electrical magnate was designed and constructed, the optimum Magnetic flux and the effect of time on the physical properties of the alkaline (magnetic water) produced from the bottled drinking water [the total dissolved solids (TDS) or the electrical conductivity, and pH] were studied, to simulate ZamZam water in Mekka Saudi Arabia. Also, the efficiency of magnetic field from this NaCl Content), to convert it to water suitable fo show that the magnetic flux from our designed electrical magnate in the range of (0.013 magnetic treatment time is sufficient to produce alkaline water with p While 60 minutes of magnetic treatment result when the magnetic flux is 0.026 Tesla. that , the maximum decrease in TDS is took place when the magnetic flux is 0.0 and the time for magnetic treatment is 30 minutes where the TDS of 1730 ppm reduced to 1290 ppm effect of magnetic treatment on the pH change of high NaCl content water give maximum pH value magnetic flux is 0.013 and 0.028 Tesla (the voltages is 1.5 & 3 V respectively and 100 turn coil) and the time period of magnetic treatment is 30 minutes. The trend of results agreed well with treatment lead always to increase of pH, decrease in TDS and electrical conductivity Keywords: Electrical magnate, Magnetic water, 1. Introduction Magnetic water (MW) is the water which passed for a certain period of time through magnetic field [1]. MW is used in industry, agriculture and medical applications , in industry is used to prevent the scales from the inner tubes and in agriculture it is used to increase the flowering of the fruits [2]. In Medical applications, MW can be used to dissolve the stones in kidney and dissociating the salts of solid mass, it is also used to decrease the cholesterol and salts from arteries, decreasing t of pumping the blood by the heart. In the broken bones the MW will increase the immigration of the calcium ions to the broken bones and Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35 (2015) Construction of Electrical Magnate to Study Optimum Parameters to Produce Alkaline Magnetic and Treating the Sea Water to be Suitabl for Irrigation Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Bayati Baghdad/ Middle Technical University / Foundation of Technical Education Email: bayati.engineer@gmail.com (Received 24 March 2015 ; accepted 16 June 2015) Electrical magnate was designed and constructed, the optimum Magnetic flux and the effect of time on the physical properties of the alkaline (magnetic water) produced from the bottled drinking water [the total dissolved solids nductivity, and pH] were studied, to simulate ZamZam water in Mekka Saudi Arabia. Also, this designed electrical magnate in decreasing the TDS of sea water ( NaCl Content), to convert it to water suitable for irrigation (TDS<1000 ppm) was investigated in this work.The results show that the magnetic flux from our designed electrical magnate in the range of (0.013- 0.08) Tesla and 30 minutes magnetic treatment time is sufficient to produce alkaline water with pH similar to ZamZam water (pH from 7.85 While 60 minutes of magnetic treatment results to higher values of pH and the maximum pH value of 8.9 is obtained . The investigation for reducing the TDS of water having 150 that , the maximum decrease in TDS is took place when the magnetic flux is 0.013 Tesla(coil and the time for magnetic treatment is 30 minutes where the TDS of 1730 ppm reduced to 1290 ppm magnetic treatment on the pH change of high NaCl content water give maximum pH value magnetic flux is 0.013 and 0.028 Tesla (the voltages is 1.5 & 3 V respectively and 100 turn coil) and the time period nutes. The trend of results agreed well with previous studies, where the magnetic treatment lead always to increase of pH, decrease in TDS and electrical conductivity Magnetic water, alkaline water, Design of electrical magnate, TDS, pH Magnetic water (MW) is the water which passed for a certain period of time through magnetic field [1]. MW is used in industry, agriculture and medical applications , in industry is used to prevent the scales from the inner tubes re it is used to increase the flowering of the fruits [2]. In Medical applications, MW can be used to dissolve the stones in kidney and dissociating the salts of solid mass, it is also used to decrease the cholesterol and salts from arteries, decreasing the resistance of pumping the blood by the heart. In the broken bones the MW will increase the immigration of the calcium ions to the broken bones and accelerating the joining of the bones.; Magnetic water increases the immunity cells in the body and helps to be a way from constipation. Open the appetite and regulate the working of bile. Drinking daily a cup of magnetic water will give the body with super animation and activating it [3]. Drinking alkaline water decrease the epidemics of our body. Water repre composition, so we should be well hydrated by water having beneficial minerals and which should be free from pollutants. Good water have the ability of purifying the blood and strengthen the immune system and to counter the effect of free radicals. It was proven that water have many health promoting properties[4]. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal (2015) Study its Efficiency Alkaline Magnetic Suitable Technical Education Electrical magnate was designed and constructed, the optimum Magnetic flux and the effect of time on the physical properties of the alkaline (magnetic water) produced from the bottled drinking water [the total dissolved solids nductivity, and pH] were studied, to simulate ZamZam water in Mekka Saudi Arabia. Also, designed electrical magnate in decreasing the TDS of sea water (of 1500 ppm r irrigation (TDS<1000 ppm) was investigated in this work.The results 0.08) Tesla and 30 minutes H similar to ZamZam water (pH from 7.85- 8). to higher values of pH and the maximum pH value of 8.9 is obtained The investigation for reducing the TDS of water having 1500 ppm NaCl show Tesla(coil of 100 turn and 1.5 V) and the time for magnetic treatment is 30 minutes where the TDS of 1730 ppm reduced to 1290 ppm is obtained .The magnetic treatment on the pH change of high NaCl content water give maximum pH value of 8.1 when the magnetic flux is 0.013 and 0.028 Tesla (the voltages is 1.5 & 3 V respectively and 100 turn coil) and the time period studies, where the magnetic , TDS, pH, ZamZam water. accelerating the joining of the bones.; Magnetic water increases the immunity cells in the body and to be a way from constipation. Open the appetite and regulate the working of bile. Drinking daily a cup of magnetic water will give the body with super animation and activating it Drinking alkaline water decrease the epidemics of our body. Water represent 70% of our body composition, so we should be well hydrated by water having beneficial minerals and which should be free from pollutants. Good water have the ability of purifying the blood and strengthen the immune system and to counter the effect of free radicals. It was proven that water have many health promoting properties[4]. Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35(2015) 29 The alkaline ionized water was made by splitting the filtered tap water into alkaline ionic water and acidic water. The first commercial ionizers for making alkaline water was available in Japan in 1958. The magnetic treatment for water was used long times ago and the first commercial device used was in Belgium in 1945[5]. Magnetic field will change many physical properties of water as pH, TDS and thus electrical conductivity, pH is normally increased and TDS is decreased and thus electrical conductivity. Magnetic field can be obtained from permanent or by electrical magnate. Hardness of water changes as the magnetic intensity changes[6]. In this study, the optimum magnetic field intensities generated by an electric magnate and the optimum time required to get the required increase of the pH and decrease of TDS and thus the electrical conductivity of the water were investigated. Also, the effect of number of turns of the magnetic coil on the change of pH, TDS and electrical conductivity properties of the treated water were investigated. The water treatment with magnetic phenomena has been reported effectively in numerous instances [7]. Scale control from water by magnetic treatment is an increasing important role among chemical water conditioning methods. The use of magnetic field concentrated on permanent magnate [8] . Crystallization of sparingly soluble diamagnetic salts of weak acids such as phosphates and carbonates is accelerated by use of magnetic field [9]. Factors affecting the degree of water magnetizing are; force of magnetic field, quantity of water magnetized, and time of contact between the water and magnetic field [10]. When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field surrounds the conductor . The lines of magnetic field increases while the current flow increases. If a conductor is twisted in a coil, current will be generated when cutting the lines of magnetic field, when the number of turns of the coil is increased the magnetic field will be stronger, furthermore when the coil is wrapped around a piece of iron the current becomes stronger [11]. Traditionally most people judge the properties of water from the standpoint of pH, in other words water is acidic or alkaline. The higher pH blood contains excess oxygen, the heart doesn't have to work so hard. Drinking alkaline ionized water is beneficial for any health complaint where there is excess tissue acidity and damage being caused by free radicals. The list of specific diseases that have been connected with excess tissue acid waste and the damage done by harmful free radicals is extensive and includes the following: • Cardiovascular disease including the building up of cholesterol deposits. • High blood pressure Diabetes, • Cancers, • Hypothyroidism, • Osteoporosis, • Arthritis, • Kidney problems, • Gastro intestinal inflammation, • Skin problems including eczema, Gout, Candida infections. ZamZam water has healing effects. The Prophet Mohammed said: '' Water of ZamZam is good for whatever purpose it has been drunk''. Concentrations of minerals in ZamZam water and tap water is shown in table 1 [12]. Table 1, Chemical analysis of ZamZam and Tap water (ppm). Mineral ZamZam water Tap water Sodium 133 37.8 Calcium 96 75.2 Magnesium 38.88 6.8 Potassium 43.3 2.7 Bicarbonate 195.4 70.2 Chloride 163.3 73.3 Florid 0.72 0.28 Nitrate 124.8 2.6 Sulphate 124.0 107 TDS Alkaline 835 350 Most of the previous works relating production of magnetic and alkaline water used commercial magnetizers composed of permanent magnate [1,5,13 ], but in our study electrical magnate was designed and constructed, the optimum Magnetic flux and the effect of time on the physical properties of the alkaline (magnetic water) produced from the bottled drinking water [the total dissolved solids (TDS) or the electrical conductivity, and pH] were studied, to simulate ZamZam water in Mekka Saudi Arabia. Also, the efficiency of magnetic field from designed electrical magnate in decreasing the TDS of sea water (of 1500 ppm NaCl Content), to convert it to water suitable for irrigation (TDS<1000 ppm) was investigated in this work. Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35(2015) 30 2. Theory 2.1. The Electromagnetic Field The magnetic field from a wire carrying electrical current is a loop wraps the wire. The magnitude is decreased when increasing the distance from the wire. The magnitude of the magnetic field flux density (B) at a distance from a long straight wire carrying a current I is given by [14]: B=µ0I/2πr ...(1) where: µ0 is the permeability of free space equal to (4πx10-7 )T.m/Amp ; T=tesla) The field at the center of the circular loop of radius r carrying a current I is given by: B=µ0I/2r …(2) For N loops aligned together to form a flat coil, the field is just multiplied by N such that: B=µ0NI/2r …(3) If a number of current carrying loops are stacked on top of each other to form a cylinder or, equivalently, a single wire is wound into a tight spiral, the result is known as solenoid. Magnetic water treatment device is permanent magnets or electromagnets that attached to water lines in order to condition it. The amount of magnetic field in a coil is proportional to the current through the wire And multiplied by the number of turns of the coil (NI). [15]. Fig. 1 The circuit of making electrical magnete. Magnetic flux density 10,000 gauss (G)= 1tesla (T) The field along the axis of the solenoid has a magnitude of: B=µ0nI …(4) where n= N/L is the number of turns per unit length [14]. B and H are related by the permeability: B=µ H[15] …(5) where H is the magnetic field strength. Always the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of the current. The magnetic field generated from a loop of wire carrying a common mount of current is always weak magnetic field can be stronger with the same amount of current carrying in it by Increasing the number of turns and making a coil. [16] 2.2. Magnetic Flux The unit of magnetic flux (φ) is Webber (wb). One Webber is equal to 1x108 magnetic field lines (Wb=108 Maxwell) = (tesla*m2). The magnetic flux density is related to magnetic flux such that: B=φ/A …(6) B= magnetic flux density in Tesla (T) Φ= magnetic flux in Webbers (Wb) A= area in square meters (m2) where The result is that in SI unit for flux density is Webbers per square meters (Web/m2) 2.3. Magneto motive Force (mmf) Is the strength of a magnetic field in a coil of wire. Fm=ampere*turns=NI …(7) 2.4. Field Intensity H=Fm/L=NI/L=At/m …(8) When the coil length decreased the intensity increased 2.5. Relative Permeability µ=µ/µ0 …(9) µ = Straight or absolute permeability (T.m/Amp.) µ0 = Permeability of free space vacuum equal to (4π*10-7 T*m/Amp.). 3. Experimental Work 3.1. Materials Bottled water and water having 1500 ppm NaCl to simulate sea water are used. The instruments and details of materials used are as follows: Drinking water (from bottles and water having 1500 ppm NaCl to simulate sea water). Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35(2015) 31 Insulated Copper wire type S.W.G. 19 diameter of 1mm. OVA meter for measuring voltage, electrical current and resistance. pH meter Allafrance company with 0.1 resolution. TDS & Electrical conductivity for water measurement device (EC/TDS/Temperature) Made by Hanna, H199301 in Romania , having 0.01 mS/cm resolution for EC and 0.01ppt(g/l) resolution for TDS. DC batteries of 1.5 V type D and 9 V battery. Immersed water pump H=1.8m ,Q=1200L/H and power 20 W . Rubber tubes. Galvanized iron bush of 10 cm length. Table 2 shows the physical properties of water used in this study for magnetic treatment. Table 2, Specifications of bottled drinking water and sea water. Electrical Conductivity mS TDS ppm pH Type of Water Used No. 0.37 180 6.6 Drinking water from bottles 1 3.47 1730 7.53 Drinking water from bottles having 1500 ppm NaCl (Sea water) 2 3.2. Design Calculations The number of turns of the copper wire of 1 mm diameter and type SWG 19 is taken as 100 turns in this work. The range of the magnetic flux density that will be used in producing magnetic water will be chosen such that: B = µ H …(10) where: µ = absolute magnetic permeability H: magnetic intensity At/m which is calculated as: H =F/L ...(11) where: F= NI …(12) F: magnetic force At N: Number of turns of coil I: Current, Ampere L: length of magnetic lines m Sample of Calculations B=µ H µr=5000 for iron, µ0 =4π x10 -7 Absolute permeability µr= µ / µ0 Assuming the magnetic flux needed is 0.01 Tesla 0.01= 4π x10-7 x 5000 x H H= 0.01/4π x10-7 x 5000 H = 1.592 At/m H =F/L = NI / L = 100 I/0.1 (in our design the length of magnetic field = 10 cm = 0.1 m) I = 0.00159 A = 1.59 mA. From Table 3 V=1.5 I=2.1 mA = 2.1x10-3A B= µ0. µr N.I/L = 4π x10 -7 * 5000 * 100 *2.1x10- 3/0.1 B=0.013 Tesla Water is tested by the EC/TDS/ Temperature device manufactured by HANNA, H 199301 made in Romania. 3.3. Experimental Procedure The experimental setup used for magnetic treatment to water in our study is as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Magnetic treatment are done on two types of water (Drinking bottled water to produce alkaline water similar to ZamZam water and bottled water having 1500 ppm NaCl to simulate sea water to make it suitable for irrigation purposes). Waters having (pH, TDS, Electrical conductivity) as given in table 1. The effectiveness of the designed magnetic treatment setup ,the optimum time and the optimum applied magnetic flux are investigated for getting the required change in pH which make the water of high alkaline suitable to health benefits and to make the sea water suitable for irrigation (Low TDS). The physical properties of water passed through the electrical copper coil were tested every 30 minutes. pH is tested by the portable pH meter made by Allafrance company .The TDS and the electrical conductivity of the water are tested by HANNA,H 199301 Romanian made. Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35(2015) 32 Fig. 2. Pictures showing the System Setup used in the magnetic treatment of water. Fig. 3. Layout showing the System Setup used in the magnetic treatment of water (open circulation with a rate of circulation 1000-1200Lt/h). Two liter of water is used in each test to fill a plastic tank containing the immersed pump (H=1.8m, Q=1200 Lt/hr.) as shown in Fig. 2 . The designed copper magnetic coil having 100 turns around the galvanized iron bush surrounding the rubber tube circulating the water from the tank. The circulation of water is continued for 120 minutes in each experiment and tests are made every 30 minutes for the physical properties of pH, TDS and electrical conductivity. The range of magnetic flux density applied is (0.013 – 0.08) Tesla as shown in Table 3 below. The different magnetic flux densities used is obtained by using different voltages applied to the copper coil which gives different electrical current and then different magnetic force around the copper coil in which the water is moving across it as shown in Table 1 to specify the optimum magnetic flux The copper coil wounded around galvanized iron bush of 10 cm length, of 2 cm inside diameter. Ampere meter is used to measure the real electrical current passing through the copper coil and to be sure that the connections for the circuit is good. One DC battery of 1.5 V type D is used as power supply of 1.5 V and multiple 1.5 V batteries are used as power supply of (3, 4.5, 6 V) potential voltage. while one DC battery type of 9 V is used as 9 V power supply to get the required current in the copper coil. Table 3, Amount of magnetic flux generated with our designed electrical magnate of 100 turns according to Voltage applied. 4. Results Figure 4 show the change of pH of drinking bottled water vs. time when magnetically treated. Fig. 3 shows that, the treatment of drinking water whose specifications are given in Table 2 with magnetic flux generated from a copper coil of 100 turns, diameter of copper wire is 1mm and using magnetic flux of range (0.013-0.08) Tesla. Results to an increase of pH and this is in compatible with researches related to this subject [1]. Power supply(V) volt Current (I) mA Magnetic flux of electrical magnate of 100 turn( B ) Tesla 1.5 2.1 0.013 3 4.5 0.028 4.5 6.4 0.04 6 8.5 0.056 9 12.8 0.08 Rubber tube Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35(2015) 33 Fig. 4. The relationship of pH vs. time for magnetic treatment of bottled drinking water using different voltages potentials (magnetic flux densities). Regarding the electrical conductivity (EC) & the total dissolved solids (TDS) physical properties of water having 1500 ppm NaCl (sea water) and magnetically treated, Figures (5,6) show that the optimum voltages were 1.5 & 4.5 Volts (0.013 & 0.04 Tesla respectively) to decrease the value of TDS and then the Electrical conductivity of bottled drinking water. The minimum values reached for the TDS are 1290 ppm with magnetic flux of 0.013 Tesla and 1360 ppm with magnetic flux of 0.04 Tesla. The minimum value of electrical conductivity which is 2.61 mS is reached with magnetic flux of 0.013 Tesla .The period for magnetic treatment enough to achieve the above minimum values is 30 minutes only. Fig. 5. Effect of different voltages on the variation of TDS for treated sea water(1500 ppm NaCl) . Fig. 6. Effect of different voltages on the variation of electrical conductivity for treated sea water (1500 ppm NaCl). Figure 7 show the results of pH change of sea water (having 1500 ppm NaCl) when was treated with magnetic fluxes in the range of (0.013 – 0.08) Tesla. It can be noticed that at 30 minutes of magnetic treatment the maximum pH reached to 8.1 value when the magnetic flux is 0.013 Tesla (13mT). When the magnetic treatment 60 minutes, pH reached a value of 8.4 with 0.056 Tesla (56mT) magnetic flux. Fig. 7. Effect of different voltages on the variation of pH of treated sea water (1500ppm NaCl ). 5. Conclusions According to the discussion of the obtained results , the conclusions extracted are as follows: • Using copper wire of SWG 19 with 100 turns and potential DC voltages in the range (1.5,3,4.5,6,9) V is good for producing magnetic flux suitable for producing magnetic water and the capacity of production magnetic water during 30 minutes is two liters because our tank is of two liters , Studies can be done on large tanks with large circulation rate water pumps. • The magnetic treatment for sea water with (1500 ppm NaCl) by our designed electrical magnate 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 30 60 90 120 pH Time minutes 1.5 V 3 V 4.5 V 6 V 9 V 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 30 60 90 120 150 T D S p p t Time minutes 3v 6v 9v 1.5V 4.5v 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 30 60 90 120 150 E C m S Time minutes 3V 6V 9v 1.5V 4.5V 12V 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 0 30 60 90 120 150 p H Time minutes 3 V 6 V 9 V 1.5 V Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, P.P. 28- 35(2015) 34 is successful for decreasing the Total dissolved salts (TDS) and hence the electrical conductivity, Also it is successful in increasing the pH for water which is desirable in using alkaline water for health ,irrigation , industrial and medical sectors. • Increasing the magnetic flux by increasing the potential voltage applied will result to increase the time required to reach the required pH or may be resulting to inverse results (decrease in pH) , for example in our study we noticed that increasing the potential from 3 to 4.5 V a time required to get the pH of about 8.9 increased from 60 to 90 minutes , So a study should be done for every actual case to determine the optimum magnetic flux density and the time required to get the desired alkaline pH of water. • pH value of drinking water of 8.1 and 8.9 can be get easily by our designed electrical magnate with a magnetic treatment period of 60 minutes only and the magnetic flux density in the range of (0.013 – 0.08 ) Tesla is very good for this job. 6. References [1] AbdelTawab, Rameen S., Younes, MohammedAdel A., Ibrahim, Ahmed, M., AbdleAziz MoHammed M.,''Testing commercial water magnetizers: A study of TDS and pH'', Fifteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC – 15 2011, Alexandria, Egypt, 2011. [2] http://www.moreplant.com/research/ files/ Magnetic-Water-Demystified.pdf [3] www.3lom-mans montadalhilal.com/t9656- topic [4] Alkaline water :(www.water-for- health.co.uk) [5] Vemeiren, T., '' Magnetic treatment of liquids for scale and corrosion prevention'', Vol.5, pp215-219, 1958. Technol. [6] Banejad, H., Abdosalehi , E., '' The effect of magnetic field on water hardness reducing'', Thirteenth International Water Technology Conference , IWTC 13 2009, Hurghada, Egypt, pp117-128. [7] Kobe, S.G. Drazic, P.J. McGuiness, J. Strazisar, ''The influence of the magnetic field on the crystallization form of calcium carbonate and the testing of a magnetic water – treatment device'', Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 236, pp 71- 76,2001. [8] Noran R. and Shani U., ''Effect of irrigation with magnetically treated water on the translocation of minerals in the soil,'' Magn Electr,Sep,Vol. 7, pp. 109-122,1996 [9] Lipus, L.C. and Dobersek , D.,'' Influence of magnetic field on the aragonite precipitation '', Chemical Engineering Science 62, 2089- 2095, 2007. [10] Bogatin, J., '' Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water: Experimental Results and Application Conditions, Environ Sci Technol ,Vol. 33 ,pp1280-1285,1999. [11] micromagnet.fsu.edu/electromag/electricity/g enerators. [12] Nour Al Zuhair, Rita Khounganian,'' A comprehensive study between the chemical composition of potable water and ZamZam water in Saudi Arabia'', .KFU Faculty Sites, Retrieved August 15,2010 [13] Mohamed, Ahmed Ibrahim,"Effects of Magnetized Low Quality Water on Soil Properties and Plant Growth" International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, vol. 3 Issue 2 April 2013 (140- 147). [14] Boston University, physics department , www.physics.bu.edu/py106/magfield.html [15] http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/dir ect-current/chpt-14/electromagnetism/ [16] Biocera, the Korean based company, Alkaline water :www.water-for-health.co.uk )2015( 28- 35، :89- 4، ا,06د011*(- ا,5"ارز)3 ا,012/.- ا,+*() '&ري #"اد ��ء ������ �� �� * ء�� ودرا"' ا���وط ا��&%$ #"�!�ا�� �� إ�� ج ����� وإ�� ء ��� ط�� و ا�� ء ا���� ط�.� و�0 �%' �� ه ا��2� �01%� / ��' �%.-� ا�� ء ا�- ,�ي �� ,7ء 6 ري 45اد ا��2 ھ.C- ا,>6(.B ا,>31A /ا,*&)6- ا,>1A.- ا,"/@?/ <=0اد –)026 ا,>;1","#.& 3EوG<;,H0 اIGJ,ا: bayati.engineer@gmail.com ا�!7/' K&LM -/درا BN3 وO&>G2M P.1&ط=( ء&REوإ B.+TN BN - 0ي�&A,3 اU.ء ا,+=1&ط&+), -.O&IV.9,ا,5"اص ا ?)� X(V,ا G.YZNو [L(H3 اU.ا,9.\ ا,+=1&ط BN إ#Gاء ھ^ا ا,X( [+6 ا#] )X( . -2>&R )&ء ا,GRب ا,+pH ((ZJ6(أو ا,>":.] ا,;3O&>G2 وا,0ا,- ا,8&)_.- ) TDS(ا,+"اد ا,J)T- ا,^اJO- ا,;(.- (ا,+1>[ 3K -(G;+,3 );- اK مV(ا:9- )&ء ز"( c( ]<1+,ا,+&ء ا -.>G6,ا-I6"دU,3 . اO&>G2;,ا P.ا,+=1&ط X( ]<1+,3 اU.9&ءة ا,9.\ ا,+=1&طM -/درا BN e,^M &1)Jf X( B+T+,ا -.);,ا -JOح ا,^ا�(Hا -.+M [.)AN 3K)TDS (G8J,ه ا&.( 3K ا,+"#"دة ) ،3AU,3 ).&ه اK 05ام1500 ( k)6#و 8,&:& 3AU),)TDS<1000ppm.( 0ى( X+' &1, 0O&6,3 اO&>G2;,ا P.ا,+=1&ط X( ]<1( 3U.1&ط=( \.K -K&LM نZ> n8J,ا ]O&&R( 0ي�&f ء&( ج& -A.fد � 0.028�I &(01;"ن K&LM- ا,9.\ ا,+=1&ط.UN 3U&وي 8.9دT8E -A.f] �(? أ�Bt دا,- q&)_.- )0Aارھ& 60,(+&ء UN .&<1,ت اG2أظ &+M ].)A<> -:&5,[ اO TDS، أن أ�Bt ا95E&ض ا,? X(1500ppm -.+M ا,+&ء ا,8&وي � -JUE ?)�M i)( X( -.,&("ر0I ا,T"دI"م < -JU1�JUETDS -.,&- ا,+"اد ا,^اJO- ا,;(.- � 0q0.013ث �01 ا/>05ام K -K&LM.\ )=1&ط.0A( 3Uاره UN) &0ارھA( -.<,"K1.5 &0ارھA( 0د ,9&ت�و w,"K100 9, - ( -.+M w_95Eا n.qTDS X( 1730 ppm ?,إppm 1290 ?)� ء ا,8&وي&+), -._(&ا,0ا,- ا,8 G.=<, -JU1,&>1500وppm -._(&8,ا,0ا,- ا w69N0 ارAK م"Iد"T,0 اIر")M i)( X(pH � 0.028و 08M0.013 أTf? �01 ا/>05ام K -K&LM.\ )=1&ط.0A( 3Uاره 8.1إ,? UN) -.<,"K1.5 3و Xن )";"ا,3 و)(� w,"K١٠٠ -9, ( wE&M &+M ا,O&<1[ ا,c.+# c( -A9<( -(&6 ا,>A&رGI ا,+"3K -AY اHد<.&ت ا,6(+.- ا,A>&U- ا,+>6(A- <&,+"'"ع n.q ان )6&)(- . دA.f- ٣٠وز)0A( -*,&6( Xاره �ح ا,^اJO- ا,;(.- ا,+&ء <&,9.\ ا,+=1&ط.N 3U{دي داO+& ا,? زI&دة ا,0ا,- ا,8&)_.- وا95E&ض (HاTDS 3O&>G2;,وا,>":.] ا.